Concave Cavity Research Articles

임의 형상 평판의 고정밀도 고유진동수 추출을 위한 분할영역법 기반 NDIF법 개발

The NDIF method based on a sub-domain technique is introduced to extract highly accurate natural frequencies of arbitrarily shaped plates with the simply-supported boundary condition. The NDIF method, which was developed by the authors for the eigen-mode analysis of arbitrarily shaped plates with various boundary conditions, has the feature that it yields highly accurate natural frequencies thanks to its effective theoretical formulation, compared with other analytical methods or numerical methods(FEM and BEM). However, the NDIF method has the weak point that it can be applicable for only convex plates. It was revealed that the NDIF method offers very inaccurate natural frequencies or no solution for concave cavities. To overcome the weak point, the paper proposes the sub-domain method of dividing a concave plate into several convex domains. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified in various case studies, which indicate that natural frequencies obtained by the proposed method are very accurate compared to the exact method and FEM(ANSYS).

임의 형상 음향 공동의 고정밀도 고유치 추출을 위한 개선된 NDIF법 개발

A modified NDIF method using a sub-domain approach is introduced to extract highly accurate eigenvalues of two-dimensional, arbitrarily shaped acoustic cavities. The NDIF method, which was developed by the authors for the eigen-mode analysis of arbitrarily shaped acoustic cavities, has the feature that it yields highly accurate eigenvalues compared with other analytical methods or numerical methods(FEM and BEM). However, the NDIF method has the weak point that it can be applicable for only convex cavities. It was revealed that the solution of the NDIF method is very inaccurate or is not suitable for concave cavities. To overcome the weak point, the paper proposes the sub-domain method of dividing a concave domain into several convex domains. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified in two case studies, which indicate that eigenvalues obtained by the proposed method are more accurate compared to the exact method, the NDIF method, or FEM(ANSYS).

Indirect Methods to Measure Wetting and Contact Angles on Spherical Convex and Concave Surfaces

In this work, a method was developed for indirectly estimating contact angles of sessile liquid drops on convex and concave surfaces. Assuming that drops were sufficiently small that no gravitational distortion occurred, equations were derived to compute intrinsic contact angles from the radius of curvature of the solid surface, the volume of the liquid drop, and its contact diameter. These expressions were tested against experimental data for various liquids on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polycarbonate (PC) in the form of flat surfaces, spheres, and concave cavities. Intrinsic contact angles estimated indirectly using dimensions and volumes generally agreed with the values measured directly from flat surfaces using the traditional tangent method.

Fabrication of conducting polypyrrole film with microlens arrays by combination of breath figures and replica molding methods

Novel conducting polypyrrole (PPy) films with microlens arrays (MLAs) were successfully fabricated by combination of breath figures (BFs) and replica molding methods. Polycarbonate (PC) molds prepared by BFs method contain concave cavities with a diameter of about 3–4 μm and a depth of about 2.5 μm in the center of the cavity as were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). PPy MLAs were achieved by the chemically oxidative polymerization of pyrrole on the surface of PC molds initiated by FeCl3 and subsequent removal of PC molds with CHCl3. The PPy MLAs possess well-ordered convex with a height of about 2.1 μm in the center of the microlens as revealed by SEM and AFM, which is highly related to the morphology of PC molds. In addition, the effect of the polymerization time of pyrrole on the electrical conductivity of the resulting patterned PPy films was investigated by standard four probe technique.

PDZ Binding to the BAR Domain of PICK1 is Elucidated by Coarse-grained Molecular Dynamics

A key regulator of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor traffic, PICK1 is known to interact with over 40 other proteins, including receptors, transporters and ionic channels, and to be active mostly as a homodimer. The current lack of a complete PICK1 structure determined at atomic resolution hinders the elucidation of its functional mechanisms. Here, we identify interactions between the component PDZ and BAR domains of PICK1 by calculating possible binding sites for the PDZ domain of PICK1 (PICK1-PDZ) to the homology-modeled, crescent-shaped dimer of the PICK1-BAR domain using multiplexed replica-exchange molecular dynamics (MREMD) and canonical molecular dynamics simulations with the coarse-grained UNRES force field. The MREMD results show that the preferred binding site for the single PDZ domain is the concave cavity of the BAR dimer. A second possible binding site is near the N-terminus of the BAR domain that is linked directly to the PDZ domain. Subsequent short canonical molecular dynamics simulations used to determine how the PICK1-PDZ domain moves to the preferred binding site on the BAR domain of PICK1 revealed that initial hydrophobic interactions drive the progress of the simulated binding. Thus, the concave face of the BAR dimer accommodates the PDZ domain first by weak hydrophobic interactions and then the PDZ domain slides to the center of the concave face, where more favorable hydrophobic interactions take over.

The British-Flag Technique of Mesh Insertion in Transabdominal Preperitonial Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair

Imaging of early postoperative complications after mesh repair has shown "foldings" of the prosthetic mesh, leading to displacement and associated hernia recurrence. A rectangular two-dimensional mesh introduced into the abdomen and fitted into a concave three-dimensional cavity does not lie evenly and is susceptible to crumpling. Hence, we propose to introduce a geometrically corrected mesh design that would allow easier placement and compliment the anatomic shape of the abdominal cavity.

Complexes of Diquat with Dibenzo‐24‐Crown‐8

AbstractThe complexation between dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 (1) and diquat (2) was investigated in detail by NMR, MS and X‐ray analysis. It was found that dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 and diquat formed a 1:1 complex 1·2 in acetone with Ka=2.0×102 L·mol−1, but, as shown by X‐ray analysis, a crystalline 2:1 host:guest inclusion complex 12·2 was isolated, in which a single molecule of diquat is enclosed in the concave cavity provided by two dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 host molecules. Both results are different from the previously assumed stoichiometry of the complexation between dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 and diquat. This result enriches the range of host‐guest complexes based on dibenzo‐24‐ crown‐8 and provides new opportunities for developing more complicated structures and chemosensors for diquat.

MEMS Vertical Probe Cards With Ultra Densely Arrayed Metal Probes for Wafer-Level IC Testing

We have developed a MEMS probe-card technology for wafer-level testing ICs with 1-D line-arrayed or 2-D area-arrayed dense pads layouts. With a novel metal MEMS fabrication technique, an area-arrayed tip matrix is realized with an ultradense tip pitch of 90 mum times196 mum for testing 2-D pad layout, and a 50-mum minimum pitch is also achieved in line-arrayed probe cards for testing line-on-center or line-on-perimeter wafers. By using the anisotropic etching properties of single-crystalline silicon, novel oblique concave cavities are formed as electroplating moulds for the area-arrayed microprobes. With the micromachined cavity moulds, the probes are firstly electroplated in a silicon wafer and further flip-chip packaged onto a low-temperature cofired ceramic board for signal feeding to an automatic testing equipment. The microprobes can be efficiently released using a silicon-loss technique with a lateral underneath etching. The measured material properties of the electroplated nickel and the Sn-Ag solder bump are promising for IC testing applications. Mechanical tests have verified that the microprobes can withstand a 65-mN probing force, while the tip displacement is 25 mum, and can reliably work for more than 100 000 touchdowns. The electric test shows that the probe array can provide a low contact resistance of below 1 Omega, while the current leakage is only 150 pA at 3.3 V for adjacent probes.

Energetic collimated ion bunch generation from an ultraintense laser interacting with thin concave targets

The interaction of an ultraintense laser pulse with parabolic concave target is studied using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. It is found that ions at the back of the concave target can be accelerated more effectively than that with a plane target because of a large electrostatic field on the propagation axis induced by focusing of the laser expelled electrons. A highly collimated ion bunch with high particle and current densities appears. The dependence of the quality of ion acceleration and bunching on the width of the concave cavity is examined. It is found that the maximum ion energy is greatly enhanced when the width of the cavity attains a threshold, and an optimum width for generating a high-quality ion bunch exists. The results should be useful in the design of targets used in producing highly collimated energetic ions in high-energy-density physics.

372-mJ 长脉冲烟火泵浦激光器

A pyrotechnically pumped Nd glass laser is demonstrated by the use of pyrotechnic flashlamps composed of several chemical materials arranged in a stable plane concave resonator cavity. The flashlamp was made of chemical mixture with oxidant, fuel, and binder. The emission spectrum of pyrotechnic flame covered most of the absorption bands of Nd3+ in phosphate glass. Under 4.56-g chemical mixture pumping, long pulse output power of about 5.5 W was achieved.

Passively Q-switched mode-locking of diode-pumped Nd:YVO4laser with GaAs intracavity absorber grown at low temperature

Using a low temperature grown GaAs wafer as an intracavity saturable absorber, a temporal envelope duration of 11 ns of Q- switched and mode- locked ( QML) 1064 nm operation was achieved in a very simple compact plane- concave cavity Nd: YVO4 laser, it was so short that the pulses can be used as Q- switching pulses. The maximal average output power is 808 mW with the repetition rate of 25 kHz, and the corresponding peak power and energy of a single Q- switched pulse was 2.94 kW and 32.3 mu J, respectively. The mode- locked pulse trains inside the Q- switched pulse envelope had a repetition rate of 800 MHz.

Flow features resulting from shock wave impact on a cylindrical cavity

The complex flow features that arise from the impact of a shock wave on a concave cavity are determined by means of high-speed video photography. Besides additional information on features that have previously been encountered in specific studies, such as those relating to shock wave reflection from a cylindrical wall and those associated with shock wave focusing, a number of new features become apparent when the interaction is studied over longer times using time-resolved imaging. The most notable of these new features occurs when two strong shear layers meet that have been generated earlier in the motion. Two jets can be formed, one facing forward and the other backward, with the first one folding back on itself. The shear layers themselves develop a Kelvin–Helmholtz instability which can be triggered by interaction with weak shear layers developed earlier in the motion. Movies are available with the online version of the paper.

Placement of subdural electrode grids for seizure focus localization in patients with a large arachnoid cyst

Subdural electrode arrays are placed to localize seizure foci for possible resection. The procedure is usually straightforward when an electrode grid array is placed on the brain convexity but can become complicated if the surface on which the grids are applied is not convex. Arachnoid cysts can be associated with seizures, but their topography presents a challenge to standard techniques for the placement of subdural grids. The authors report on a technique for electrode grid placement that successfully localized seizure foci in the depths of arachnoid cysts in two patients. Subdural grids were placed to conform to the concave cyst cavity. They were held in place with rolled gelatin foam padding, which filled the arachnoid cyst. The padding was removed before removing the electrode grids and resecting the seizure focus. Although arachnoid cysts present a technical challenge when seizure foci are located within the cyst cavity, the technique of packing the cyst cavity with gelatin foam provides good electrode contact on the concave cyst wall, allowing adequate seizure focus localization.

Multiscaled polarization effects in Suneve coronata (Lepidoptera) and other insects: application to anti-counterfeiting of banknotes

The scales of many Lepidoptera and the elytra of quite a number of Coleoptera possess specialized micro- and nano-structures that produce special polarization effects. They are constituted by concave multilayered cavities. This leads to two different effects: (1) interferential non-polarized coloration by reflection near normal incidence in the middle of the cavities and (2) polarized interferential colouration at lower wavelength after double reflection near the Brewster incidence at the periphery of the cavities. The macroscopic appearance resembles the “pointillist effect” with one of the component polarized while the other one is not. The first one can be extinguished with linear polarizer so that the colour is modified. In most insects, the structure is locally symmetric; hence, no macroscopic effects can be seen. In certain species, this symmetry is partly broken, and a slight effect can be observed. In the wing dorsal surface of the fascinating neotropical butterflies genus Suneve, perpendicular structures of two different kinds in size polarize the reflected light. The larger one is constituted by the convex cover scales whose apex falls perpendicularly on the bases of the following scales, creating long polarized valley (50 μm width) transversally running across the wing. The smaller one is constituted by the ridges of the scales (2 μm apart) that polarize light in the perpendicular direction. Adapted multilayered structures can be deposited onto banknotes to create anti-counterfeiting patterns as a further development of protection and security. Different effects can be produced by the use of such structures. (1) Changes of luminosity: A specific pattern will be constituted by two different areas: one with horizontal concave multilayered structures, and the other one with vertical structures. Under unpolarized light, the reflected spectra of these different areas are identical and no pattern appears. Under polarized light, i.e., through a linear polarizer, one or the other area is partly extinguished, according to the orientation of the polarizer, and the pattern appears. (2) Changes in colours: a compound colour can be produced by the juxtaposition of planed and grooved surfaces. Due to the change of incidence of the incoming light, the colours of these two zones are different, but that produced by the first one is unpolarized while the second one is partly polarized and can be modified with a linear polarizer.

Output properties of 1.57 μm intracavity pumped optical parametric oscillator

A 1.57 μm eye-safe laser is realized by placing a KTP crystal into a diode-end-pumped, acousto-optically (AO) Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser. For the first time, the 1.06 μm pumping laser with a concave–concave cavity is used to lower the threshold of the intracavity-pumped optical parametric oscillator (IPOPO). The pumping threshold and output characteristics of the OPO are analyzed by changing repetition rate of the AO Q-switch and output mirrors with different transmissivity at 1.57 μm. The results show that the pumping threshold will decrease with the lower output transmissivity and the lower repetition rate, but the narrower output pulse width can be obtained with the higher output transmissivity.

Remote Chirality Transfer within a Coordination Sphere by the Use of a Ligand Possessing a Concave Cavity

The possibility to enhance the effect of a modest chiral element in a metal ligand by the use of a second ligand possessing a concave cavity has been examined for the examples of 1,3- and 1,4-chirality transfer within the metal coordination sphere. Complexation of Ru(C 60 Me 5 )Cl(CO) 2 with (R)-prophos [(R)-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane] took place with excellent diastereoselectivity to give a configurationally stable chiral-at-metal complex, Ru(C 60 Me 5 )Cl((R)-prophos). This complex was converted, with good to perfect diastereoselectivity, into a variety of cationic complexes, [Ru(C 60 Me 5 )((R)-prophos)L]-[SbF 6 ] (L = MeCN, t BuCN, methacrolein, acetone, CO, BnNC, 2,6-Me 2 C 6 H 3 NC), and a vinylidene complex, [Ru(C6oMe5)(=C=CPhH)((R)-prophos)][SbF 6 ]. The chirality transfer to the reactants reacting in the outer sphere of the coordination resulted in an asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction, albeit with modest selectivity.

Structural Properties of Benzimidazole Cavitand and Its Selective Recognition toward 4-Methylbenzamide over 4-Methylanilide

The conformations and properties of cavitand 5 with four benzimidazole flaps are studied by (1)H NMR. The benzimidazole cavitand 5 can form very stable vase structures with an enforced concave cavity by intermolecular hydrogen bonding with four hydroxyl-containing molecules, X-OH, such as methanol (X = Me), acetic acid (X = CH(3)CO), and trifluoroacetic acid (X = CF(3)CO). The stronger hydrogen bond donor strengths of X-OH are, the stronger hydrogen bonds are formed between the NH and N atoms of the neighboring benzimidazole fragments and the more vase structures of 5.4HOX are stable. The annular tautomerism of 5 in CDCl(3)/CD(3)OD (9:1, v/v) due to the proton exchange between NH and N atoms of the neighboring benzimidazole fragments is observed by 400 MHz (1)H NMR, and the free energy of activation is measured as DeltaG++(210) = 10.2 kcal/mol at a coalescence temperature of 210 K. Cavitand 5 forms inclusion complexes with 4-methylbezamide guests such as 4-methyl-N-p-tolylbenzamide 6 and N,4-dimethylbenzamide 7 in water-saturated CDCl(3). However, an isomorphic 4-methylanilide guest such as N-4-tolylacetamide 8 cannot be recognized in the concave cavity of 5. This high selectivity toward 4-methylbenzamide over 4-methylanilide seems attributable to the hydrogen-binding interaction between the NH proton of 4-methylbezamide guest 7 and the oxygen atom of the closest water molecule.

Polarizing a Hydrophobic Cavity for the Efficient Binding of Organic Guests: The Case of Calix[6]tren, a Highly Efficient and Versatile Receptor for Neutral or Cationic Species

The host-guest properties of calix[6]tren 1 have been evaluated. The receptor is based on a calix[6]arene that is covalently capped at the narrow rim by a tren unit. As a result, the system presents a concave hydrophobic cavity with, at its bottom, a grid-like nitrogenous core. Despite its well-defined cavity and opening to the outside at the large rim, 1 did not behave as a good receptor for neutral molecules in chloroform. However, it exhibited efficient endo-complexation of ammonium guests. By contrast, the per-protonated host, 1.4H(+), behaved as a remarkable receptor for small organic molecules. The complexation is driven by a strong charge-dipole interaction and hydrogen bonds between the polar guest and the tetracationic cap of the calixarene. Finally, coordination of Zn(2+) to the tren core led to the asymmetrization of calixarene cavity and to the strong but selective endo-binding of neutral ligands. This study emphasizes the efficiency of a receptor presenting a concave hydrophobic cavity that is polarized at its bottom. The resulting combination of charge-dipole, hydrogen bonding, CH-pi, and van der Waals interactions highly stabilizes the supramolecular architectures. Also, importantly, the tren cap allows the tuning of the polarization, offering either a basic (1), a highly charged and acidic (1.4H(+)), or a coordination (1.Zn(2+)) site. As a result, the system proved to be highly versatile, tunable, and interconvertible in solution by simple addition of protons, bases, or metal ions.

Magnetorheological Jet (MR JetTM) Finishing Technology

Conformal (or freeform) and steep concave optics are important classes of optics that are difficult to finish using conventional techniques due to mechanical interferences and steep local slopes. One suitable way to polish these classes of optics is by using a jet of abrasive/fluid mixture. The energy required for polishing may be supplied by the radial spread of a liquid jet, which impinges a surface to be polished. Such fluid flow may generate sufficient surface shear stress to provide material removal in the regime of chemical mechanical polishing. Once translated into a polishing technique, this unique tool may resolve a challenging problem of finishing steep concave surfaces and cavities. A fundamental property of a fluid jet is that it begins to lose its coherence as the jet exits a nozzle. This is due to a combination of abruptly imposed longitudinal and lateral pressure gradients, surface tension forces, and aerodynamic disturbance. This results in instability of the flow over the impact zone and consequently polishing spot instability. To be utilized in deterministic high precision finishing of remote objects, a stable, relatively high-speed, low viscosity fluid jet, which remains collimated and coherent before it impinges the surface to be polished, is required. A method of jet stabilization has been proposed, developed, and demonstrated whereby the round jet of magnetorheological fluid is magnetized by an axial magnetic field when it flows out of the nozzle. It has been experimentally shown that a magnetically stabilized round jet of magnetorheological (MR) polishing fluid generates a reproducible material removal function (polishing spot) at a distance of several tens of centimeters from the nozzle. The interferometrically derived distribution of material removal for an axisymmetric MR Jet™ , which impinges normal to a plane glass surface, coincides well with the radial distribution of rate of work calculated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. Polishing results support the assertion that the MR Jet finishing process may produce high precision surfaces on glass and single crystals. The technology is most attractive for the finishing of complex shapes like freeform optics, steep concaves, and cavities.

Analysis of mode stability in a concave mirror vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with an oxide aperture

We applied the Fox-Li resonator theory to analyze the mode stability of concave mirror surface-emitting lasers. The numerical modeling incorporates the oxide aperture in the simple classical cavity by adding a non-uniform phase shifting layer to the flat mirror side. The calculation shows that there is a modal loss difference between the fundamental mode and the competing modes. The amount of loss difference depends upon cavity length and the thickness of the oxide aperture. In addition to loss difference, modal gain difference plays a key role in discriminating between the fundamental mode and the higher order transverse modes. The modal gain difference heavily depends upon the size of the oxide aperture and the field intensity distribution. To summarize, the geometry of the concave cavity affects the mode profile and the unique field profile of each transverse mode makes a difference in both modal loss and gain. Finally, this leads to a side-mode suppression.