Concentrations Of Plant Growth Regulators Research Articles

Respon Pertumbuhan Tanaman Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Perr.) dengan Aplikasi Pupuk Organik-Anorganik dan Triakontanol

Application of right dosage of fertilizer and concentration of plant growth regulator are supporting factor of clove growth. This study was aimed to obtain the best combination of organic-inorganic fertilizer, the best triacontanol concentration and both interactions for increasing clove growth. This study used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors. The first factor was the organic-inorganic fertilizer dosage package that consisted of 6 levels, i.e no fertilizer, 100% recommended dosage of inorganic fertilizer (r.d.i.f), 25% recommended dosage of organic fertilizer (r.d.o.f) + 75% r.d.i.f, 50% r.d.o.f + 50% r.d.i.f, 75% r.d.o.f + 25% r.d.i.f, 100% r.d.o.f. The second factor was the concentration of triacontanol that consisted of 3 levels, i.e no triacontanol, 2 mg L-1 and 4 mg L-1. The results showed that the application of 25% r.d.o.f + 75% r.d.i.f produced the best clove growth, but it was not significantly different from the combination treatment of the two other types of fertilizer as indicated by the greatest improvement on stem diameter, branches number, leaf area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids. Clove plants did not respond to the application of triacontanol at a concentration of 2 mg L-1, but gave a negative response to the application of triacontanol 4 mg L-1 on the plant height and leaf area variables. The interaction of the two factors did not have significant effects on all variables.
 Keywords: chlorophyll, morphology, nutrient dynamics, physiology, vegetative growth

Genome size analysis of field grown and somatic embryo regenerated plants in Allium sativum L.

In the present study, an efficient in vitro propagation protocol has been developed from clove explants of Allium sativum L., one of the oldest vegetable and medicinal plant used worldwide. Garlic is propagated vegetatively as cross-fertilization is strictly precluded due to sterile flowers. Due to a low rate of multiplication, limited genetic improvement possibility and increased germplasm degradation, plant tissue culture becomes an efficient and preferred tool for quality and rapid propagation of garlic. Here, the clove explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium amended with different concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), and 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Within 2weeks of inoculation, white compact callus was formed, maximum callus induction frequency (85.99%) was on 1.5mgl-1 2, 4-D added MS medium. Induced callus transformed into an embryogenic callus on 2, 4-D and BAP amended MS medium with highest embryogenic frequency (77.7%) was noted on 0.25mgl-1 2, 4-D and 1.0mgl-1 BAP added medium. Embryogenic callus differentiated into progressive stages of somatic embryos starting from globular, scutellar, and finally to coleoptilar stage of the embryo. Histological and scanning electron microscopic study of embryogenic callus was conducted, showing different stages of embryos, their origin and development, re-confirming somatic embryogenesis incidence in A. sativum. Green and mature somatic embryos were germinated and converted into plantlets on 0.5mgl-1 BAP amended MS medium. The in vitro regenerated plants were cultured separately in IBA and NAA supplemented media for root induction. The MS medium amended with 1.0mgl-1 IBA proved to be the best PGR treatment in inducing roots. The rooted plants were acclimatized and transferred ex vitro with about 87% survival rate. Cytological and flow cytometric analyses were performed to assess the genetic stability of in vitro regenerated plants. Cytological studies of in vitro regenerated plants showed 2n = 16 chromosome number and did not reveal any numerical variation in chromosomes. Flow cytometry was employed to measure the 2C DNA content of somatic embryo regenerated A. sativum plants and compared with in vivo grown garlic. The histogram peaks of relative 2C DNA content of in vitro regenerated plantlets were similar to the corresponding 2C DNA peak of in vivo grown plants. Flow cytometric 2C DNA content of embryo regenerated and field-grown A. sativum plants were the same, i.e., 33.45pg and 33.56pg, respectively, confirming genetic similarity. In conclusion, the present cytological and flow cytometric study suggest that the in vitro culture conditions are quite safe, did not encourage genetic alterations, and regenerants were "true to type."

Somatic embryogenesis on irradiated callus of garlic (Allium Sativum L.)

The research was done at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of Center for Application of Isotope and Radiation Technology, Jakarta. Callus derived from shoot tip of garlic cloves was exposed to gamma rays, then cut into sized of 1 mm3 and cultured in Gamborg medium enriched with plant growth regulators (PGRs) depends on the treatment. The PGRs applied are. The experiment was arranged in a randomized factorial design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was the doses of gamma rays (0, 10 and 20 Gy) and the second factor was different concentrations of PGRs (untreated, 1 and 2 ppm of thidiazuron (TDZ) and Zeatin). The result indicated that the application of 2 ppm TDZ or Zeatin promoted development on irradiated callus at the dose 10 Gy. The highest number of the shoot and the longest shoot were obtained from non-irradiated callus grown on medium enriched with 2 ppm TDZ, followed by 1 and 2 ppm Zeatin, 1 ppm TDZ and without PGRs. Irradiated callus at the dose 10 Gy grown on medium with 2 ppm TDZ was able to form a shoot, while other irradiated callusat the dose 29 Gy were not able to form the shoot.

In vitro responses of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. to MS basal medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine and indole-3-butyric acid

Propagation of S. rebaudiana Bertoni can be done by seed germination and stem cutting. Seed germination of this plant is not efficient due to low fertility and having heterogeneous population, thus producing unstable sweetening level. Therefore, micropropagation can overcome this problem by producing large number of plantlets within a short time. In this effort, the effect of different concentrations of plant growth regulators; auxin and cytokinin were observed to find out the multiplication responses of S. rebaudiana in vitro. The nodal segments were used as explant and inoculated onto full strength of Murashige and Skoog (MS) media. The medium was supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg L−1 and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg L−1. After six weeks of culture, the data regarding number and length of shoots, number and length of roots and callus percentage were recorded. The results showed that among the treatment combinations, 3.0 mg L−1 BAP produced the highest number of shoots per explant and application of 1.5 mg L−1 IBA showed the best performance for rooting.

Effect of plant growth regulators on yield and yield attributing characteristics of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari

The present investigation entitled “Effect of plant growth regulators on yield and yield attributing characteristics of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari” was carried out at the instructional Farm, Dept. of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G) during the year 2017-18 employing Randomized Block Design with three replications. Three levels of NAA i.e., 15, 25 and 35 ppm, three levels of GA3 i.e. 15, 25 and 35 ppm and three levels of 2, 4-D i.e. 15, 25 and 35 ppm were sprayed at pea and marble stage of fruit development. All the treatments significantly influenced the number of fruits retained at pea, marble and harvesting stage of fruit growth and development as compared to the control. Foliar application of 35 ppm GA3 at pea and marble stage of fruit development increased number of fruits (880.49) as well as total yield (135.46 kg/plant). Physical characters of fruit viz., Fruit Length (11.65cm) and width of fruits (6.82cm), average fruit weight (177.84g), volume (173.63g) and pulp weight (130.41g) were also improved with the foliar application of 35 ppm GA3. While, stone weight (25.39g) and peel weight (19.02g) was reduced with the foliar application of 35 ppm NAA and 25 ppm foliar application of 2, 4-D. Among the different concentrations of plant growth regulators; the foliar application of 35 ppm NAA, 35 ppm GA3, 35 ppm 2, 4-D were found to be optimum concentration by which yield and yield attributing characteristics of fruits can be significantly influenced.

Callus Induction and Regeneration from Anther Cultures of Indonesian Indica Black Rice Cultivar

The assembly of superior varieties and collection of rice germplasm involves the process of selecting and storing elders that have superior genotypic properties and phenotypes. The anther culture techniques on indica black rice cultivar have a high difficulty factor to get plants, because of the low regeneration ability at the plant formation phase from the anther callus. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the cold-pretreatment time on anther, the combination of plant growth regulators (PGR’s) concentrations, and putrescine concentrations in media for the increase callus induction and plant regeneration of indica black rice. The optimization of the cold pre-treatment time was important to obtain the high-frequency callus induction, which showed that anther at the 4°C for 8 days formed the high callus induction (20%). To accelerate the callus induction, the application of 20 µM putrescine in the MS medium could produce more friable embryogenic callus for 24 days with 27% of callus formation. Generally, the optimal medium for the high frequency of callus induction contained 2 mgL−1 NAA+0.5 mgL−1 Kinetin+20 µM putrescine. Especially indica black rice cultivars, the best media to get a high plant regeneration frequency were N6 media containing the combination of 2 mgL−1 IAA and 2,5 mgL−1 Kinetin. The total callus regenerated to plantlet about 12.5%. The study of the callus induction and in-vitro plant regeneration medium for indica black rice were still important to develop to get the best result for other cultivars.

Effects of plant growth regulators on physiological performances of three calcifying green macroalgae Halimeda species (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)

The effects of various concentrations of four types of plant growth regulator (PGR) on the physiological performance and microbial populations of three calcifying Halimeda species were evaluated in a 42-day aquaria experiment. The results show that PGRs enhanced the growth and calcification rates at relatively low concentrations, while inhibiting the physiological activities of Halimeda at high concentrations. Net oxygen production rate and pigment concentrations were differed depending on the concentrations and types of PGRs. Carbonic anhydrase activity, total tissue carbon and nitrogen contents varied among different PGRs concentrations, which suggested that these physiological performances were enhanced under appropriate concentration availability of PGRs. Based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analyses, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria, belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum, were significantly higher in the PGRs treatment than those in control group. The microbial communities could be majorly divided into three groups corresponding to the Halimeda species, suggesting that physiological differences between Halimeda species may lead to secretion of specific types of biochemical compounds, thus selecting different microbial species at both the taxonomic level and functional level, which may contribute to carbon and nitrogen fixation. The results of this study indicated that it is both practical and efficient to amplify calcifying Halimeda biomass through the addition of PGRs, which could provide a theoretical basis for use of this technique in restoring and maintaining the ecological diversity and sustainable development of coral reef ecosystems.

Effects of Taken Time of Flower Buds, Dark Regime and Plant Growth Regulators on Anther Culture of Pomegranate

Nar (Punica granatum L.), Türkiye’de yetiştiriciliği ve ihracatı ile ön plana çıkan bir meyve türüdür. Anter kültürü tekniği ile ıslah çalışmalarının desteklenmesi, özellikle meyve türlerinde zor olan haploidizasyonun sağlanması açısından önemlidir. Narda in vitro androgenesis yöntemi ile haploid bitki elde edilmesi konusunda yayına rastlanılmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, İzmir 1513 nar çeşidinde farklı tomurcuk alım dönemleri, karanlık rejimleri ve bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerinin anter kültürüne olan etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal olarak 1. dönem (25 Mayıs-tam çiçeklenme) ve 2. dönemdeki (10 Haziran-çiçeklenme sonu) A tipi çiçek tomurcukları kullanılmıştır. Kültüre alınan anterlere 4 ve 6 hafta karanlık rejimi uygulanmıştır. Kültür ortamı olarak MS besi ortamına eklenen BAP, 2,4-D ve NAA’nın farklı konsantrasyon ve kombinasyonlarından oluşan 5 farklı ortam denenmiştir. Denemelerin sonucunda uygulamaların hem ana etkisi hem de interaksiyonu istatistiksel açıdan önemli bulunmuştur. En yüksek kallus gelişimi (% 23,33), 2. dönemde alınan çiçek tomurcuklarından elde edilen anterlerin, 4,0 mg/l NAA + 0,4 mg/l BAP ortamında kültüre alınması ve 6 hafta süreyle karanlık uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Aynı uygulamada sürgün oluşumu da gerçekleşmiştir. Diğer taraftan, oksin içeren ortamlarda kök oluşumları gözlemlenmiştir. Pembe, yeşil, sarı ve beyaz renklerde kalluslar oluşmuştur. Pembe ve yeşil renkli kalluslar kompakt ve sert, sarı ve beyaz renkli kalluslar ise kırılgan ve yumuşak yapılı olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kallus renkleri, bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri konsantrasyonları ve kombinasyonları uygulamalara göre farklılık göstermemiş, oluşan kallusların tamamında farklı embriyojenik dönemler gözlenmiştir.

Synthetic auxins concentration and application time modulates seed yield and quality of carrot by altering the umbel order

Quality seed is an essential prerequisite to achieve good yield of a crop. Carrot (Daucus carota) seed quality is affected due to uneven maturation of seeds produced in different umbel orders. Seed quality can be improved by altering the umbel order. Auxins play role in apical dominance and thus can be tested to suppress tertiary umbels in carrot seed crop. A study was conducted to explore the potential of synthetic auxins on alteration of umbel order in carrot seed crop. Significant differences were recorded among different concentrations (0, 100, 200 or 300 mg L−1) of plant growth regulators for growth, yield and seed quality. All growth related traits were improved when Indole acetic acid (IAA) was applied three times at 300 mg L−1. Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 200 mg L−1 or IAA at 100 mg L−1 applied at three times, viz. planting of stecklings (PoS) + 15 days after PoS + 30 days after PoS significantly enhanced number of secondary umbels by suppressing the tertiary umbels. Seed yield and 1000-seed weight of primary, secondary and tertiary umbels was maximum for NAA or IAA at 100 mg L-1 applied three times. Seed quality attributes, viz., final germination, vigour index, enzymatic activity i.e. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT), total antioxidants and total phenolic contents from seeds of primary, secondary and tertiary umbels were increased when three applications of IAA or NAA were done at 200 mg L−1. Moreover, three times application of IAA or NAA at 200 mg L−1 not only minimized the conductivity of seed leachates and malondialdehyde contents from seeds of primary and secondary umbels but also in tertiary umbels seeds. It was concluded that three times foliar application of IAA or NAA at 100 or 200 mg L−1, till 30 days after planting of stecklings, can be effectively used to modify umbel order and hence to increase yield and seed quality. Therefore, seed companies and growers may apply IAA or NAA at 200 mg L−1 for obtaining higher yield of good quality carrot seed.

OPTIMALISASI MUTU KRISAN POT DENGAN BENIH VARIETAS KRISAN POTONG MENGGUNAKAN ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH PACLOBUTRAZOL DAN DAMINOZIDE

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to obtain the concentration and frequency of giving the right plant growth regulator to produce compact chrysanthemum pot with a lot of flower production and good quality plants and flowers by using chrysanthemum cut flowers as seeds. The research was designed using a Randomized Block Design consisting of two factors. The first factor is a plant growth regulator concentration consisting of 10 ppm paclobutrazol, 20 ppm paclobutrazaol, 30 ppm paclobutrazol, 40 ppm paclobutrazol, 40 ppm paclobutrazol, 50 ppm, daminozide 2500 ppm, daminozide 5000 ppm. The second factor is the frequency of plant growth regulator consisting of three levels, namely one time giving, two times giving and three times giving. The results showed the higher the concentration of plant growth regulator and the frequency of plant growth regulator, accordingly reduced the plant height, number of flower stalks, number of flower buds, flower bud diameter and plant crown diameter. Application of Paclobutrazol 10 ppm with one time giving a more simultaneously and compact plant height compared to the use of 2500 ppm Daminozide, although the production of flower stalks and fewer buds.

Metabolite and expression profiling of steroidal alkaloids in wild tissues compared to bulb derived in vitro cultures of Fritillaria roylei – High value critically endangered Himalayan medicinal herb

Bulbous Fritillaria roylei (known as Jangli lahsan) is an important critically endangered medicinal herb of Astavarga group and widely used in traditional medicinal system. Being a medicinal potential but endangered herb, biotechnological interventions are urgently needed for its restoration and production of bioactive compounds. In the present study, in vitro cultures were established from bulb scales as explant by using optimized sterilization protocol (79.67% survival). From different combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulator tested; high efficiency callus induction (88.89%) and in vitro plantlets regeneration (77.78%) response was obtained in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L thidiazuron +2.0 mg/L picloram and 1.0 mg/L kinetin +0.5 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid, respectively. For the quantification of steroidal alkaloids i.e. sipeimine and peimine; selective, sensitive, and rapid liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analytical method was developed and validated. Quantification of sipeimine and peimine was done for the first time in established in vitro cultures and naturally grown tissues of F. roylei i.e. bulbs, leaves, stem and flower bud. Among in vitro raised cultures, higher sipeimine content (1.98 μg/g) was detected in callus. Whereas, maximum sipeimine content (599.72 μg/g) was observed in floral bud compared to other wild tissues. Peimine content was detected in bulb (1.13 μg/g), leaf (0.78 μg/g) and stem (0.67 μg/g). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening revealed potentiality of this important medicinal herb for commercial utilization in drug formulation to the industries. Maximum antioxidant activity (IC50) was exhibited in floral buds (0.11 mg/mL), while among in vitro raised cultures; regenerated plantlets (0.80 mg/mL) shown higher scavenging activity than callus (2.71 mg/mL). Higher total phenol content (42.86 μg gallic acid/mg) was observed in bulb whereas, flavonoids content is higher in leaves (68.36 μg quercetin/mg) followed by callus (58.22 μg quercetin /mg). Putative steroidal alkaloids gene expression studies using RT-qPCR showed positive correlation with metabolite content. For the first time, present investigation concluded that floral buds, leaves and stem could also be used as an alternative potential source for steroidal alkaloids and callus culture as sustainable approach for metabolite production to meet industrial standards and demands.

Induction of Parthenocarpy in Pointed Gourd (<i>Trichosanthes dioica</i> Roxb.) by Application of Plant Growth Regulators

Pointed gourd (TrichosanthesdioicaRoxb.) is a dioecious, cucurbit summer vegetable, and green fruit is the main edible part at 15-18 days after pollination. However, consumer preference goes to fruit without seed since seeds are unpalatable to have after cooking due to their hard seed coat. To overcome this problem by parthenocarpy induction, six types of plant growth regulators [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); N-(2-chloro-4 pyridyl)-N-phenylurea (CPPU); forchlorophenuron (Fulmet); gibberellic acid (GA3) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) with four concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200ppm) were sprayed to the unpollinated ovaries of three different female accessions of pointed gourd at anthesis. Results revealed successful parthenocarpy induction by plant growth regulators in all the studied accessions while progressive variation observed in fruit length, diameter and weight according to the differences of plant growth regulators concentrations. The length, diameter and weight of parthenocarpic fruit induced by GA3at 200ppm, CPPU and TIBA at 100ppm in three studied accessions of pointed gourd were comparable with those of their respective hand-pollinated fruits. In most of the parthenocarpic fruits, seeds were found as empty at ripening stage apart from NAA and GA3at 200ppm treated fruits had few abnormal seeds. The results confirmed the useful technique of producing seedless fruits in pointed gourd through the application of GA3at 200ppm, CPPU and TIBA at 100ppm regardless of accessions.

Mass production of Pinellia ternata multiple egg-shaped micro-tubers (MESMT) through optimized growth conditions for use in ethnomedicine

The root tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Briet has been used over the years in traditional medicine to treat myriad of diseases. In this study, a standard in vitro mass production of P. ternata multiple egg-shaped micro-tubers (MESMT) protocol was developed to meet the increasing demand for P. ternata tubers. Ten different types of media, as well as different sucrose and plant growth regulators (PGRs) concentrations were evaluated for their suitability to enhance optimum P. ternata MESMT production. At 6 weeks of culture, LS medium supplemented with 6% sucrose, 1.0 mg/L BA cytokinin and 0.5 mg/L IAA auxin was the most suitable condition for the mass production of P. ternata MESMT. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses of the P. ternata MESMT harvested after 25 weeks of growth in soil showed a close similarity and drug equivalence to the commercialised P. ternata sample. Although these results provide a basis for future mass production of P. ternata MESMT, further testing should be conducted to validate this patented P. ternata MESMT (No. 10-1955009) for use in ethnomedicine. This is the first study to report on the optimal conditions for P. ternata MESMT increased mass production for traditional medicine purpose. This is first study on in vitro propagation of Pinellia ternata Multiple Egg-Shaped Micro-Tubers and provides an invaluable basis for its large-scale production to meet its demand in traditional medicine.

Micropropagation of Zingiber officinal roscoe

This study was conducted in plant tissue culture In Biotechnology which belong to biotechnology research center (Tripoli – for Micropropagation of in order to study the response of Zingiber plant to In vitro micro propagation through plant tissue culture technology , while the study was beginning by Samples were collected , the samples from the local market and directly were put in dark For sprouting in order to obtain plant tissue which will be used for plant micro propagation. Sprouted buds growth were obtained the plant tissue were sterilized by use 2.5% Clorox and 70% ethanol in hood cabinet with sterilized conditions , then sterilized plant tissue were cultured in small gars contain Murashige and Skoog MS medim as control treatment and MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BA and NAA plant growth regulators while the treatments were ( 2 , 4mg/l BA ) and ( 2 mg/l BA + 0.5mg/l NAA) . Results of this study showed present a good response of Zingiber plant to micro propagation by tissue culture technology in all the treatments event control treatment moreover the results showed that the treatment of 2 mg/l BA gave the highest average of obtained number of brunches and root system growth , finally the obtained plants from the experiments were moved to adaptation stage by placed the plants in small puts contain peat moss fertilizer

Effect of adding growth regulators benzyl adenine (BA) and kinetin (Kin) on production of potato (spunta) micro tuber

This experiment was carried out in plant tissue culture laboratory a part of bio technology research center (BTRC) , while the main aim for this experiment was to investigate the effects of using plant growth regulators on potato micro tuber formation for Sponta potato variety throw plant tissue culture method , In the beginning micro propagation operations were done to the target potato variety in order to obtain enough number of plants samples in free contamination MS media , while different concentrations of BA and Kin plant growth regulators ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 mg/l ) were used in this experiment , the plant growth regulators BA ,Kin were added to MS media contain 60g/l sucrose during micro tuber formation stage . the results of this study showed that the treatment of (5mg/l Kin ) obtained the best results and this treatment gave the highest tuber production compared with other treatments , furthermore this treatment ( 5mg/l Kin) gave the highest number of produced potato tuber and the highest weight of produced tuber compared with other used treatments , while the average number of produced micro tubers arrived to 4.9 tuber for each plant and the average weight for obtained potato tuber arrived to 0.84 g which was higher than other weight of micro tuber produced from the other treatments .

Impact of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) on the Root Induction of Arbutus pavarii Pamp (Lybian Strawberry Tree) in in vitro Culture

The main objective of this study was to clarify the best concentration of the indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in order to induce the formation of strong roots of Arbutus pavarii Pamp, an endangered plant in the El-Jabel El-Akhdar region in Libya. A study was carried out to find a protocol for its in vitro propagation. The present paper aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of IBA plant growth regulator on the rooting. Three weeks old seedlings obtained with in vitro germination were transferred to Murashige and Skoog (M&S) roots induction medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA (0, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg L-1). The highest response was obtained with the M&S medium half-strength supplemented with IBA 1 mg L-1 concentration. All the measured growth indicators (rooting percentage, root length and dry weight) significantly enhanced when using this concentration.

Multiplicação in vitro de Neoregelia johannis (Carriére) L.B. Smith em meio líquido sob diferentes concentrações de nutrientes

The importance of micropropagation to Bromeliaceae species is increasing, however few studies report the role of nutrition in in vitro multiplication. In order to correlate micropropagation morphophysiological aspects with regards to availability of nutrients, mainly nitrogen, Neoregelia johannis shoots were subcultured in the media culture MS, ½ MS and WPM, supplemented with the same concentrations of plant growth regulators. The multiplication rate was similar for all the culture media, with the highest multiplication rate, in addition to the highest accumulation of total and protein nitrogen, in the MS culture medium. Even producing the smallest shoots, the means of cultivation ½ MS and WPM represent a viable alternative for the maintenance of germplasm bank and for the maintenance of important genotypes in plant biofactories, considering that they present uniform results. The MS medium culture would be recommended for specific cases, when it is necessary to accelerate the multiplication and especially the growth of the shoots.

Phenolic acid and flavonoid production in agar, agitated and bioreactor-grown microshoot cultures of Schisandra chinensis cv. Sadova No. 1 – a valuable medicinal plant

In vitro cultures and raw materials (fruits and leaves) of the valuable medicinal plant species – Schisandra chinensis cultivar Sadova No. 1 (SchS) – were evaluated for the production of two groups of phenolic compounds, phenolic acids and flavonoids, and their antioxidant potential. A series of experiments was conducted, aimed at optimizing culture conditions for maximum growth and phenolic production in SchS microshoots. Different concentrations of plant growth regulators (6-benzyladenine – BA and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid – NAA, from 0 to 3 mg/l) in Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium were tested in several cultivation systems (agar, agitated, bioreactor) over various growth periods (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days). Furthermore, an elicitation experiment was conducted in which the bioreactor-grown microshoots were exposed to yeast extract. HPLC-DAD analyses confirmed the presence of eight phenolic acids – chlorogenic, cryptochlorogenic, gallic, neochlorogenic, protocatechuic, salicylic, syringic and vanillic, and two flavonoids: kaempferol and quercitrin, in the in vitro biomasses. The highest total phenolic acid (357.93 mg/100 g DW) and flavonoid (105.07 mg/100 g DW) contents were obtained in agar culture extracts cultivated for 30 days on MS medium containing 2 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l NAA and for 50 days on MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l BA and 2 mg/l NAA, respectively. These amounts were 1.59- and 5.95-fold lower than in parent plant leaf extracts (569.66 mg/100 g DW), and 4.30- and 1.25-fold higher than in fruit extracts (83.17 mg/100 g DW), respectively. Microshoots grown in a Plantform bioreactor also proved to be a good source of phenolic compounds, however, the elicitor treatment had no noticeable effect on their accumulation. Antioxidant capacity assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteu, FRAP, DPPH and CUPRAC assays revealed significantly higher potential in extracts from in vitro biomass and leaves of the parent plant, as compared to the parent plant fruit extracts.

Uji Pengaruh Zat Pengatur Tumbuh (ZPT) Air Kelapa Dan Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) Urin Kambing Terhadap Pertumbuhan Setek Bibit Tanaman Lada (Piper Nigrum L) Varietas Malonan 1

The aim of this study was to determine the best concentration of plant growth regulator (PGR) of coconut water and liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) of goat urine for the growth of cuttings of pepper plants, and to find out the interaction of PGR concentration of coconut water and liquid organic fertilizer of goat urine which is appropriate for the growth of cuttings of pepper plants. The study was conducted for 3 months, from September to November 2017. The study was conducted in Sungai Tempurung Village, Anggana District, Kutai Kertanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The research design used was a 4 x 4 factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. The first factor is the concentration of PGR of coconut water (a) consisting of 4 levels: a0 (control), a1 (150 ml / liter of water), a2 (250 ml / liter of water) and a3 (350 ml / liter of water). The second factor is the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer of goat urine (u) consists of 4 levels: u? ((control), u1 (100 ml / liter of water), u2 (200 ml / liter of water) and u3 (300 ml / liter of water). The concentration treatment of PGR of coconut water showed the results significantly affected the growth of cuttings of pepper plants. a3 treatment produced the highest average growth compared to treatments a0, a1 and a2. The treatment of liquid organic fertilizer of goat urine showed the results significantly affected the growth of cuttings of pepper plants. The u3 treatment produces the highest growth rate compared to treatments u0, u1 and u2. The interaction between concentration treatment of PGR of coconut water and liquid organic fertilizer of goat urine showed the results no significant effect on the growth of cuttings of pepper plants.

Enhanced production of cichoric acid in cell suspension culture of Echinacea purpurea by silver nanoparticle elicitation

This study was conducted to optimize callus induction, cell suspension culture, and enhance cichoric acid production in Echinacea purpurea. For this purpose, leaf and root explants were grown in ½ MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators. The highest percentage of callus induction (100%) was obtained with different concentrations of Kin in combination with 2,4-D and or NAA, in both explants. Then interaction slicing method was applied to analyze the effects of different concentrations of Kin in combination with 2,4-D and or NAA on total phenol contents. The maximum amount of total phenol was observed in 0.5 mg/L kin and 1 mg/L 2,4-D, in both leaf and root-derived callus. Data from HPLC–UV analysis showed that cichoric, chlorogenic, and caffeic acids are present in the callus. While cichoric acid content was 2.11 and 4.73 mg/g dry weight (DW) in leaf explant and its derived callus, it was 3.47 and 5.67 mg/g DW in root explant and its derived callus, respectively. Cell suspension culture was established and treated by AgNO3 and AgNPs (0, 2 and 4 mg/L). Overall, AgNPs’ elicitation was more effective in cichoric acid production compared to AgNO3. The highest amount of cichoric acid (9.54 mg/g DW) was found in root cell suspension culture after 48 h of exposure to 2 mg/L AgNPs. But leaf cell suspension culture reached the maximum cichoric acid level (8 mg/g DW) 72 h after treatment with 2 mg/L AgNPs. The current protocol can be used for the production of cichoric acid from callus and cell suspension cultures. Optimization of callus induction, cell suspension culture and cichoric acid production by AgNPs elicitation in Echinacea purpurea.