Content Of Grains Research Articles

Effect of Organic Manure, Inorganic Fertilizers and Biofertilizers on Nutrient Content of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Their Residual Effect on Succeeding Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop

An experiment was conducted at Students’ Instructional Farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur. The aim of the study to evaluate the different sources of nutrient on nutrient content of maize (Zea mays L.) and their residual effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. On the basis of results emanated from present investigation it could be concluded that application of 100%RDN+25% N-VC+S+Zn+Az.+PSB significantly recorded maximum nutrient content in maize viz. N (1.58%), P (0.46%), K (0.56%) and S (0.25%) and Zn (24.20 mg kg-1) content in grain during first year and during second year nutrient content in maize grain is N (1.61%), P (0.50%), K (0.60%) and S (0.29%) and Zn (24.26 mg kg-1)similarly maximum nutrient content in maize stover viz. N (0.71%), P (0.29%), K (1.28%) and S (0.26%) and Zn (41.50 mg kg-1) during first year and during second year nutrient content in maize stover is N (0.74%), P (0.32%), K (1.31%) and S (0.30%) and Zn (41.55 mg kg-1). Similar, trend was also repeated during both of the years for succeeding wheat crop in terms of nutrient content in grain and straw of wheat. Application of 100%RDN+25% N-VC+S+Zn+Az.+PSB significantly recorded maximum nutrient content in wheat grain viz. N (1.94%), P (0.40%), K (0.64%) , S (0.30%) and Zn (42.21 mg kg-1) during first year and during second year nutrient content in wheat grain is N (1.98%), P (0.44%), K (0.68%), S (0.34%) and Zn (42.26 mg kg-1) similarly maximum nutrient content in wheat straw viz. N (0.63%), P (0.22%), K (1.38%), S (0.29%) and Zn (14.82 mg kg-1) during first year and during second year nutrient content in wheat straw is N (0.67%), P (0.25%), K (1.42%) and S (0.33%) and Zn (14.87 mg kg-1).

Mitigation Strategies of Heat Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through Adjustment in Sowing Temperature and Application of Bio-regulators

ABSTRACT Global warming, as a result of climate change, may destructively affect wheat yield potentially increasing food insecurity and poverty. The field experiments were laid out during two consecutive rabi seasons of 2016–17 and 2017–18 at Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, to enhance wheat growth, quality, and productivity. The present experiment consisted of three sowing at different thermal environments (22°C, 20°C and 18°C) in main plot and eight foliar sprays of bio-regulators (control, water spray, salicylic acid @ 100 ppm, salicylic acid @ 200 ppm, thiosalicylic acid @ 100 ppm, thiosalicylic acid @ 200 ppm, thioglycolic acid @ 100 ppm, and thioglycolic acid @ 200 ppm) in subplot were set in a split-plot design with four replications. The pooled data indicated that crops are sown at 20°C (D2) attained maximum growth parameters i.e. (total number of tillers per square meter and plant height), heat indices (GDD and CTD), quality parameters (chlorophyll content of flag leaf stage, crude protein content in grain and protein yield), and yield (grain, straw and biological), also proved significantly superior over D1 (sowing at 22°C) and D3 (sowing at 18°C). The data further indicated that the above parameters were measured significantly higher in B4 (SA @ 200 ppm), which excelled over rest of the treatments. Therefore, enhancement in yield requires improved agronomic practices i.e. application of SA @ 200 ppm along with crop sowing at 20°C temperature in order to sustain enhanced productivity under heat stress.

Biogeoaccumulation of zinc in hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in an Inceptisol amended with soil zinc application and its bioavailability to human being

Soil Zn amended is an efficient agronomical Zn biofortification approach in rice. However, it is still need to know if higher rate of Zn over recommended dose can influence other essential nutrient uptake, high accumulation of Zn in soils and health risk for human consumption. This study was conducted by taking ten treatments (T1: control, T2: RDF, T3: RDF + 1.25 mg kg-1, T4: RDF + 2.5 mg kg-1, T5: RDF + 3.75 mg kg-1, T6: RDF + 5 mg kg-1, T7: RDF + 6.25 mg kg-1, T8: RDF + 7.5 mg kg-1, T9: RDF + 8.75 mg kg-1, T10: RDF + 10 mg kg-1) on hybrid rice in Zn (1.20 mg kg-1) enriched soil. The findings have shown that 6.25 mg kg-1 Zn application significantly increased crop growth and grain concentrations of N, K, Zn, Cu and Fe by 71.4, 125, 78.9, 28.5 and 2.4%, respectively. Nutrient harvest index was significantly affected by ranged between 29.1–36.4%. Application of Zn at 6.25 mg kg-1 (T7) recorded the highest Zn concentration in grain (28.2 mg kg-1) and bioavailability of the fortified Zn (2.05 mg Zn day-1). The lowest phytatic acid concentration in grain was recorded in T8 (RDF + Zn at 7.5 mg kg-1) and after that a significant increase was observed. Transfer coefficient was inversely behaving with Zn application and ranged between 6.03–18.0 grain. The average daily intake of Zn was ranged between 0.075–0.118 mg-1 kg-1 day. Across different treatments the Zn build-up factor, geo-accumulation index and soil enrichment factor was ranged between 0.98–4.90, -0.61–1.70 and 0.24–1.82, respectively in post-harvest soil. In conclusion, agronomic biofortification of Zn through soil applications at 6.25 mg Zn kg-1 was a sustainable way to improving growth and grain Zn, N, K, Cu and Fe uptake of hybrid rice to meet human recruitment.

High-Frequency Moisture Meter for Measuring the Moisture Content of Grain and Grain Products

High-Frequency Moisture Meter for Measuring the Moisture Content of Grain and Grain Products

Effects of shading at different growth stages with various shading intensities on the grain yield and anthocyanin content of colored rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Colored rice is a high-quality and high-added-value rice that has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Therein, the main functional substance in colored rice is anthocyanin, which plays an important role in anti-aging, inhibiting adipocyte accumulation, preventing cancer and treating cancer. However, there are few studies on the effects of shading at different growth periods with various shading intensities on the grain yield and anthocyanin content of colored rice. Field experiments were conducted in Hainan Province in 2020 and 2021, and two inbred rice cultivars, Youxianghongdao (YXHD) and Suixiangheinuo (SXHN), were adopted. Shading treatments were conducted at three different growth periods: shading from the regreening stage to the mid-tillering stage (S1), shading from the mid-tillering stage to the full heading stage (S2), and shading from the full heading stage to the maturity stage (S3). Based on the treatment of these three shading growth stages, three shading intensities were incorporated, including shading 20% (D1), 40% (D2) and 60% (D3) light intensities. No shading during the whole growth stage was used as a control (CK). The results indicated that the grain yield and anthocyanin content of both colored rice varieties were most sensitive to shading treatment during S3 among the three shading periods. The grain yields of both colored rice varieties decreased as the shading intensity increased for the three shading periods. In addition, the grain anthocyanin content of the red rice variety (YXHD) decreased as shading intensity increased under S1 and S2, while under S3, the grain anthocyanin content increased as shading intensity increased. However, for the black rice variety (SXHN), the anthocyanin content in grains showed an opposite trend with the changes in both shading intensity and shading period. Above results suggested that SXHN was more suitable for planting in the rainy season with low light intensity than YXHD based on low grain yield loss, strong shade tolerance and high anthocyanin content. However, it is necessary to explore the effects of light intensity on the anthocyanin synthesis mechanism in the near future. • Colored rice is a high-quality and high-added-value rice that has attracted increasing attention in recent years. • Colored rice varieties were most sensitive to shading treatment during the full heading to maturity stage. • The grain yield of colored rice decreased as the shading intensity increased. • The grain anthocyanin content of YXHD decreased as the shading intensity increased. • For SXHN, the anthocyanin content showed the opposite trend with the changes in both shading intensity and shading period.

Evaluation of Si Fertilization and Spraying of Nano-K and Ca on Si Content, Si Uptake, and Si Use Efficiency of Rice

A study was carried out in Al-Tale’a town (District of 41-Al-Husseiniyah, south of Hilla City) in the Babylon Governorate of Iraq from the 15th of June to the 19th of November 2020 to evaluate the effects of Si fertilization and Nano-K and Nano-Ca spraying on the content and uptake of Si and its use efficiency in rice crops. This experiment was conducted in an effort to determine the This experiment was conducted between the 15th and 19th of June, 2020. (Oryza sativa L.). The research was done using a split-plot design, and the parameter distribution was carried out using a randomized full blocks approach (RCBD). The supplied amounts of Si fertilizer served as the major plot, while the concentrations of nano-fertilizer concentrations served as the secondary plot. There were a total of sixteen treatments, and each was replicated three times. The analysis and interpretation of the research’s results were conducted using statistical tools. The amount of silica fertilizer was the first variable with four levels: 0 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1, and 300 kg ha-1. The second component was the application of nano-fertilizers, which contained four separate treatment options: the control, nano-potassium, nano-calcium, and nano-(K + Ca). The only treatment option that did not include nano-fertilizers was the control. According to the findings, silica fertilization at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 led to the highest silicon content in grain and straw (0.961 and 0.952)%, as well as the maximum Si-uptake in grain and straw (55.363, 122.337 and 177.700) kg Si ha-1. The use of nano foliar spraying with potassium and calcium produced the highest grain silicon concentration (44.540) kg Si ha-1 and total silicon content among all treatments (153.339) kg Si ha-1. Strong interaction between Si fertilization and foliar spraying with nano-K and Ca led in the largest mean of total Si-uptake (179.268) kg Si ha-1 and silicon utilization efficiency. This was accomplished by a mixture of silica fertilizer and nano-potassium and calcium foliar sprays. This outcome was achieved by using silica fertilizer in combination with nano-potassium and calcium-containing foliar sprays (66.95)%.

The Role of Fertilization with Nano-Zinc Oxide on the Growth and Yield of Wheat in Calcareous Desert Soil

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of the source and level of addition of nano-zinc oxide on the growth and yield of IPA-99 wheat cultivar grown in desert soil conditions and compare it with regular zinc fertilizers. Fertilizers were sprayed on the soil, the nano-fertilizers included three sources of zinc, nano-metallic zinc oxide (ZnnO), zinc-chelated nano-fertilizer ZnnDTPA, and nano-zinc humate (ZnnHA). The nano-fertilizers were added at levels of 1 and 2 kg ha-1. Whereas the regular zinc fertilizers, ZnO, ZnDTPA, and ZnHA, were added at a level of 4 and 8 kg ha-1 in addition to the control treatment without addition. After harvest, the grain yield, straw yield, and the concentration of zinc, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in the wheat grain were estimated. The results showed that zinc nano fertilizers had a significant effect in increasing the studied plant traits compared to the control treatment, Zinc humate nano fertilizer gave the highest increase in all studied plant traits among the nano-fertilizers, as it achieved an increase in grain yield, straw yield, zinc, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium concentrations in grains by 45.36%, 57.01%, 409.43%, 42.36%, 98.20%, and 38.56 % respectively over the control treatment. The zinc nano-fertilizers had a significant effect on increasing the yield of grains and the concentration of nitrogen and potassium in the grains compared to the regular zinc fertilizers. While the results showed there was no significant difference in straw yield and the concentration of zinc and phosphorous in the grains between nano and normal zinc fertilizer.

Influence of nitrogen management on productivity, nutrient uptake and efficiency of summer maize (Zea mays)

Maize an important cereal is highly influenced by nitrogen application. Moreover, non-judicious use of nitrogenous fertilizer is not only costly but also harmful to agroecosystem. Considering the above facts, a field experiment was designed at the Agriculture Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India during summer of 2020–21 to find out the impact of nitrogen management on growth and productivity of maize. The experiment was consisted of eight treatments, namely, 150% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), 125% RDN, 100% RDN, 75% RDN, 50% RDN, leaf colour chart (LCC) based application and Control. The treatments were laid out in completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. The maize hybrid considered was Bioseed 9544. The treatment with 150% RDN recorded superior results in terms of yield attributes, viz., number of cobs per plant (1.7), length of the cob (17.5 cm), weight of the cob (180.6 g), cob girth (48.6 mm), grain per cob (356.6) and 100 seed weight (22.1 g). Also, the treatment showed better results in terms of grain yield (7.95 t/ha), nutrient content in grain and straw (1.61 and 0.51), nitrogen uptake and available nitrogen in post-harvest soil. The treatment comprised of LCC based nitrogen application also resulted in better performance in expression of all the parameters, but it was statistically at par with 150% RDN and 125% RDN. The results clearly indicate that nitrogen optimization in maize can be done by using precision tool (LCC) to obtain optimum yield and nutrient uptake by the crop.

English

Training needs assessment study was conducted on rice post-harvest value addition technologies. The study was done in the Southern Region of Sierra Leone to assess the competence of smallholder farmers in rice post-harvest value addition. As a quantitative research method, a descriptive research design, which called for a survey by randomly and proportionately selecting 400 smallholder farmers across the four districts in the region (Bo, Bonthe, Moyamba, and Pujehun) was done. Quantitative primary data were sought from smallholder farmers through a structured interview schedule that contained 55 post-harvest value addition items. Training needs of smallholder farmers in rice post-harvest value addition were analyzed and ranked by using the Mean Weighted Discrepancy Score (MWDS) of the Borich Needs Assessment Model. Use of power tiller (10.48), harvesting paddy with combine harvester (9.95), keeping moisture content of grains at or below 14% wet basis (8.98), use of rice separator to grade broken rice (8.91), use of a machine to remove unfilled grains (8.34), and use of moisture meter to test for moisture content in rice (8.16) were among the highly ranked rice post-harvest value addition items where priority training needs were expressed by smallholder farmers in the study area districts. Key words: Competence, post-harvest technologies, smallholder farmers, Southern region, training needs, value addition.

The effect of organic fertilizers on the yield components of corn plant, protein and starch content of grain

The importance of organic fertilizers for sustainable agricultural production is an undeniable fact. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of different organic fertilizers on the growth and quality properties of maize plants. Three different types of organic fertilizers; cattle manure, vermicompost and leonardite, and their doses of 2.500, 5.000, 7.500 and 10.000 kgha-1 were used in the experiment. In addition, conventional production and non-fertilized production were used as control applications. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiments were repeated to assess the residual effects of the treatments. Fertilizers were applied in 2018 to determine the residual effects of organic fertilizer applications in the second year. In the research; plant height, ear diameter, ear grain weight, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, protein ratio, oil ratio and starch ration were examined. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of different organic fertilizers on the yield components and grain content of the corn plant. These features varied between 180.72-157.87 cm, 39.38-33.59 mm, 117.1-62.2 g, 261.2-237.1 g, 4416.8-1712.9 kg ha-1, 7.8-5.9%, 2.5-2.1% and 74.7-73.8%, respectively. According to the results, the 2500 kgha-1 and 5000 kgha-1 doses of vermicompost had the highest values for the oil ratio and protein ratio, on the other hand the leonardite application of 10.000 kgha-1 for the starch ration had the highest value. Generally, conventional fertilizer application had the highest values for yield components.

Levels of Deoxynivalenol and Aflatoxin Mycotoxins in Grains in Some Markets of Makurdi Metropolis, Nigeria

This study aimed to estimate deoxynivalenol (DON) and total aflatoxin in two varieties of millet, sorghum and maize, in some markets of Makurdi metropolis, North-Central, Nigeria using direct competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Moisture content, total aerobic microbial count, mould count, Coliform and Escherichia coli were determined using standard analytical methods. Moisture content profile of 9.5032 to 12.9940% (sorghum), 9.5932 to 12.3604% (maize) and 9.0279 to 12.4108% (millet) was considered relatively high. Proliferation of total aerobic microbial count was observed in the samples across the sampling points. Mycotoxins under study were detected in all samples across the sampling points. Whereas total aflatoxins were within permissible limits, DON exceeded thresholds. It was also observed that, these grains were more susceptible to the fungus Fusarium species producer of DON than the producer of aflatoxin, thus susceptibility of the grains to fungus producer of DON was in the order: sorghum > maize > millet, whereas the susceptibility against the fungus producer or producers of total aflatoxin level was in the order: sorghum > millet > maize respectively. This in general, indicated microbial contamination of these cereals in the study location indicting farmers and marketers of poor hygienic handling and processing of the grains. Pearson’s 2-tailed correlation at 0.05 level of significance revealed strong correlation of deoxynivalenol with moisture content of grains across locations.

Screening of chickpea genotypes for boron biofortification potential

BackgroundMalnutrition is a significant threat to mankind and deficiency of important minerals like boron (B) exert negative impacts on human health mostly in developing and least developed countries. Chickpea is an important legume with wide consumption in human diet due to easily digestible dietary protein and grown. Chickpea is mostly grown in arid and semi-arid regions of Pakistan. The B-deficiency in these areas not only decreases chickpea productivity, but also results lowers B concentration in grains. Different chickpea genotypes are capable of perform differently due to their divergent genetic makeup under stressful environmental conditions. Therefore, this field study screened different chickpea genotypes to improve yield and B biofortification. MethodsFor this purpose 20 ‘desi’ (i.e., ‘TG-1430’, ‘Parbat’, ‘TG-1616’, ‘TG-1620’, ‘05A028’, ‘TG-1601’, ‘TG-1623’, ‘Thal-2006’, ‘TG-1218’, ‘TG-1513’, ‘Chattan’, ‘BK-2011’, ‘TG-1500’, ‘NIAB-2016’, ‘GGP-1456’, ‘TG-1618’, ‘TG-1619’, ‘Bittle-2016’, ‘TG-1415’ and ‘Punjab-2008’) and 06 ‘kabuli’ (i.e., ‘TGK-228’, ‘TGK-1767’, ‘TGK-1802’, ‘NOOR-2009’, ‘TGK-1761’ and ‘TGK-1805’) chickpea genotypes were sown under 0 or 1 kg B ha−1 as soil application. ResultsResults indicated that B application improved the growth, nodulation, yield and grains B concentrations of all genotypes; however, genotype significantly differed in their response. Of the 20 ‘desi’ genotypes ‘Punjab-2008’ recorded the highest leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, nodulation, yield and related traits under B application. However, genotypes ‘BK-2011’, ‘TG-1500’ and ‘NIAB-2016’ had higher grains B content under 1 kg ha−1 B application. Similarly, ‘kabuli genotypes’, i.e., ‘TGK-1761’ and ‘TGK-1802’ recorded higher nodulation, while ‘NOOR-2009’ had higher leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield with 1 kg ha−1 B application compared to the rest of the ‘kabuli’ genotypes included in the study. The highest grain B concentration was recorded for ‘TGK-1767’ among ‘kabuli’ genotypes. ConclusionIn conclusion, ‘desi’ genotype ‘Punjab-2008’ and ‘kabuli’ genotype ‘NOOR-2009’ should be grown under 1 kg ha−1 B application to get higher productivity and B biofortification. The genotypes which accumulated more B in their seeds should be included in future breeding programs to produce B-rich grains for reducing malnutrition.

Synthesis and application of optimized ZnO nanoparticles for improving yield and Zn content of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain

Zinc is a crucial micronutrient and has great impact on growth, development, and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Among various methods, application of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) via roots or leaves can fulfill the Zn needs of plant. In the present research work, ZnO NPs were prepared through a cost-effective co-precipitation method and were compared with bulk ZnO for its effect on rice. Hexagonal wurtzite structure of synthesized ZnO NPs was confirmed with the help of X-ray diffraction analysis. Average crystallite size was found to be 20 nm. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of ZnO NPs on growth, yield and nutritional quality of rice. The experiment comprised of ZnO NPs and bulk ZnO in three treatments as foliar spray, soil application, and root dipping along with control group having no zinc. Results revealed that foliar spray of ZnO NPs increased fresh biomass, grain yield, Zn content in grain and straw as compared to control. Soil application of ZnO NPs also increased husk and root zinc by 21% and 29%, respectively, compared to control. It was observed that soil applied ZnO NPs were mostly accumulated in roots or translocated to husk. Grain yield and grain Zn content was significantly increased by 11% and 28%, respectively, in case of foliar application of nano ZnO as compared to control group. It was concluded that foliar application of ZnO NPs can be used as commercial plant growth promotor and for biofortification purposes, specifically in rice.

Understanding the mechanisms of zeolite in inhibiting Pb accumulation in different rice cultivars (Oryza sativa).

Zeolite is one of the potential passivating amendments for the immobilization of lead (Pb) in contaminated farmland soils. In this study, pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effects and the mechanisms of zeolite on Pb accumulation in two rice cultivars grown in a slightly Pb-contaminated soil. Results showed that Pb content in grains of Zheyou 18 (ZY-18) decreased by the addition of 6g zeolite kg-1 soil (E6), which can be attributed to the reduction in soil Pb availability, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), water-soluble iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), and the transfer factor from soil to grain (TFsoil-grain). These reductions were mainly resulting from the significant increase in soil pH, glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins (PCs), and non-protein (NPT) content in rice root, and the decrease in soil redox potential (Eh), due to zeolite addition. Pb content in brown rice of DL-5 was not significantly affected with E6 treatment, whereas it was raised by applying 12g zeolite kg-1 soil (E12). The increase of Pb content of Donglian 5 (DL-5) grains with E12 treatment can be attributed to more Pb uptake by the root, higher Pb transfer factors (TFs) between various parts of rice, and significant decrease in GSH, PCs, and NPT contents in the root. It is concluded that a suitable rate of zeolite addition can immobilize Pb in slightly Pb-contaminated acidic soil. However, the final immobilization effect also depends on rice cultivars.

Induced mutations in ASPARAGINE SYNTHETASE‐A2 reduce free asparagine concentration in the wheat grain

AbstractAcrylamide is a neurotoxin and probable carcinogen formed as a processing contaminant during baking and production of different foodstuffs, including bread products. The amino acid asparagine is the limiting substrate in the Maillard reaction that produces acrylamide, so developing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with low free asparagine concentrations in the grain is a promising approach to reduce dietary acrylamide exposure. A candidate gene approach was used to identify chemically induced genetic variation in ASPARAGINE SYNTHETASE 2 (ASN2) genes that exhibit a grain‐specific expression profile. In field trials, durum and common wheat lines carrying asn‐a2 null alleles exhibited reductions in free asparagine concentration in their grains of between 9 and 34% compared with wildtype sister lines. These plants showed no significant differences in spikelet number, grain size and weight, germination or baking quality traits. These nontransgenic variants can be deployed without regulatory oversight in elite wheat germplasm to reduce acrylamide‐forming potential with no negative effects on quality or agronomic performance.

Mycotoxin DON Accumulation in Wheat Grains Caused by Fusarium Head Blight Are Significantly Subjected to Inoculation Methods.

The disease severity and mycotoxin DON content in grains caused by fusarium head blight (FHB) have been two prioritized economical traits in wheat. Reliable phenotyping is a prerequisite for genetically improving wheat resistances to these two traits. In this study, three inoculation methods: upper bilateral floret injection (UBFI), basal bilateral floret injection (BBFI), and basal rachis internode injection (BRII), were applied in a panel of 22 near-isogenic lines (NILs) contrasting in Fhb1 alleles. The results showed that inoculation methods had significant influence on both disease severity and mycotoxin accumulation in grains, and the relationship between them. UBFI method caused chronic FHB symptom characterized as slow progress of the pathogen downward from the inoculation site, which minimized the difference in disease severity of the NILs, but, unexpectedly, maximized the difference in DON content between them. The BBFI method usually caused an acute FHB symptom in susceptible lines characterized as premature spike death (PSD), which maximized the difference in disease severity, but minimized the difference in DON content in grains between resistant and susceptible lines. The BRII method occasionally caused acute FHB symptoms for susceptible lines and had relatively balanced characteristics of disease severity and DON content in grains. Therefore, two or more inoculation methods are recommended for precise and reliable evaluation of the overall resistance to FHB, including resistances to both disease spread within a spike and DON accumulation in grains.

Influence of Planting Geometry and Nitrogen Levels on Nutrient Content, Uptake and Soil Fertility Status in Scented Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

An experiment was carried out during 2018 at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Kaul (Kaithal) to study the influence of kharif planting geometry and nitrogen levels on nutrient (N, P and K) content, uptake and soil fertility status under scented rice (Pusa 1121). The experiment was conducted using split plot design with four replications having three planting geometry in main plots and five nitrogen levels in sub plots. N, P and K concentrations in grain and straw were Grain and straw yield were significantly higher at 20 cm x 15 cm and 120 kg N/ha. non-significant with planting geometry. However, these concentration increases significantly with increase in nitrogen level and maximum at 120 kg N/ha. N, P and K uptake by both grain and straw were significant at planting geometry 20 cm x 15 cm and nitrogen rate of 120 kg/ha. The available N, P O and K O of experimental field before cultivation were 163, 27 and 379 kg/ha, respectively. N, P O and K O content in soil after 2 5 2 2 5 2cultivation was higher under 30 cm x 20 cm. However, N content in soil after cultivation was maximum at 120 kg N/ha, but P O and K O content 2 5 2was in control.

Сортова специфіка потреб пшениці озимої в елементах живлення в умовах нестійкого зволоження

Goal. To identify the peculiarities of the accumulation of nutrients in the productive part of plants of new varieties of winter wheat in years with different hydrothermal conditions after the restoration of vegetation. Methods. On typical chornozems of varietal testing grounds after the restoration of spring vegetation in 2018 – 2020, the supply of NPK, Zn, Mn, and Cu to winter wheat plants of 4 varieties of national standards and 8 varieties of selection of EU countries was studied. Results. Among the varieties of foreign selection, the highest nitrogen content in grain for the entire period of research was in the variety Arktis (2.34%), among domestic varieties — Bunchuk (2.18%), the lowest — in the varieties Manditsa (1.62%) and Smuglianka (1.83%). The variety Rozkishna is relatively undemanding to phosphorus and potassium, the variety Bodichek — to potassium, regardless of growing conditions. A variable consumption response was also fixed. Under favorable moisture conditions, the plants of the variety Annitsa increased the accumulation of RK, the variety Arktis — of P. The variety Dariya has a constant high need for Zn and Mn, but a variable need for Cu, while the variety Matrix — a constant low need for Zn and Mn. Recommendations were developed for increasing or decreasing the rates of application of NPK, fertilizers, and microelements for each studied variety of foreign selection concerning the norms of fertilization of national standards. Conclusions. Varieties with signs of constant increased or decreased accumulation of nutrients, as well as varieties that change the concentration of NPK and trace elements in the final product in years with arid and favorable weather conditions of spring vegetation were identified. It is proposed to test the nutrition of new varieties of wheat during variety testing to further adjustment of the rates of fertilizer application.

Effect of Foliar Application of Nano-Urea Under Different Nitrogen Levels on Growth and Nutrient Content of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

A field experiment entitled “Effect of Foliar Application of Nano-Urea under Different Nitrogen Levels on Productivity and Quality of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)” was conducted at Research Farm, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur (India) during Kharif season of 2021. The experiment was laid out with 9 treatment combinations comprising in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Results showed that highest plant height, dry matter accumulation, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, phosphorus content and potassium content in grain and straw of pearl millet was obtained with the application of 100% RDN which was significantly superior to 50% RDN. Results further showed that foliar spray of Nano-Urea (4 ml/l water) at 30 and 45 DAS significantly increased the plant height, dry matter accumulation, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, phosphorus content and potassium content in grain and straw of pearl millet over control and foliar spray of Nano-Urea (4 ml/l water) at 30 DAS.

Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci for a parameter associated with nitrogen partitioning to grain using a population derived from japonica- and indica-type cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) partitioning to grain affects productivity and grain quality in rice. The objectives of this study were to clarify the difference between the rice cultivars ‘Momiroman’ (japonica) and ‘Takanari’ (indica) in the relation between the amount of total N in aboveground parts per grain dry weight (TNA/GW) and grain N concentration (GNC), to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the coefficient characterizing this relation by using populations derived from a cross between Momiroman and Takanari, and to verify the effects of the detected QTLs by using near-isogenic lines (NILs). We used 156 F2 plants grown under high N in 2015 and 156 F3 lines grown under high or low N in 2016, and determined N concentrations and contents in grain and aboveground vegetative parts. We found a logarithmic relation between GNC and TNA/GW in Momiroman and Takanari. The regression coefficient (A) was higher in Takanari. Under each N condition, A was calculated for each population and QTL analysis was performed. QTLs for A were detected on chromosomes (Chrs.) 6 and 10 in all conditions; the Takanari alleles of both QTLs increased the value. NILs with the Takanari allele in each region had higher A than NILs with the Momiroman alleles. We conclude that the QTLs for A are associated with N partitioning to grain in rice. Abbreviations: GNA, amount of N in grain; GNC, grain N concentration; GW, grain dry weight; TNA, amount of N in aboveground parts