Computer Data Entry Research Articles

Evaluation of Postoperative Electrolyte Imbalance of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients: A Study in a Tertiary Level Hospital

This cross-sectional observational study was performed to evaluate the post-operative electrolyte imbalance in oral squamous cell Carcinoma patients, and it was conducted at the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery in Dhaka Dental College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during June 2022 to June 2023. A total of 100 patients who were clinically and histo-pathologically diagnosed as OSCC patients were enrolled in this study. The collected data were edited, coded processed for computer data entry. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version-23.0. Descriptive analysis was performed and the results were presented as tables and graphs. Unpaired t tests, Chi-square, Spearman’s rho correlation tests were performed to compare the mean and ratio correlation of the study variables where P<0.05 with 95%CI. The ethical clearance of this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery in Dhaka Dental College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 100 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCS) patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age of the patients was 56.63 ± 9.54 years. The mean BMI of the patients was 18.20 ± 0.60 kg/m2. The majority of the patients were male and it was 54% while female was 46%. 64% patients belonged to lower socio-economic class. 52% patients had the habit of betel nut which was the highest while 39 % had the habit of betel nut with tobacco. The majority, 32% of patients had Stage-I. The mean surgery duration was 5.45± 0:91 hours and 7.2±: 0:15 minutes. The mean blood required for the surgery 1.44±0.68 units. According to the distribution of the post-operative variations of electrolyte imbalances, Sodium (Na+) was observed, hypo 25(25%) and hyper0(0%) on day-1 and hypo 31(31%), and hyper 4(4%) was observed on day 3 and followed by Potassium (K+) hypo 5(5%) and hyper 2(2%) on day- 1 and hypo 7(7%) and, hyper2(25) on day- 3. In comparison of ratio between hypo and hyper of day1 and day-3, showed statistically significant relationship observed (p<0.05). According to postoperative electrolyte distribution, on day-1, mean Sodium (Na+) was observed 136.68±2.69 mmol/L whereas on day-3, mean Sodium (Na+) was observed 133.81±4.21 mmol/Land followed by on day-1 mean Potassium (K+),3.86±0.46mmol/L, day-3, mean Potassium (K+),3.74 ±0.45 mmol/L on day-1. Among the postoperative electrolyte, except, Potassium (K+), all were observed statistically significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, hypocalcaemia, hyponatremia, and hypomagnesaemia are the relatively common after maxillofacial surgeries. Beside this BMI could affect electrolyte abnormalities after maxillofacial surgery.

Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Women with Preeclampsia: A Case-Control Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Introduction: Preeclampsia is an advanced objection characterized by the new start of hypertension and proteinuria or the new start of hypertension and important end-organ dysfunction with or without proteinuria in the last half of the prenatal period or post-delivery. Long-term, patients with preeclampsia are at enhanced risk for developing cardiovascular and renal disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the maternal and perinatal outcomes in women suffering from preeclampsia. Methods: A case-control study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka from July 2020 to June 2021. A total number of one hundred twelve pregnant women (N=112), were enrolled in the study and fifty-six (n=56) were included as preeclampsia (Cases) and another fifty-six (n=56) were enrolled as normotensives (Controls). Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0. Result: Respondents' mean age was 27.35 ± 4.85 (case) & 26.46 ± 4.86(control) years. Maximum study subjects had only primary education. The majority of the respondents were homemakers in all groups. Respondents' mean gestational age was 36.28 ± 2.12 (case) & 36.57 ± 1.82 (control) weeks respectively and was significant in both case and control groups (p=.001). There was no statistical difference according to gravida found between the cases and controls. Based on maternal outcomes, delivery by cesarean section was greater in cases than in controls (p<0.001), &eclampsia (p<0.001) and PPH (p=0.002) were significantly lower in controls than cases. Based on the neonatal outcome, birth weight was significantly lower in cases than in controls (p=0.020), and stillbirth was significantly lower in controls than cases (p=0.042). Conclusion: Preeclampsia may be linked to complications with the placenta initially in the pregnancy. A very little amount of maternal complications and fetal complications rose in this current analysis and the result of the findings was satisfactory.

Sosialisasi Rekam Medik Elektronik pada Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Pertama

Electronic medical record is a clinical data storage application, as a clinical decision support system, standardization of medical terms, computerized data entry, as well as medical and pharmaceutical documentation in an organized manner. The First Level Health Facility is one of the places used by patients to request health services so that they have a record of interactions with patients. So this socialization is very important to do to reduce losses in terms of time and energy for both medical record officers and patients. This community service activity is carried out in first-level health facilities by providing education and socialization provided in the form of using Electronic Medical Records. Community service activities are carried out using the presentation/lecture method at IDI Kudus Regency on June 11, 2022. The use of electronic medical records is expected to improve and strengthen services for patients, including clinical (medical) and administrative services. Information generated from electronic medical records is also useful for education, regulation formulation, research, community health management, policy support, and to support referral health services. It is hoped that the application of electronic medical records can be easily used by all officers, both from medical record officers and medical personnel, the creation of integrated patient data, no duplication of medical record numbers that can make it difficult to find patient data at the time of re-treatment and holding further socialization regarding the application electronic medical record. The benefits will be felt optimally if the application of electronic medical records is evenly distributed and is supported by updated information systems and technological materials.

Risk Factors in Reduction of Myocardial Infarction: Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: A myocardial infarction (MI) commonly known as a heart attack is a serious health condition for people. The frequency of MI is eight to nine times greater in men and women who are mostly 55 to 64 years old. Almost 18.6 million people died of MI in 2019 and early 2020. The study aims to determine the role of risk factors in the reduction of MI. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out at the department of cardiology, Prime Medical College Hospital, Rangpur, Bangladesh during the period of January 2021 to December 2021. A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this study following the inclusive criteria. Verbal permission was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0. Result: Among the study group (N=50), the mean age of the patients was 55.12±SD, most of the patients (33,66%) age was between forty-one to sixty years, and around one-fourth of the patients' (12,24%) age ranged from sixty-one to eighty years. In the case of risk factors, an unpaired t- test was obtained. Hypertension was present in eighteen patients (18, 36%) and their mean age was 58.2 years, the relationship between age with hypertension was not significant. Type 2 diabetes was present in nine patients (9, 18%) and their mean age was 55.0 years the relationship between age with type 2 diabetes was not significant. Smoking was present in fifteen patients (15, 30%) and the relationship between age with smoking was not significant. Conclusion: Bangladesh is twofold-troubled with communicable and non-communicable diseases. Both men and women had a severe threat factor of MI. Besides, an intensifying incidence of lifestyle-related risk factors, tied with the ageing population results in a higher proportion of MI both men and women.

Risk Factors for Skin Infection in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Background: Systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune chronic disease that sometimes leads to serious life-threatening condition. The occurrence of SLE was about 5 million worldwide by 2022. The overall frequency of SLE across Asian countries ranged from 0.9 to 3.1 per 100,000. Infection is one of the grave condition in SLE patients. This study intended to evaluate risk factors for skin infections in patients with systematic lupus erythematosus. Material & Methods: This observational prospective study was carried out in the Department of Rheumatology, BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh from November 2014 to April 2016. A total of 131 patients with systematic lupus erythematosus were enrolled in this study as study subjects following the inclusive criteria. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Proper written consent was taken from all the participants, before recruiting. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the predictive of infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) where P<0.05 was considered as the level of significance with 95%CI. Results: Among the total study population (N=131), skin infections were found in 27% of cases (n=35) whereas 73% of cases were non-infected (n=96). In the infected group, the mean age of the respondents was 28.2±8.7 years. Taeniasis was the most common skin infection (15, 42.9%), and herpes infection was found in 12 patients (34.3%). Higher SELENA SLEDAI scores were more frequent in skin infected group than that in the non-infected group. Skin infections were significantly higher among the participants who used I.V. cyclophosphamide. In skin infected group, immunosuppressive drugs were used significantly in higher frequency (94.3% versus 24.0%) than in the non-infected group. In the multivariate analysis, higher disease activity (SELENA-SLEDAI score >3, (P=0.049) (OR=21.44), higher daily doses of prednisolone intake (>10mg/day, P=0.046) (OR=16.69), low serum C3/C4 (P=0.004) (OR=147.82) and use of any immunosuppressive drugs either in present or previously (P value= 0.042) (OR=22.58) were found as significant risk factors. Conclusion: In this study, taeniasis and herpes infections were found as the most common skin infections among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Higher disease activity, a higher dose of prednisolone, use of any immunosuppressive therapy either present or past and low complement level were the risk factors for skin infections.

Outcome of Pregnancies with Severe Oligohydramnios in the 3rd Trimesters

Background: Amniotic fluid volume (AFV) of less than 200 ml is considered as insufficient, and is referred as significant oligohydramnios. Approximately 8% of pregnant women may experience low amniotic fluid levels ( less than normal / AFI < 8 cm ) But among them about 4% of pregnant women are diagnosed with severe or significant oligohydramnios. A range of unfavorable perinatal outcomes, including fatal growth restriction meconium aspiration of fetus, fetal distress and surgical intervention for foetal distress in labour and even perinatal death, are linked to oligohydramnios which are found during the antepartum period of pregnancy. The purpose of the study was to determine the outcome of pregnancies with severe oligohydramnios in the 3rd trimester. Material & Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out on the admitted patients in the Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from February to July 2013 (6 months). A total of fifty women (N=50) having Oligohydramnios in pregnancy were included in the study. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0. The ethical clearance of this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results: Mean age of the mothers was 25.8 years and two-fifths of the mothers (20, 40.0%) belonged to 21-25 years old. Twenty-three mothers (23, 46.0%) were nulliparous. Of fifty mothers (N=50), eighteen (18, 36.0%) had borderline oligohydramnios & thirty-two (32, 64.0%) had severe oligohydramnios. Normal CTG tracing was found in eighteen patients (18, 36.0%) and abnormal CTG was found in thirty-two patients (32, 64%). Based on fetal outcome (N=50), 23 babies (23, 46.0%) were admitted to the NICU, of whom 7 (7, 14.0%) had birth asphyxia, 8 (8, 16.0%) had neonatal sepsis, 4 (4, 8.0%) had neonatal jaundice, 2 (2, 4.0%) had meconium aspiration syndrome, 4 had stillbirths, and 5 had died as neonates. Conclusion: Nowadays, routine obstetric USG is more routinely used to detect oligohydramnios. In the third trimester of pregnancy, PIH and postdated pregnancies are the most common causes of decreasing amniotic fluid. Unfavourable perinatal outcomes can be avoided with careful fetal heart rate monitoring during antenatal period and at labour. Every case of oligohydramnios necessitates a comprehensive prenatal assessment, parental counselling, and a personalized delivery time and technique. This study found no connection between meconium-stained liquor and oligohydramnios and found that caesarean section deliveries were considerably more common in these women.

Various Mode of Presentation of Oligohydramnios in Patients Admitted in BSMMU: A Hospital Based Study

Introduction: Oligohydramnios is a pregnancy disorder characterized by a shortage of amniotic fluid volume. It is a rather common obstetric complication that has severe effects on the health of both the mother and the fetus. Early identification is essential for prompt diagnosis and therapy because the clinical appearance of oligohydramnios can vary greatly. This study aimed to investigate the various modes of presentation of oligohydramnios in patients admitted to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out on the admitted patients at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from February to July 2008 (6 months). A total of fifty women (N=50) having Oligohydramnios in pregnancy were included in the study. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0.The ethical clearance of this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results: The mean age of the mothers was 25.8 years and two-fifths of the mothers (20, 40.0%) belonged to 21-25 years old. Twenty-three mothers (23, 46.0%) were nulliparous. Of fifty mothers (N=50), eighteen (18, 36.0%) had borderline oligohydramnios and thirty-two (32, 64.0%) had severe oligohydramnios. Normal CTG tracing was found in eighteen patients (18, 36.0%) and abnormal CTG was found in thirty-two patients (32, 64%) (p < 0.01) which was statistically significant. Among the alive babies after initial resuscitation, twenty-three babies (23, 50.0%) were required to get admitted. Twelve admitted babies (12,52.2%) stayed in the neonatal ward for <7 days and among them one baby (1,8.3%) died, nine babies (9,39.1%) were treated for 7—21 days, among them two babies (2,22.2%) could not survive and two babies were treated for more than 21 days but could not survive. Conclusion: According to the findings, severe oligohydramnios was linked to a higher risk of cesarean delivery, higher APGAR ratings, and probable issues that would necessitate neonatal admission and care.

Clinical Profile, Laboratory Parameters & Complications in Pregnancy with Jaundice: A Study in DMCH, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Background: Pregnancy with jaundice is considered a high-risk pregnancy. It is the most usual health complaint in pregnant women found more often in developing countries than in developed ones. Jaundice can be concurrent with 1st trimester due to pathological infection for instance viral hepatitis or gall stones or due to the drug administered during pregnancy. These patients may feel better if initial diagnosis and suitable management are provided. This present study intended to evaluate the clinical profile & complications of jaundice during pregnancy. Material & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2012 to June 2012. A total (N=50) of pregnant women with symptoms of jaundice were enrolled in the study. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0. Descriptive inferential statistics were performed to determine the results of this study. Results: Among the study population (N=50), the majority of patients (34, 68.0%) age were between 20 to 24 years. The mean gestational age of patients was 35.3±3.2 weeks and twelve patients (12, 24.0%) underwent caesarean delivery. Based on clinical features, twenty-seven respondents (27, 54.0%) had mild jaundice, fourteen respondents (14, 28.0%) had moderate jaundice & about one-fifth of the patients (9, 18.0%) had severe jaundice. Fifteen pregnant (15, 30.0%) women had a fever, around two-fifth of the patients (19, 38.0%) had vomiting, pruritus in one patient (1, 2.0%), vaginal bleeding in twelve patients (12, 24.05), & more than half of the patients (27, 54.0%) had ruptured membrane. The causes of jaundice during pregnancy were viral hepatitis in forty-three patients (43, 86.0%). The majority of the patients (27,54.0%) had serum bilirubin less than 10mg, fourteen patients (14,28.0%) had 10 to 15mg of serum bilirubin & only one patient (1,2.0%) had serum bilirubin more than 20mg. SGOT & SGPT was found 100-500 IU/ml in twenty-three patients (23,46.0%) & 500-1000 IU/ml in ten patients (10,20.0%). Alkaline was raised in eighteen cases (18, 36.0%) Based on maternal complications, the majority of patients (31, 62.0%) had a postpartum haemorrhage, and ten patients (10, 20.0%) experienced encephalopathy. Thirty-eight babies (38, 76.0%) were born alive, intrauterine death was in seven cases (7, 14.0%), and stillborn in five cases (5, 10.0%). Conclusion: Hepatitis E was the most common cause of viral hepatitis in our study. Major complications were postpartum haemorrhage and encephalopathy. This study also prevailed, jaundice in pregnancy is related to an increase in maternal mortality and morbidity, obstetric complications, and perinatal complications.

Breast Self-Examination: An Early Familiar Diagnostic Test of Breast Cancer

Background: Among female patients’ breast cancer are a growing threat for over a century. In women, breast cancer is the most common malignancy universally such as 154 of 185 nations. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a simple, very low-cost, non-invasive early detection method used to detect early breast cancer, which involves the woman herself looking at and feeling for any change in their breast as early as possible, which yields a better survival rate. BSE should be done for all women older than 20 years. This study intended to determine knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of breast cancer among medical and non-medical undergraduate students. Material & Methods: A descriptive cross‑sectional study was conducted from October to November 2019 to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of BSE. The target population consisted of undergraduate female medical and non‑medical students. A total of 154 (N=154) undergraduate female students participated in this study. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0. Results: Among the study population (N=154) with an early familiar diagnosis of breast cancer ”breast self-examination, the mean age of them was 20.434±4.38. Of seventy-eight respondents (n=78), breast cancer screening test was heard by around half of the medical students (42, 53.8%) & of seventy-six non-medical respondents (n=76), around three-fifth of them (46, 60.5%) did not hear about breast cancer screening test. There was no significant relationship between them (p=0.394). Forty medical students (40, 51.3% and twenty-five non-medical students (25, 32.9%) had no idea, twenty-four medical students (24, 30.8%) & forty-three (43, 56.6%) non-medical students had monthly BSE done. Conclusion: Initial diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer have a definite survival benefit. So early detection is an issue of necessity to be uplifted. The results of the present study suggested that knowledge regarding breast cancer, its risk factors, sign symptoms, prevention measures, and performance of BSE is insufficient.

Relationship of Serum Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure with Body Mass Index (BMI)

Background: Obesity and overweight is a disorder of unusually increased body fat generally resulting from increased energy intake relative to energy expenditure and is a primary sustenance-related disorder globally. The extensive increase in its prevalence in current years and its association with reduced life expectancy has made obesity one of the most vital public health problems. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between serum lipid profile and blood pressure with body mass index (BMI). Material Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Rangpur Medical College, Rangpur from January 2013 to December 2013. A purposive sampling technique was followed. A total number of 90 people from 18 to 45 years old were included in the study, categorized into three groups, such as Group-A:(Control 30): Healthy subject of normal weight, Group-B:(Experimental 30): Healthy subject of overweight Group-C(Experimental-30): Healthy subjects of obese. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using the “t” test, “r” test Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0. Results: In group A, the mean BMI of patients was 18.5-22.9, in group B mean BMI of patients was 23.0-24.9, and in group C, the mean BMI of people was 25.0 or greater. The mean ± SD serum LDL-C levels were 107.77 ± 26.720 mg/dl in group A and 134.70 ± 41.787 mg/dl in group B. There was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the two groups. The mean ± SD pulse pressure levels were 38 ± 6.644 mmHg in group A and 41.67 ± 11.167 mmHg in group B. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the two groups. Serum total cholesterol levels were positively correlated in groups A B but the relationship of serum total cholesterol levels was statistically significant in groups A and B. Blood pressure levels were positively correlated in groups A C but the relationship was statistically non-significant. Conclusion: In this current content, it is difficult to define the specific mechanism involved for significantly higher serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, and serum LDL-C levels and non-significantly lesser serum HDL-C levels in overweight obese people and also non-significantly higher blood pressure in overweight people but significantly higher blood pressure in obese subjects.

Trial of Vaginal Delivery Beyond Expected Date of Delivery-A Study of 50 Cases

Introduction: Spontaneous onsets of labour within expected date of delivery not always occur. Some pregnancies cross the expected date of delivery, and need induction of labour. Induction of Labor means initiation of uterine contraction that can be done by pharmacological or non-pharmacological method. Induction of labor is not risk- free. The present study aimed to investigate initiation of uterine contractions beyond the expected date of delivery. Methods: This Prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Hospital, from January 2008 to June 2008. A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this study following the inclusive criteria. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. Result: Among the study population (N=50), one-fifth of the mothers’ (10,20.0%) age was under twenty. The majority of mothers were (34,68.0%) between 20-30 years old with a mean age of 25.4 ± 4.32 years. In seventeen patients (17,34.0%) labour induction was given by oxytocin drip followed by ARM, in ten patients labour induction was given by ARM followed by oxytocin drip & in twenty-three patients (23,46.0%) with unfavorable cervix prostaglandin was used and then followed by oxytocin drip and ARM. The total number of induction failures (who needed a caesarian section) was twenty (20,40.0%). Among the total number of caesarian sections, eleven (11,55.0%) were done due to fetal distress, nine (9,45.0%) were done due to abnormal uterine action, one (1,5.0%) was done due to cervical dystocia. Conclusion: Labor induction should be applied to improve birth consequences and when the potential aids outweigh the potential dangers. Researches point out that inducing labour lessens the risk of having a stillbirth, macrosomia and developing high blood pressure as the pregnancy advances.

Relationship of Blood Pressure with Body Mass Index (BMI): A Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Rangpur, Bangladesh

Introduction: Overweight and obesity is a complaint of abnormally increased body fat mostly resulting from increased energy intake relative to vitality expenditure and is a main sustenance-related syndrome worldwide. The extensive increase in its prevalence in current years and its association with reduced life expectancy has made obesity one of the most vital public health problems. Low levels of HDL and high levels of triglycerides can also increase fat build-up in the arteries, as a result, increase peripheral resistance & rise blood pressure. The purpose of the study was to understand the relationship of blood pressure with body mass index (BMI). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Rangpur Medical College, Rangpur from January 2013 to December 2013. A purposive sampling technique was followed. A total number of 90 people from 18 to 45 years old were included in the study, categorized into three groups, such as Group-A:(Control 30): Healthy subject of normal weight, Group-B:(Experimental 30): Healthy subject of overweight & Group-C(Experimental-30): Healthy subjects of obese. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using the “t” test, “r” test & Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0 where (p<0.05) considered as the level of significant with 95%CI. Result: In group A, the mean BMI of people was 18.5-22.9, in group B mean BMI of patients was 23.0-24.9, and in group C, the mean BMI of patients was 25.0 or greater. The mean ± SD systolic blood pressure levels were 106 ± 7.701 mmHg in group A and 110 ± 10.667 mmHg in group B. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the two groups. The mean ± SD diastolic blood pressure levels were 68 ± 6.644 mmHg in group A and 68.33 ± 7.232 mmHg in group B. There was no significant difference ...

Outcome of Comminuted Femoral Shaft Fractures by Locking Plate-A Hospital Based Study

Introduction: Maximum number of fractures often result from high-energy wounds like car accidents in young and mainly often from falls in elderly populations. Locking plates are fracture fixation expedients with threaded screw holes, in which screws allow to strand to the plate and work as a fixed-angle convenience. The study aims to investigate the outcome of locking compression plates in comminuted femoral diaphyseal fractures. Methods: An experimental clinical trial was carried out in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2010 to June 2012. A total number of 9 patients (N=9) following purposive sampling were enrolled in this study. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0.0. Result: Among the study population (N=9), most of the patients (3,33.3%) were between 20-29 years old, and two patients (2, 22.2) were 60 to69 years old with a mean age of 42.7 years old. Around two-thirds of the study population (6,66.7%) were male. The majority of the study population (6,66.7%) caused the injury due to a motor vehicle accident, one patient (1,11.1%) got injured due to falling from a height, four patients (4,44.4%) right side was involved & left side was involved in rest of the patients (5,55.6%), upper tibial skeletal traction treatment was done in six patients (6,66.7%) previously & kabiraji treatment was done in three patients (3,33.3%) respectively. Based on the outcome after six months, the result was excellent, good in four patients (4,44.4%) and fair in one patient (1,11.1%). Conclusion: Femoral shaft fractures are a common orthopaedic injury causing severe trauma in the ageing population. Femoral shaft fractures are often related to other co-morbidities necessitating life support valuation. Among the numerous treatment measures, locking plate and intramedullary nailing are suitable with outstanding ........

Analysis of Posterior Interventricular Artery in Post Mortem Hearts-A Hospital Based Study

Introduction: Coronary artery recurrently develops over periods. Symptoms may go hidden until a substantial blockage causes complications or a heart attack takes place. The particular anatomy of the myocardial blood supply varies significantly from person to person and generally, there are two prime coronary arteries, the left and the right. The coronary arteries mainly rise from the upper section of the sinus where the wall is fibroelastic and expands up to 16% in systole According to the origin of the posterior interventricular artery (PIVA) if it arises from RCA, then it is right dominance and if PIVA arises from LCA, it is left dominance. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital from September 2017 to January 2019. A total of 120 dead patients' hearts (N=120) were used in this study. All observations were noted in the clinical data sheet. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0. Result: Among the study population (N=120), one hundred hearts were male & of them, seventy males belonged to Group A (20 to 40 years), sixteen belonged to Group B (41 to 60 years), fourteen belonged to Group C (61 to 75 years) and twenty hearts were of female & of them fourteen belonged to Group A, six belonged to Group B, but no one belonged Group C. In Group A, the posterior interventricular artery arose from the right coronary artery in sixty-four males (64,91.4%), & the left coronary artery in six males (6,8.6%) and, the posterior interventricular artery arose from the right coronary artery in twelve females (12,85.7%). In Group A, the posterior interventricular artery terminated in the distal half of the posterior interventricular groove in fifty- six males (56,80.0%), in the proximal half of the posterior interventricular groove in twelve males ..........

A Study on Correlation of Serum Sodium with the Complications of Chronic Liver Disease

Introduction: Cirrhosis is mostly initiated by alcoholism and hepatitis C, however certainly has many other possible reasons, such as Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty disease. Hyponatremia occurs when serum sodium concentration in the blood is less than 135mmol/L, with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mmol/L. In the current study, lower serum sodium levels were associated with improved complications of decompensated chronic liver and mortality leading to the integration of sodium. Aim of the Study: The study aimed to investigate the correlation of serum sodium with the complications of chronic liver disease. Methods: A Prospective cross-sectional study was carried out Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shabagh, Dhaka, from March 2014 to February 2015. A total of 100 patients (N=100) for one year were enrolled in this study following the inclusive criteria. Data were collected using the predesigned semi- structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. Result: Among hundred patients (N=100) with decompensated chronic liver disease observe the impact of hyponatremia with the severity of complications. Of them, it was observed that more than one-third of the patients (37,37.0%) belonged to age 31-40 years. The mean age was found 42.2±SD years. It was observed that almost two-thirds of the patients (63,63.0%) were male and thirty-seven (37,37.0%) patients were female. Among the study population, the majority of the patients (90,90.0%) belonged to serum sodium ≤135 mmol/l (Hyponatremia). The mean serum sodium was found 124.7±SD mmol/l. The majority of patients (57,57.0%) had moderate ascites, nineteen patients (19,19.0%) had mild and about one-fourth of the patients (24,24.0%) had severe ascites. In his current analysis, ............

The Specificity, Sensitivity, and Diagnostic Accuracy of CSF-CRP in the Diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Meningitis- A Hospital-Based Study

Introduction: Bacteria that enter the bloodstream and mobile to the brain cord cause bacterial meningitis. The disease is less frequent in developed countries compared to developing countries. In Bangladesh, bacterial meningitis constitutes 25% and the case fatality rate was 14%. The mortality from meningitis is near 100% in untreated individuals and can still be up to 40% in children who received appropriate antibiotic therapy in developing countries. Aim of the Study: The study aims to investigate the specificity, sensitivity, and diagnostic accuracy of CSF-CRP in the diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Meningitis (ABM). Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Pediatric Medicine, Dhaka Shishu Hospital (DSH), from 01 Jan-2017 to 30 Jun-2017. A total of 100 patients were enrolled in this study following the inclusive criteria. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. Result: Among the study population majority of patients (43, 43.0%) were 0-2 years old. One-third of bacterial meningitis (35,35.0%) occurs commonly at an early age (0-2 years). Out of fifty- seven cases (n=57) of bacterial meningitis, twenty-two cases were culture negative and thirty-five cases were culture positive. In the case of bacterial meningitis, in fifty-one cases (51,89.4%) out of fifty-seven, the CSF CRP test was truly positive, with mean±SD 21.7±10.9, false negative were only six cases (6, 10.5%). In aseptic meningitis thirty-nine cases (39,90.6%) out of forty-three cases, the CSF-CRP test was truly negative, and false positive were four cases (4,9.3%). The sensitivity of CSF CRP in differentiating bacterial meningitis from aseptic meningitis was 89.47%, specificity 90.69%, & diagnostic accuracy was 90%. Conclusion: Bacterial meningitis is fatal and more communal in children under one year of age to sixteen years of age. Increased consciousness and initial gratitude and apposite antibiotic treatment can decrease morbidity and mortality. Diagnostic accuracy can be applied as the initial test for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.

Indication of Induction of Labor-A Hospital Based Study

Introduction: Labor induction is the technique that excites childbirth and vaginal delivery. Inducing labour can be built with the pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical method. In low-income countries, the rates are generally minor. IOL is not risk-free, and many women find it painful. Aim of the Study: The study aims to investigate the indication of induction of labour. Methods: A Prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Hospital, from January 2008 to June 2008. A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this study following the inclusive criteria. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. Result: Among the study population (N=50), one-fifth of the mothers’ (10,20.0%) age was under twenty. The majority of mothers were (34,68.0%) between 20-30 years old with a mean age of 25.4 ± 4.32 years. In seventeen patients (17,34.0%) labour induction was given by oxytocin drip followed by ARM, in ten patients labour induction was given by ARM followed by oxytocin drip & in twenty-three patients (23,46.0%) with unfavourable cervix prostaglandin was used and then followed by oxytocin drip and ARM. The total number of induction failures (who needed a caesarian section) was twenty (20,40.0%). Among the total number of caesarian sections, eleven (11,55.0%) were done due to fetal distress, nine (9,45.0%) were done due to abnormal uterine action, one (1,5.0%) was done due to cervical dystocia. Conclusion: Labor induction should be applied to improve birth consequences and when the potential aids outweigh the potential dangers. Researches point out that inducing labour lessens the risk of having a stillbirth, macrosomia and developing high blood pressure as the pregnancy advances.

The Impact of Hyponatremia on Severity of Decompensated Chronic Liver Disease

Introduction: Hyponatremia in cirrhosis is low sodium concentration in the blood. It has been additionally reported that hyponatremia occurs when serum sodium concentration in the blood is less than 135mmol/L, with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mmol/L. In general, two kinds of hyponatremia may be found in patients with cirrhosis, such as hypovolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. Complications may arise in case of correcting hyponatremia too quickly. The study aims to investigate the impact of hyponatremia on the severity of decompensated chronic liver disease. Methods: A Prospective cross-sectional study was carried out Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shabagh, Dhaka, from March 2014 to February 2015. A total of 100 patients (N=100) for one year were enrolled in this study following the inclusive criteria. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. Result: Among hundred patients (N=100) with decompensated chronic liver disease observe the impact of hyponatremia with the severity of complications. Of them, it was observed that more than one-third of the patients (37, 37.0%) belonged to age 31-40 years. The mean age was found 42.2±SD years. It was observed that almost two-thirds of the patients (63, 63.0%) were male and thirty-seven (37,37.0%) patients were female. Among the study population, the majority of the patients (90, 90.0%) belonged to serum sodium ≤135 mmol/l (Hyponatremia). The mean serum sodium was found 124.7±SD mmol/l. The majority of patients (57,57.0%) had moderate ascites, nineteen patients (19,19.0%) had mild and about one-fourth of the patients (24,24.0%) had severe ascites. Conclusion: Hyponatraemia should be accomplished by dipping diuretics and increasing the plasma volume with fluid resuscitation.

Role of Sanitation Microfinance on the Improvement of Sanitation Condition and Nutrition Condition of Under-five Children in Rural Bangladesh

Introduction: The sanitation requirement for the sustainable development goals (SDGs) is to certify household better sanitation, and it is the target of SDGs. Developed sanitation is that which ensures the hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. The Government of Bangladesh has a strategy to safeguard sanitation at an agreeable level for all by 2030. Aim of the study: The study aims to investigate the relationship between sanitation microfinance and sanitation condition in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in each district of Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, and Khulna from August 2019 to September 2019 for five weeks Semi-structured questionnaires and face did data collection face interview techniques from the head of households. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0, two-sample ttest, binary probit model. Result: Among 120 participant households and 120 non-participant households in this microfinance program, household satisfaction in sanitation conditions among microfinance households is good. Microfinance is applicable for low economic households, where the annual income was 1501 to 3000 USD (I USD=84 local currency). Both sanitation outcomes and nutrition outcomes had a strong association with sanitation microfinance(p<.05). With sanitation microfinance improved sanitation outcome (76.67%) is more than that without microfinance (47.50%). On the other hand, the nutrition condition of under-five children at the household level with sanitation microfinance was more (90%) than that of without microfinance (48.47%). Conclusion: Earning the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to split the number of people without access to enhanced sanitation presents a substantial challenge for evolving and least developed countries. The 1st known search into the potential of microfinance to unleash latent claims for sanitation improvements among low-income households in a developing country.

Effects of Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Advanced Stage of Non-Small Cell Type Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Introduction: Bronchogenic carcinoma accounts for about one-third of all cancer deaths among males. The inclination is such among females as well. This disease is more communal in males than females. Decreasing the number of fractions required for palliative care should be of understandable advantage for both individual patients and the usage of radiotherapy resources. Methods: This prospective study was carried out in Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College & Hospital from 1st July 2020 to 30th June 2021 to determine the effects of hypofractionated radiotherapy in an advanced stage of bronchogenic carcinoma. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0. Result: The age of the patients ranged from 41-70 years and the maximum prevalence of the disease was seen above the 50s. The male- to-female ratio was 6:1 in the intervention arm and 14:1 in the control arm. The male gender is predominant. All the male patients were tobacco smokers and the females were passive smokers. Lung cancer was found most in cultivators in this study. Cough, chest pain, dyspnoea and haemoptysis were considered as parameters of symptoms. Most of the patients presented with cough, chest pain, dyspnoea and some with haemoptysis. In Arm A, 67% of patients got relief from all the symptoms during treatment time. In the rest 33%, early side effects were developed and treated accordingly. Ultimately 87% of patients got relief from all the symptoms within 2 weeks of completion of treatment. In 13% of cases, there was no relief. In Arm B, 74% of cases got relief from all the symptoms during treatment time. In the rest 26% of cases, adverse reactions developed. These subsided automatically in some cases and others, supportive treatment was required. Finally, 83.33% of cases became free of symptoms and 16.67% of cases were having no symptomatic relief. ..........