Thermoelectric materials play a crucial role in applications such as recovering waste heat and refrigeration. We report a thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) of 1.17 at 623 K for AgSb1-xCaxTe2, representing a 31% enhancement compared to pristine AgSbTe2. The improved thermoelectric performance arises from enhancements in both the power factor and lattice thermal conductivity. Dopant substitution of element Ca at the Sb site in AgSbTe2 suppresses the formation of Ag2Te and increases the concentration of p-type charge carriers, leading to enhanced electrical transport properties. Additionally, Ca doping introduces solid solution point defects that enhance phonon scattering, consequently reducing the lattice thermal conductivity of the sample. This work demonstrates that a doping effectively modulates the electrical and thermal transport properties of AgSbTe2, thereby realizing improvements in thermoelectric performance.