Protein-bound Iodine Concentration Research Articles

Hyperthyroidism and decreased thyroxine binding by serum proteins.

In 2 sisters, hyperthyroidism was associated with normal levels of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI). A decrease in thyroxine (T4) binding by serum alpha-globulin (TBG) and pre-albumin (TBPA) was demonstrated in both cases by paper electrophoresis in ammonium carbonate buffer. TBG capacities were 0.08 and 0.11 μg. of T4 per ml., and the serum PBI levels were 5.1 and 6.6 μg. per 100 ml., respectively. TBG capacity among normal subjects ranged from 0.13 to 0.25 μg. of T4 per ml. The reduction in the TBG level is offered as the most likely explanation for the normal concentration of serum PBI in these patients. In one of the cases, repeated studies following radioiodine therapy revealed an increase in TBG and TBPA levels to low-normal and a fall in PBI concentration to an average value of 4.0 μg. per 100 ml. Chromatographic anatysis of the serum I131 compounds showed a normal ratio of T4 to T3. An incidental finding in both patients was the presence in the serum of an iodinated protein comprising nearly one-s...

Adaptation of the Standard Durrum-Typc Cell for Reverse-Flaw Paper Electrophoresis

Although determination of the concentration of protein-bound iodine (PBI) in serum has proved useful in clinical medicine and research, interpretation of the results often remains difficult because of the lack of simultaneously obtained data on the thyroxine-binding capacity of the serum. Thus, in a euthyroid person, pregnancy or the administration of estrogens may cause an increase in the serum PBI concentration to a level suggesting hyperthyroidism. Determination of the thyroxine-binding capacity of the serum in such instances will reveal that the latter is elevated and that the serum PBI concentration reflects an increased concentration of bound thyroxine. Therefore, the development in recent years of paper electrophoresis methods for determining the thyroxine-binding capacity of the serum has been a significant advance and has provided much useful data; 7 however, for reasons discussed below, standard electrophoresis technic has suffered from certain disadvantages in the determination of thyroxine-binding capacity. Ingbar has succeeded in overcoming these disadvantages by substituting tris-maleate for barbital buffer, whereas Robbins has overcome them by means of a reverse-flow technic, using specially constructed apparatus. Tanaka and Starr have reported the similar use of reverse-flow electrophoresis, but details of the technic were not given. Both Robbins and Tanaka described the

Strain difference in thyroidal iodide-concentrating ability of the rat

T/S ratio, thyroid weight, and plasma protein-bound iodine (PBI) concentration were obtained in four strains of rats. Significant strain differences were found for T/S ratio and thyroid weight. Differences in PBI concentration were not significant. The T/S ratio varied inversely with the ratio of thyroid weight to body weight. No significant correlation was observed among T/S ratio, PBI, and thyroid histologic appearance.

EFFECT OF THYROTROPIN ON THE SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE LEVEL IN VARIOUS THYROID STATES (TSH-PBI TEST)*

Single intramuscular injections of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were given to 22 normal subjects and to 67 patients with abnormal thyroid or anterior pituitary glands. Resulting changes in serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) concentration were measured. Among the normal subjects PBI concentrations had risen to maximal heights by the fifteenth hour after injection when the dose was 10 I.U. and by about the twentieth hour when the dose was 20 I.U. In both cases maximal elevations of PBI concentration were maintained beyond the twenty-fourth hour. Twenty-four hours after injection of 5, 10 or 20 I.U., the mean rises in PBI concentration for the normal subjects were 1.3 μg. ± 0.6 (s.d.), 2.2 μg. ± 0.6, and 2.8 μg. ± 1.0 per 100 ml., respectively. Among the patients, determination of rises in PBI concentration twenty-four hours after injection of 10 I.U. revealed that, with exceptions, responses were abnormally low in patients with diffuse thyroid disease whereas they were normal in patients with focal thyro...

Effect of two synthetic estrogens on the level of serum protein-bound iodine in men and women with atherosclerotic heart disease.

Forty-three postmenopausal women with ischemic heart disease were treated with placebo or with 0.005–0.04 mg. of ethinyl estradiol daily for one to eleven months. Seventy-two men with ischemic heart disease were treated with placebo, or 0.01–0.50 mg. of ethinyl estradiol daily, or 10–80 mg. of Manvene daily for one to eleven months. The concentration of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) was determined before and after initiation of treatment. The results were as follows: 1) The average increase in PBI concentration over the baseline level was 1.7 μg. per 100 ml. for women and 2.1 μg. per 100 ml. for men receiving ethinyl estradiol, and 2.0 μg. per 100 ml. for men receiving Manvene. 2) Ethinyl estradiol in dosages less than 0.005 mg. daily in women, or 0.02 mg. daily in men, was apparently no more effective than placebo in raising the PBI level. 3) Ethinyl estradiol in the dosages used was about 5 to 6 times more active in raising the PBI level in women than in men.

Depression of the serum protein-bound iodine level by diphenylhydantion.

The mean serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) level in 36 cases of cerebral disease with seizures treated by administration of diphenylhydantoin was 3.81±0.14 (s. e.)μg. per 100 ml. This was significantly lower than the corresponding mean PBI level in 12 cases of cerebral seizure not so treated, viz., 5.39 ± 0.16 μg. per 100 ml. Despite the occurrence of PBI levels as low as 2.4 μg. per 100 ml. in the diphenylhydantoin group, there was no clinical evidence of hypothyroidism in any of the patients and there were no significant alterations in the other parameters of thyroid function. In 7 of 8 euthyroid subjects, diphenylhydantoin also depressed the serum PBI concentration. The mechanism of action of diphenylhydantoin is apparently extrathyroidal, since this drug depressed the PBI level in hypothyroid patients maintained with a constant dosage of desiccated thyroid. Diphenylhydantoin added in vitro consistently increased the uptake of I131-labeled 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine by red blood cells incubated with plasma...

I131 Labeled Triiodothyronine Erythrocyte Uptake of Mothers and Newborn Infants

It is usually necessary to diagnose congenital hypothyroidism promptly after birth if administration of thyroid hormone is to be started in time to produce reasonable intelligence.^1,2The normal values for laboratory tests of infants' thyroid function, as determined by presently accepted methods, have recently been summarized by Pickering et al.³The serum protein-bound iodine concentration (PBI), butanol extractable iodine concentration (BEI), and the thyroid I131 uptake test are included in this summary. These tests have certain disadvantages in the newborn in that the PBI, BEI, and I¹³¹uptake are all markedly altered by administration of inorganic or organic iodine to the patient. Furthermore, the thyroid I¹³¹uptake test exposes the thyroid gland of the infant to radiation. Therefore, we have studied the thyroid status of a series of normal infants by the in vitro I¹³¹l-triiodothyronine (TRI) red blood cell uptake test of Hamolsky et

Influence of propylthiouracil on the thyroxine-thyrotropin interplay.

Normal and thyroidectomized rats were treated with propylthiouracil and thyroxine. The intact animals given 2 μg. thyroxine per day exhibited goiter and increased thjTotropin along with greater than normal protein-bound iodine in the scrum. After thyroidectomy, 2 μg. thyroxine per day produced normal concentrations of both thyrotropin and protein-bound iodine; in similar animals treated with propylthiouracil thyrotropin was again normal but protein- bound iodine was twice normal. Propylthiouracil thus appeared to have an extra-thyroidal action on injected thyroxine as indicated by marked increase in protein-bound iodine.

Serum protein-bound iodine concentration in blood of euthyroid men aged 18 to 94 years.

Journal Article Serum Protein-bound Iodine Concentration in Blood of Euthyroid Men Aged 18 to 94 Years Get access George W. Gaffney, M.D., George W. Gaffney, M.D. Gerontology Branch, National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Phs, D.h.e.&w., Bethesda, and The Baltimore City HospitalsBaltimore Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert I. Gregerman, M.D., Robert I. Gregerman, M.D. Gerontology Branch, National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Phs, D.h.e.&w., Bethesda, and The Baltimore City HospitalsBaltimore Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Marvin J. Yiengst, B.S., Marvin J. Yiengst, B.S. Gerontology Branch, National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Phs, D.h.e.&w., Bethesda, and The Baltimore City HospitalsBaltimore Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nathan W. Shock, Ph.D. Nathan W. Shock, Ph.D. Gerontology Branch, National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Phs, D.h.e.&w., Bethesda, and The Baltimore City HospitalsBaltimore Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Gerontology, Volume 15, Issue 3, July 1960, Pages 234–241, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/15.3.234 Published: 01 July 1960

Studies with 19-Norethisterone Œnanthate in Mammary Carcinoma

This report evaluates 19-norethisterone enanthate (19NEO) in the management of recurrent and metastatic mammary carcinoma. Parmacological effects of the drug are also described. 11 patients were treated with 19NEO 200 mg weekly by injection and 1 was given 560 mg weekly. Urine was collected weekly. Before treatment gonadotrophin excretion varied between 128 and 4 HMG units per 24 hours. During and after treatment this was reduced to less than 10 units in 24 hours in all the patients. In only 1 was there remission of the cancer. In 1 other there may have been an acceleration of the diseases. The excretion of 17-oxosteroids and of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids remained the same. Vaginal smears showed estrogen response in only some patients. Serum concentrations of protein-bound iodine decreased (p less than .05). Radioactive iodine excretion tests showed no consistent change. Serum calcium and excretion of calcium in the urine increased. Metabolic balance studies carried out in 2 patients showed no consistent change in metabolism. Resuts indicated that 19NEO compares unfavorably with nitrogen phosphorus calcium sodium potassium or chloride several other drugs used in the management of advanced breast cancer.

Effects of estrogen and testosterone on circulating thyroid hormone.

ABSTRACT A study was made to determine the effects of estrogen and androgen on circulating thyroid hormone. Administration of estrogen to athyrotic patients receiving adequate replacement therapy resulted in an increase in the level of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI), indicating that a functioning thyroid gland is not necessary for this effect. The increase in PBI concentration was greater in patients treated with thyroxine than in those treated with desiccated thyroid. Estrogen caused no elevation of the PBI level in hypothyroid patients receiving inadequate replacement therapy in whom the thyroxine-binding capacity of the serum was already increased. Estrogen also caused a prolongation of the thyroxine survival time (from 6.9 to 10.6 days, average), indicating a decreased rate of peripheral disposal of thyroxine. According to current information, the administration of estrogen results in: 1) an increase in the thyroxine-binding capacity of serum, 2) an increase in the concentration of PBI, 3) a decreas...

Effect of prolonged sleep therapy and of chlorpromazine on plasma protein-bound iodine concentration and plasma thyroxine turnover.

A study has been made of the effect of drug-induced sleep treatment on plasma protein-bound iodine (PBI) concentration and radioactive l-thyroxine turnover time. Ten male psychotic patients, unresponsive to conventional treatment, were put to sleep for at least twenty hours a day for thirty days with a drug combination which included chlorpromazine (600 to 2000 mg. per day), phenobarbital (240 to 360 mg. per day) sodium pentobarbital (300 to 1160 mg. per day), and Phenergan (100 mg. per day if needed). Thyroxine turnover measured during the last ten days of the sleep period was 14.8 per cent per day ±0.4 (S.E.) as compared with 10.2 per cent ±0.8 (S.E.) during the control period—a highly significant difference. No significant changes were observed in the plasma PBI levels. A further group of 5 psychotic patients were treated with 600 mg. of chlorpromazine per day, and were allowed to remain ambulatory. No change in thyroxine turnover occurred, and there was a small but statistically significant depression of plasma PBI concentration (from 6.8 to 5.2 μg. per 100 ml.). The finding in the sleep-treated patients suggests that plasma thyroxine turnover is not related to physical exertion, but the mechanism by which drug-induced sleep leads to a more rapid thyroxine turnover has not been elucidated. Prolonged depression of the central nervous system does not lead to depressed pituitary-thyroid function, and chlorpromazine in dosages up to 600 mg. per day also has little effect on the thyroid gland.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRODUCTION OF GOITER IN RATS WITH PROPYLTHIOURACIL ANDON GOITER PREVENTION1

Rats fed propylthiouracil and injected with sodium-l-thyroxine (1.0 to 2.5 µg. per rat per day) developed goiter in the presence of normal concentrations of plasma protein-bound iodine. At all dose levels of thyroxine, rats fed low residue diets had greater serum bound iodine concentrations than animals fed commercial laboratory chow. Since goiter was found in presence of normal or high bound iodine concentrations, this may mean (a) goiter can develop despitelow plasma levels of thyrotropin under these conditions or (b) plasmaproteinbound iodine may have an abnormal composition or influence in these types of experiments. A method is presented for determination of plasma protein-bound iodine by isotope dilution.

Effect of oral lipiodol on thyroidal I 131 uptake and serum protein-bound iodine concentration.

Thyroidal I131 uptake and serum protein-bound iodine concentration were measured before and at intervals after the administration of Lipiodol by mouth to euthyroid subjects. The thyroidal I131 uptake was depressed for 445 days (the duration of the study) after ingestion of Lipiodol. The serum proteinbound iodine level was first markedly elevated, fell rapidly during the first three to four months, and then very slowly approached normal. The serum free iodine level remained high in 2 of 4 subjects for 445 days. These findings indicate that Lipiodol is readily absorbed from the intestinal tract, is stored in an unknown site, and its iodine is slowly released in amounts sufficient for binding with the serum proteins and for suppression of the thyroidal I131 uptake.

Clinical observations on serum globulin thyroxine-binding capacity, using a simplified technique.

ABSTRACT Using a relative simplified and reproducible technique, the thyroxine-binding capacity of the serum was measured in normal subjects, in pregnant women, in cases of hepatic cirrhosis, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and in euthyroid subjects with subnormal and elevated levels of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI). In 103 normal subjects having serum PBI levels between 5 and 7 μg. per 100 ml., the mean value of the thyroxine-binding capacity was 19.1 μg. per 100 ml.; female subjects were not significantly different from male subjects in this respect. In 34 men with low PBI values (between 2 and 4 μg per 100 ml.), the mean was 13.9 μg- per 100 ml. In 33 pregnant women, both the thyroxine binding capacity and the PBI concentration were increased. They returned to normal or lower levels by the end of the fifth week post partum. Although the thyroxine-binding capacity was often slightly higher than normal in 20 patients with hepatic cirrhosis, no definite correlation was found between the thyroxine-b...

The effect of diiodohydroxyquin (floraquin) vaginal suppositories on the level of serum protein-bound iodine.

The effect of vaginally administered diiodohydroxyquin (Floraquin®) upon the concentration of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) was studied in 10 women with Trichomonas vaginitis. The PBI levels were compared before, ard on the twenty-eighth day of diiodohydroxyquin therapy; in 2 of the 10 patients a significant elevation was found. Thus, still another source of increased serum organic iodide concentration must be considered in evaluating the clinical significance of an elevated value for serum PBI.

THE FUNCTION OF THE THYROID IN EUTHYROID PATIENTS WITH EXOPHTHALMOS

In the presence of severe exophthalmos it has been known that the basal metabolic rate, serum concentration of protein-bound iodine, and radioiodine uptake may be normal or compatible with either hypo- or hyperthyroidism. These findings have defied the clinician to relate exophthalmos directly to thyroid function. However, in a recent study of ten clinically euthyroid patients, Werner (1955) found all tests of function normal except for suppression of uptake by administration of triiodothyronine; here the patients with exophthalmos responded like thyrotoxic patients in that their uptake was not suppressed. In an attempt to elucidate further the function of the thyroid gland in clinically euthyroid patients with exophthalmos, eight such patients have been studied. Measurements included basal metabolic rates, serum concentration of protein-bound iodide (PBI), uptake of I131 by the thyroid, and the conversion ratio of I131 in serum (PBI131). Paper chromatographic analyses were made of the serum

Daily fluctuation of the serum protein-bound iodine level.

DETERMINATIONS of the concentration of protein-bound iodine (PBI) in serum are being widely used as a measure of thyroid activity. Although the normal range is generally accepted as 4–8 micrograms per 100 ml. of serum, no information is available as to the normal fluctuation of the PBI is one individual from day to day. If great reliance is to be placed on a single PBI result, then it is of importance that the circulating level of the PBI remain fairly constant. Danowski et al. (1) studied the PBI in 4 females and 2 males at about weekly intervals for one and a half to two months. Variations in the females ranged from 0.5 to 0.8 microgram per 100 ml. and in the males from 0.3 to 1.1 microgram per 100 ml. The authors concluded that the PBI level appeared to be relatively constant over a period of weeks in healthy young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS The subjects were 2 males and 3 females. All the females were in the reproductive period, had normal regular menses, and were studied for slightly more than one...

Determination of basal rate of oxygen consumption by open and closed-circuit methods.

INTRODUCTION FOR many years the routine clinical measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) at this institution has been performed with the opencircuit method, as used to establish the Mayo Foundation Standards (1). However, newer laboratory methods for evaluating thyroid function, such as measurement of the protein-bound iodine concentration in serum and measurements utilizing radioiodine, now provide additional information. In evaluating the relative utility and complexity of the various procedures, the question arose as to the degree of accuracy provided by the “simpler” closed-circuit method for measuring oxygen consumption that is in almost universal clinical usage. The limitations of available data, as noted later in this paper, made it advisable to compare the results obtained by both open and closed-circuit methods in a series of patients having routine tests. In some cases the errors of the closed-circuit method were of clinical importance. The sources of these errors, including some that have not...

Effect of anesthesia and thyroid surgery on the plasma level of PBI 131.

MANIPULATION of the thyroid gland during surgery, with the consequent release into the circulation of significant amounts of preformed thyroid hormone, has been suggested as a possible factor in the genesis of postoperative “storm” (1–4). In addition, it has been postulated that a definite correlation exists between the magnitude of this phenomenon and the severity of the postoperative reaction (1, 5). Reports of data obtained prior to the use of radioactive iodide in the assessment of thyroid function are conflicting in regard to changes in serum proteinbound iodine levels under these circumstances (1, 5–9). Measurements of the renal excretion of stable iodide have demonstrated a significant increase immediately following both thyroid (7, 10) and non-thyroid surgery (11, 12). That elevations of protein-bound iodine concentration can occur in response to therapeutic doses of radioiodide (13) and irradiation of the thyroid gland with radium or x-rays (5, 14) seems well documented.