Saponin Compounds Research Articles

EFFECTIVENESS OF JATROPHA CURCAS (Jatropha curcas) AS A BURN HEALING GEL PREPARATION

This study aims to determine the formulation of jatropha curcas gel preparations as a burn healer, to determine the characteristics and physical properties of jatropha curcas gel preparations, and to determine theeffectiveness ofjatropha curcas gel as a burn healer.
 The method in this study used an experimental method with five treatments. The treatments are: P1 (4% sap), P2 (8% sap), P3 (16% sap), P4 (Negative control), and P5 (Positive Control).
 The results showed that the formulation of jatropha curcas gel positively contained saponin compounds that had a burn healing effect in male white rats (Rattus novergicus). Thejatropha curcas gel formulation has been shown to have a healing effect on burns of male white rats (Rattus novergicus) with a concentration of 16% providing the best healing effect with the occurrence of 100% healing (wound closure) on the third day, followed by a concentration of 8% healing (wound closure) 100% occurring on the sixth day, and a 4% concentration of 100% healing (wound closure) occurring on the ninth day.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF PHYTO-CHEMICALS OBTAINED FROM LEAFEXTRACTS OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS ON PATHOGENS OF SEMI-ARID SOIL

Plants being the major source of natural products like vitamins, minerals, immune–modulators, possess anti-pathogenic activities and act as good source of antimicrobial agents. Thismakes plants to occupy importance in traditional medicine. The phytochemical analysis revealed thepresence of metabolites such as saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycoside, tannin and oilphenolic compound responsible for the antibacterial activity of these plants. Diffusion and dilutionmethods have been, employed to study the comparative antimicrobial activities of extracts of plantsNeem (Azadirachta indica) Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Aloe vera. The extracts of these plants understudy, were used against bacteria isolated from the semi-arid soil in Banasthali region, the strainsidentified are Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcusaureus. Azadirachta indica showed maximum inhibition against S.aureus, whereas Ocimum sanctumshowed maximum zone against E.coli and Aloe vera against Pseudomonas fluroscens. The aqueousextracts of various leaves were investigated individually for antimicrobial activity against thesepathogens and showed less inhibitory activity against most of the test bacterial pathogens.

Genetic Diversity and Phytochemical Studies on Selected Ecotypes of Utasi (Gongronema latifolium) Plant Using Microsatellite Markers

Diversity and phytochemical studies were carried out on twelve ecotypes of utasi, Gongronema latifolium using simple sequence repeats markers. Screening of ten (10) trinucleotide SSR primers, produced 4 primers that were able to amplify the DNA from all the plant ecotype. A total of 34 bands were amplified from the 4 SSR primers which include SSR 2, SSR 3, SSR 1 and SSR 4. Out of the amplified products using the 4 primers, 17 were found to be polymorphic with an average of 9 bands per primer. The number of amplification products per primer ranged between 10 in SSR 4 to 12 in SSR 2 with SSR 1 having the least number of bands (1). The sequences of the 4 random primers used in this study along with the number of bands generated and the number of polymorphic bands. The results of genetic analysis of the Gongronema latifolium ecotypes delineated the 12 ecotypes into five cluster groups. Results of phytochemical analysis of leaves of Gongronema latifolium showed (Table 2) mean saponin (2.09 ±0.01%), mean tannin (1.17 ± 0.01%), mean flavonoid (2.53 ±0.01%), mean polyphenol (4.60 ± 0.01%) and mean reducing compound (7.92 ± 0.01%).The phytochemical indices of the least 1.17+ 0.01% and highest 7.92+ 0.01% were constituted by tannins and reducing compounds, respectively. Thus, the study suggested the need for future exploitation of Gongronema latifolium leaves for phytochemical contents due to their high medicinal value.

EFFECTS OF NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRITIS (HARSINGAR) PLANT EXTRACTS ON PROMASTIGOTE FORM OF LEISHMANIA DONOVANI IN IN-VITRO CONDITION

Leishmaniasis is a group of disease caused by the members of kinetoplast protozoa of the genus leishmania comprising a group of unicellular organisms which are intracellular parasites in macrophage and other phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasite (Chang, KP.; et.al, 1985). In India the traditional methods of treatment are based on the principles of ayurveda and naturopathy. Considering the aforesaid facts this project has been selected to search the plants for the treatment of Kala-azar. The plant products or plant extracts will certainly be cheaper than the allopathic drugs. Therefore, aim is to search a plant which is locally available and if not available, it can be purchased from the local market to provide cheaper and without side effect treatment to Kala-azar (Mishra P. 2008; W.H.O. Tropical diseases 2008. Effects of Nyctanthes arbor-tritis plant extracts on promastigote form of Leishmania donovani in in-vitro condition. Phytochemical screening of the plant extract showed the presence of alkaloid, avonoid, xed oil and fats, saponin, tannin and phenolic compounds. The selected plant obtained from Gaya, Bihar region & their ethanolic extracts will be prepared in the laboratory by Soxhlet apparatus in Ethanol solvent to use during experiment. The effects of plant extracts on the parasite will be studied by providing variable doses to the parasite. The plant extracts at varied concentration will be added into media containing the parasite in the ratio between extract & media determined during experimentation in the laboratory. After incubation at different time intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours the effect of extracts on the parasite will be studied. The sample of parasite (promastigote of L. donovani) used for experiment (in-vitro) will be routinely culture in laboratory at 25± 2° with in different culture media after collecting parasites (sample) from the blood and bone marrow of patients of Kala-azar in the hospitals or research institutes. The plant extracts exhibit that with the increasing duration of time the efcacy of the plant extracts also increases signicantly in NA taken into the consideration

The Potential of Moringa Leaf Extract to Prevent Aging Targeted Cellular Senescence

High exposure to ultraviolet light and chemicals causes cell senescence due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cell senescence is known as one of the causes of degenerative diseases. Reducing ROS levels using antioxidant compounds can overcome cell senescence. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Moringa leaf extract (EDK) as an anti-aging agent and predict the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity. EDK active compounds were identified through qualitative phytochemical screening, a cytotoxic assay was evaluate using MTT assay, ROS level calculate under DCFDA flow cytometry assay, and cell senescence analyze using SA-β-galactosidase assay. The molecular mechanism that plays an important role in senescence was analyzed through bioinformatics studies and molecular docking in silico to investigate the interaction strength of the active compound EDK with the target protein. The results showed that the EDK ethanol extract contained flavonoid, phenolic, alkaloid, saponin, and steroid compounds. This extract did not give any cytotoxic effect on NIH3T3 cells, as evidenced by the IC50 value of 420μg/mL. EDK concentrations of ¼IC50 (105μg/mL) and ½IC50 (210μg/mL) significantly reduced ROS level in dose-dependent manner in the NIH3T3 cell population with high oxidative stress induced by Doxorubicin 10nM (Dox). The percentage of senescence cells also decreased due to EDK 210μg/mL administration up to 47.60% compared to the positive aging control Dox 10nM (78.90%). Bioinformatics studies found that p21 and TP53 proteins were most directly affected by EDK active compounds in the senescence pathway. The quercetin compound in EDK has the most robust interaction strength against p21 and TP53 proteins compared to ligands. In conclusion, it can be concluded that the active compound EDK can suppress intracellular ROS levels and compete with p21 and TP53 proteins in preventing cell senescence.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY TEST OF AFRICAN LEAVES PURIFICATION EXTRACT (Vernonia amygdalina Del) WITH DPPH METHOD

African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Del) is a plant that can be used as a medicinal plant because it contains flavonoid compounds that are effective as natural antioxidants that can suppress free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of the purified extract of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Antioxidant activity test of purified extract of Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) was measured with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 516nm using Vitamin C as a comparison. The results of the non-specific parameters of Vernonia amygdalina Del leaf Simplicia were drying shrinkage of 0.79±0.02%; water content of 7.33±2.08%; water-soluble essence content of 20.5±1.73 %; and ethanol of 14.5±4.35 %. The results of purified extract screening of Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves, contained chemical compounds, namely the class of flavonoid compounds, tannin compounds, steroid compounds, and saponin compounds. Testing for flavonoids using the Thin Layer Chromatography method on the purified extract contained two spots with Rf values of 0.68 and 0.5 while in quercetin there was one spot with an Rf value of 0.68, thus the purified extract of Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves contained flavonoids. Vernonia amygdalina Del leaf purified extract has a very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 13.54±0.10 µg/mL. The results showed that the purified extract of Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves had very strong antioxidant activity.

Bioactivity of Walnut: Investigating the Triterpenoid Saponin Extracts of Juglans regia Kernels for Antioxidant, Anti-diabetic, and Antimicrobial Properties

The increasing demand for plant-based medicines makes plant research attractive to find natural alternatives that can replace synthetic products or at least reduce their use. Saponins are a group of natural phytochemical compounds in most herbs, vegetables, and legumes. There are two different types of saponin compounds, which can be classified based on the nature of the aglycone bound to the oligosaccharide fragments, whether it is a steroid or triterpenoid. This paper is devoted to saponins with triterpenoid aglycone and aims to study the relationship between their content and several biological activities in different Juglans regia kernel extracts, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibacterial activities. Antioxidant activity was assessed against two free radicals: DPPH and ABTS. Oleanolic acid was used as a standard to quantify triterpenoid saponins, measured by the vanillin method, whereas Acarbose and Tetracycline were used as positive controls to evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibitory and antimicrobial activities, respectively, of walnut kernel extracts. Findings show that hydroalcoholic extract (EtOH 70%) has a considerable content of phenolic compounds, with 59.51 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g in total polyphenol contents, while the content of total flavonoids and condensed tannins were 3.14 ± 0.27 mg QE/g and 85.65 ± 0.37 mg CE/g of crude extract, respectively. In terms of antioxidant activity, the butanolic extract proved to be the most effective against DPPH with IC50 = 7.74 ± 1.49 µg/mL, while the precipitated extract showed the highest scavenging activity against the ABTS free radical with IC50 = 33.14 ± 2.96 µg/mL. In addition, butanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts of Juglans regia kernels showed an α-glucosidase inhibitory activity even more efficiently than synthetic drugs such as Acarbose, with IC50 values of 11.66 µg/mL and 16.17 µg/mL, respectively, versus 18.01 µg/mL in Acarbose. The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia strains revealed that some extracts could inhibit these bacteria. This study successfully assessed the bioactivities of the extracts, suggesting that the extracts of medicinal plants can demonstrate stronger bioactivity than pure synthetic compounds.

Potensi Antilmintik Ekstrak Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi) Secara In Vivo Terhadap Cacing Intestinum Ayam Kampung (Gallus domesticus)

Native chicken has a very big role in people's lives because it can be used as a source of meat and eggs to the nutritional needs of the community, especially animal protein, as well as additional income. However, Native chickens also have the disadvantage of being easily infected with parasites in their environment. The parasites that often infect chickens are nematodes and cestodes. One alternative treatment for helminthiasis that does not produce chemical residues is to use the Belimbing wuluh plant (Averrhoa bilimbi). The part of the starfruit plant that has benefits as an anti-parasitic is the leaves. Belimbing wuluh leaves contain flavonoid, tannins, and saponins compounds that function as antiparasitic. This study aims to determine the potential of starfruit leaf extract (Averrhoa bilimbi) as an anthelmintic against intestinal worms in native chickens (Gallus domesticus) administered in vivo. The research method used is experimental with the experimental design used is Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 5 replications. The concentration of starfruit leaf extract were 25%, 30%, and 35%. The technique of collecting data was by observation (direct observation) by observing the presence of worms in the intestines of native chickens after giving Belimbing wuluh leaves extract (Averrhoa bilimbi). The data from this research are presented in the form of images, all data are then analyzed descriptively. The results of the laboratory examination showed 15 samples of chicken intestine that were tested positive for worms. This indicates that the leaf extract of belimbing wuluh with concentrations of 25%, 30%, and 35% given pharmacokinetically to native chickens was not able to control Ascaridia galli and Raillietina sp.

The Effect of Chayote (Sechium Edule) Extract Cream Can Reduce Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) Levels and Increase Collagen Density in The Wound Healing Process of Male Wistar Rats (Rattus Novergicus) With Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: The main complication in Diabetes Mellitus patients is delayed wound healing resulting in chronic wounds. Chayote is known as a vegetable, which has anti-inflammatory properties. The tannin and saponin compounds in chayote produce antibacterial agents. This study aims to prove the role of chayote extract cream on the wound healing process of diabetic rats through MMP-2 markers and collagen density. Methods: This study was an experimental post-test only control group design using male rats. Samples were induced hyperglycaemia with 46 mg of nicotinamide and 10 mg of streptozotocin one week before the experiment. The sample was divided into 2 groups: the placebo group (P0) and the treatment group (P1) with a total of 11 samples per group. The treatment group received cream of chayote extract 60% for 1 week. On the 8th day, both groups were taken by punch biopsy to assess collagen density, then examined for MMP-2 levels in the blood. Results: The average MMP-2 level in the control group was 4.97 ± 0.36 ng/ml, while the average MMP-2 in the treatment group was 4.59 ± 0.42 ng/ml. The average collagen level in the control group was 37.08 ± 12.92 %/ body surface, while the mean collagen in the treatment group was 54.21 ± 15.76 %/ body surface. Conclusion: Administration of ethanol extract of chayote (Sechium edule) significantly reduced matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) levels and increased collagen density in the wound healing process of rats.

The evaluation of antioxidant action of green seaweed Boergesenia forbesii extracts

Boergesenia forbesii is green seaweed in the intertidal Zone of West Aceh that widely distributed in certain season. This study aimed to analyze the activity of antioxidant in green seaweed B. forbesii extract. The samples of B. forbesii were obtained from Intertidal Zone of West Aceh. Subsequently, a vacuum rotary evaporator extracted three solvents based on polarity including methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane solvents. The experimental assays consisted of phytochemical, DPPH antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The result revealed that the methanol extract (6.26%) yielded the highest rendement, then followed by ethyl acetate extract (4.03%) and n-hexane (0.56%). B. forbesii crude extract have already been detected in phenolic, flavonoid, saponin and steroid compounds. The antioxidant activity measurement with DPPH method indicated that the ethyl acetate extract had higher activity (53.10 mg/L) than methanol crude extract (79.4 mg/L) and n-hexane extract (378.3±0.028 mg/L). It is corroborated with the correlation of TPC and antioxidant activity indicating 99% of scavenging of free radical activity is caused by phenolic groups. The pharmaceutical industry can used in antioxidant agents.

Antioxidant potential of squid ink (Loligo duvauceli)

Squid ink has secondary metabolites to avoid enemy attacks. Secondary metabolite compounds have been able to determine the presence of antioxidant activity. Maceration is a way to get extracts and secondary metabolites in a sample. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites and determine antioxidant activity in L. duvauceli ink extract. The method in this research was descriptive. The treatments used were solvents with different polarity levels, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The parameters carried out in this study were yield, qualitative and quantitative secondary metabolites compound testing, and antioxidant activity testing. The results showed that n-hexane extract showed the presence of saponin compounds, ethyl acetate extract contained steroid compounds, and ethanol extract contained alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Saponin content in n-hexane extract was 0.23%. The levels of alkaloids and phenolics in the ethanol extract were 0.02% and 0.72%, respectively. The results show that L. duvauceli ink has antioxidant activity obtained from the IC50 value, n-hexane extract was 128.35 ppm, ethyl acetate extract was 78.81 ppm, and ethanol extract was 75.68 ppm.

The Effect of Elisitor on Growth and Ginsenoside Level in Hairy Root Culture of Panax ginseng Cultivated in Shake Flasks

In recent years, plants have become an important part of traditional medicine. Although the medicinal potential of the plant looks very promising, there are great difficulties that inhibit products for the production of herbs on a large scale. Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. is a plant often used in traditional medicine in various countries because ginseng can cure various diseases in humans. The main bioactive component in ginseng is the triterpene saponin compound, namely ginsenosides. Ginseng needs to be cultivated at least 4 yr before the root can be harvested. In addition, a special environment is needed for ginseng to develop properly. One way to obtain ginsenosides is to use root hair culture. However, until now it has been reported that the accumulation of ginsensoside in root hair cultures is still low. Elicitation effective method to increase the production of secondary metabolites in vitro culture. The aim of this research was to observe the effect of elicitor in the form of yeast extract and coconut water to the media on the growth and levels of ginsenoside in flask scale Panax ginseng root hair culture. From the data obtained, it can be concluded that the addition of yeast extract from the start with a concentration of 20 mg L−1 cannot increase the levels of ginsenoside in the hairy root culture of P. ginseng. The addition of coconut water from the beginning with a volume of 10 mL increases the biomass but cannot increase the ginsenoside levels in the hair culture of P. ginseng.

English

The biodiversity of the Brazilian biomes inspires interest in research about the biological activities of the molecules present in the flora. In this line, Petiveria alliacea a common plant species in the savanna of Tocantins, reported in the treatment for snakebites, was studied to analyze the phytochemical profile and evaluate the activity on the edema caused by Bothrops moojeni snake venom. A qualitative phytochemical prospection and a gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry was performed. Subsequently, it was evaluated whether the extract triggered acute toxicity in Swiss mice (doses of 300 and 2,000 mg/kg), and no toxic effects were observed. Then, the antiedematogenic activity of the extract was performed when administered orally in simulated envenomation with B. moojeni snake venom. The presence of bioactive polyphenolics, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, terpene, alkaloids and saponins compounds was shown. No toxic effects were observed, and the test extract showed evident antiedematogenic activity. It is understood that the inhibition of edema induced by the venom was obtained by reducing the pathways of the inflammatory cascade. Therefore, the traditional effect associated with the plant has scientific basis, in the same way, that its constituents were qualified and showed no toxic effects and has antiedematogenic activity. Key words: Petiveria alliacea, Bothrops moojeni, edema, inflammation, snakebite.

FITOKIMIA, DAN AKTIFITAS ANTIBAKTERI DARI Etlingera sublimata Poulsen (ZINGIBERACEAE), TUMBUHAN ENDEMIK SULAWESI

The research entitled "Phytochemical Screening and antibacterial activity of Etlingera sublimata Poulsen (Zingiberaceae), an Endemic Sulawesi of Plants was conducted from January 2020 to June 2020, at the Plant Biosystematics Laboratory and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tadulako University. Samples of E. sublimata were collected from the mountane forests of the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), arround Sedoa village, Lore Utara District, Poso Regency The objectives of the research were to analyze the secondary metabolite compounds in E. sublimata plants and to determine the antibacterial activity of E. sublimata leaves extract in againts Salmonella thypii bacteria. Plant samples were extracted by maceration methods with 96% ethanol as a solvent. Actibacterial activity was tested by using agar well diffusion methods. The experiment was designed by Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven different concentration of E. sublimata extract (15, 25, 50, 75 and 85%). Extract and standard drugs were prepared in double-distilated water using Nutrient Agar tubes. 2% Chloramphenicol as standard drugs was used as a positive control and sterile aquadest was used as a negative control. The inhibition zone of bacteria and yeast growth around the disk was measured after 18 to 24 h incubation at 37°C. The results showed that the stem contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins. The rhizome containts alkaloid, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins, the flowers containts alkaloid, terpenoids and tannins, while the leaves containts tannin and saponin compounds. Leaves extract of E.sublimata has inhibition activity on the cell growth a pathogenic Salmonella thypi bacteria that the effective extract concentration was 50% with an average inhibition zone ​​2.67 mm.

Enterococcus faecalis-Induced Biochemical Transformation during Fermentation of Underutilized Solenostemon monostachyus Leaves

Solenostemon monostachyus is an underutilized plant that is yet to be explored for consumption. This study assessed the biochemical impacts of a probiotic Enterococcus faecalis as an agent of fermentation, promoting the edible properties of the leaves from S. monostachyus using either an unfermented water leaf or S. monostachyus. The results with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The α-amylase activity, proteins, carbohydrates, and ash, iron, and copper contents significantly increased (p < 0.05), while fats, crude fiber, cadmium, and manganese contents of the fermented S. monostachyus leaves were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), compared to the control (unfermented water leaves). The total phenol and saponin contents of the leaves were 1.98 ± 0.03 and 2.77 ± 0.04 mg GAE/mL for the S. monostachyus, 2.20 ± 0.01 and 2.39 ± 0.51 mgGAE/mL for water leaf, respectively on Day 5. Spirostanol (20.7343 mg/10 g) and two possible yet-to-be-identified saponin compounds P-S1 (33.5773 mg/10 g) and P-S2 (23.5718 mg/10 g) were newly synthesized along with one possible novel volatile compound by the fermentation process. Furostanol (19.873–29.420), gallic acid (88.111–98.949 mg/10 g), luteolin (0.954–11.712 mg/10 g) were retained, and aescin (69.510 mg/10 g) was completely consumed by the fermentation process. E. faecalis derived some micronutrients to drive the α-amylase catalyzed biotransformation of phytochemicals to improve the health benefits in the leafy vegetable.

Formulasi Detergen Cair Ekstrak Buah Pedada (Sonneratia alba)

The pedada fruit extract (Sonneratia alba) contains saponin compounds which can be used as a natural foam in liquid detergents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pedada fruit extract as an additive to produce natural detergents that are environmentally friendly according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). This research consisted of preparation and extraction of pedada fruit with 96% ethanol, preparation of liquid detergent, and characterization the physical properties of liquid detergent. The formulation of liquid detergent used three treatments of adding pedada fruit extract, namely the addition of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3). Data analysis used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, namely the difference in the addition of pedada fruit extract to liquid detergent. The analysis was carried out in two repetitions. The results showed that the ethanol extract of pedada fruit was detected contain saponins. The treatment with ethanol extract of 5% (F1) is closest to the requirements of SNI 06-4075-1996 for liquid detergent with a pH value of 8.29 ± 0.04, viscosity of 37.7 ± 1.55 cPs, foam height of 2.5 cm, foam stability was 88.5±0.70%, specific gravity was 2.6±0.14 g/mL, and sedimentation volume was 0.975±0.021 mL.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL 96% KULIT PISANG RAJA (Musa paradisiaca L) TERHADAP Escherichia coli

Banana peel is a material that can be used as a natural antibacterial because of its secondary metabolites content. The present study aimed to evaluate antibacterial activity of ethanol 96% extracted from banana (Musa paradisiaca L) peel against Escherichia coli. Result of phytochemical screening indicated that banana peel extract has alkaloid, flavonoid (tannin), and saponin compound that can act as antibacterial. Banana peel extract showed antibacterial activity that was proved by clear zone formed around disk paper. Sample of 64% extract concentration had the largest inhibition zone (9.6 mm) compared to sample of 16% and 32% concentration, inhibition zone of which was 4.4 mm and 6.26 respectively. One Way Anova analysis showed that sample of 64% concentration was significantly different from negative control, 16%, and 32% concentration. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between 16% and 32% concentration.

Study on developmental biochemical characteristics of Leishmania donovani promastigote and inhibitory effect of Achyranthes aspera Linn plant extract on it

Leishmania donovani is an obligatory intracellular digenetic parasite transmitted by insects, causing serious global health problems as it is endemic to most developing countries. Extensive use of antimony compounds as drugs poses high toxicity and cost; therefore, herbal medicine has identified a position. This study explored the developmental and biochemical characteristics of L. donovani promastigote and the effect of ethanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn (Amaranthaceae) plant on it. The parasites were incubated at 2.5×106 cells/well for 72 h at 23 °C in the presence of various concentrations of extract (µg/mL) dissolved in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with sterile phosphate-buffered saline and 1% DMSO as negative controls and meglumine antimoniate as positive control. Friedman’s repeated measures analysis showed that 96hr of development is the junction point in promastigotes ontogeny. Post 96hr, it grows with a long stationary phase with higher enzymatic activities of acid phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione (oxidized and reduced). Total protein estimated showed a linear relationship (R2 = 0.999). Phytochemical screening of the plant extract showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, fixed oil and fats, saponin, tannin and phenolic compounds. It showed an effectual free radical scavenging in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay with an inhibitory concentration IC50 value of 61.70 µg/ml. At a concentration of 250 µg/mL, the plant extract completely inhibited the promastigotes in vitro while at 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, the survival level declined by 25-50%. These findings corroborate the ethnopharmacological use of this plant for the treatment of leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani.

Variation of Saponins in Sanguisorba officinalis L. before and after Processing (Paozhi) and Its Effects on Colon Cancer Cells In Vitro.

The incidence of colon cancer is increasing year over year, seriously affecting human health and quality of life in recent years. However, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been utilized for the treatment of colon cancer. S. officinalis Saponins (S-Saponins), the potential compound of TCM, displays multiple biological activities in colon cancer treatment. In our study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) combined with multivariate statistical analysis were performed to analyze and identify raw and processed saponins. Then, MTT and cell migration assays were used to preliminarily explore the effects of saponins in vitro on colon cancer cells. The results showed that 29 differential saponins compounds under Paozhi were identified by UHPLC-MS/MS. Moreover, in vitro validation showed that Sprocessed better inhibited the proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells than Sraw. This study provides a basis for the determination of the chemical fundamentals of the efficacy changes during Paozhi through inferring the changes in saponin components and its possible transformation mechanisms before and after processing S. officinalis. Meanwhile, it also provides new insights into potential bioactive ingredients for the treatment of colon cancer.

Efektifitas Ekstrak Lidah Mertua (Sansevieria trifasciata var laurentii) Sebagai Antifungi Candida albicans

Candidiasis is a disease caused by Candida albicans, this disease has a mortality rate of > 25%, mainly affecting adults, with a frequency of women 2 - 3 times more than men (Raningsih et al., 2018). A commonly used fungi drug is ketoconazole. but it has many side effects so it is necessary to find for alternatives to natural ingredients, namely the leaf of lidah mertua (Sansevieria trifasciata var laurentii) because it contains compounds saponins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and steroids as antifungals The leaf of lidah mertua were extracted by maceration technique. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of antifungi of ethanol extract the leaf of Lidah Mertua (Sansiviera trifasciata var Laurentii) against the fungus Candida albicans. This research was experimental using the disc diffusion method with a spread plate technique in the inhibition zone formed at concentrations of 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, positive control and negative control. The results of the One way Anova test is known that differ significantly. From the results of this research, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of the leaves of the leaf of lidah mertua (Sansevieria trifasciata var laurentii) has an effect on the antifungal activity of Candida albicans Keywords : Candida albicans, Leaf of Lidah Mertua, Antifungal, Ketokonazole