Compound Emulsifier Research Articles

Effects of compound emulsifiers on the characteristics and stability of nano-emulsions from pollock bones

To improve the stability of pollock bone broth, compound emulsifiers were employed and evaluated in nano-emulsions from pollock bones (PBNs). The microstructure, creaming index, particle size, zeta potential, and viscosity of PBNs were characterized and the stability of PBNs was investigated. It revealed that the concentration of compound emulsifiers is one of the principal factors for particle size, zeta potential, and viscosity of PBNs, and 0.9% of sodium caseinate and sucrose fatty acid ester (CS-SE) can make the PBN display good stability. Its particle size changed from 81.17 ± 1.33 nm to 19.62 ± 0.21 nm when the temperature ranged from 40 °C to 80 °C, and its creaming index could reach a maximum (90.83%) among all PBNs in 4 months of freeze-thaw assays. PBN stability could be improved by the compound emulsifier (CS-SE), which offers a theoretical basis for the application of pollock bone broth.

Preparation and characterization of a nanostructured lipid carrier for phenylethyl resorcinol

Phenylethyl resorcinol (PR) demonstrates inhibitory effects on multiple targets in the melanin synthesis pathway, resulting in a strong whitening effect. However, challenges such as limited solubility in water and susceptibility to oxidation and discoloration restrict its practical application in the cosmetics industry. In order to enhance stability and performance characteristics, a whitening nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) was synthesized through high-pressure homogenization. This method entailed the incorporation of solid lipids, a liquid lipid, and a compound emulsifier, with deionized water fulfilling the roles of solid phase, liquid phase, and water phase, respectively. The NLC's particle size, Zeta potential, stability, encapsulation efficiency, and other parameters were assessed using techniques such as particle sizer, stability analyzer, and HPLC. The results showed that the NLC for phenylethyl resorcinol prepared by using the optimal formula (7.50 % solid lipids, 3.00 % ethylhexyl palmitate, and 2.00 % Tween 80 and soybean lecithin) has an encapsulation efficiency of 87.11 %, a particle size of 157.2 ± 0.70 nm, a kinetic instability of less than 1.2, and a greatly improved stability, thereby successfully solving the problems of unstable storage and poor solubility of phenylethyl resorcinol.

Preparation and thermal properties of latent functional thermal fluid based on size-controllable phase change nanocapsules

Size-controllable 1-octadecanol@polystyrene phase change nanocapsules (NEPCMs) were prepared using the miniemulsion polymerization and dispersed in deionized water containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes to prepare a latent functional thermal fluid (LFTF). The results demonstrate that the NEPCMs exhibit a typical core-shell structure. The average particle size (55.28–143.8 nm) of the NEPCMs can be regulated by controlling the content of compound emulsifiers. The optimal phase change enthalpy has an excellent heat storage capacity of about 222.7 J/g, the encapsulation efficiency is up to 80.63 %, and the average particle size is about 88.3 nm. The heating/cooling cycles results show that NEPCMs have excellent cycle stability. LFTF containing 10 wt% NEPCMs was considered the optimal choice for its excellent photothermal conversion efficiency (up to 64.91 %), excellent dispersion stability (zeta potential 39.17 mV) and thermal storage capacity (peak specific heat capacity 5.72 J g−1 K−1). Under the influence of solar radiation, the temperature rise curve of LFTF exhibited a rapid initial warming rate followed by a plateau period of approximately 76 min upon reaching the melting point of the NEPCMs, whose photothermal conversion efficiency is roughly 2.18 times that of water. The experimental findings demonstrate the potential application of LFTF based on NEPCMs in the solar thermal industry.

Soybean oil emulsion stabilized by phosphatidylcholine and whey protein isolate: impact on interfacial properties, physicochemical characteristics, and digestive properties

Abstract Liquid formula is a research hotspot of infant formula milk, but how to increase the physicochemical stability while maintaining the activity of nutritional components is a key bottleneck in product development. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and whey protein isolate (WPI) are important components of infant formula, the effect of PC on the properties of WPI stable emulsion remains to be clarified. When the concentration of PC is 0.3 %, a solid intermolecular network is established, which enhances the elasticity and viscosity of the emulsion and has the best oxidation stability and storage stability. 0.3 % PC reduced the flocculation during digestion, and increased the digestibility of protein and fat (27.64 % and 82.45 %). In this study, compound emulsifier (WPI-PC) was used to establish a stable emulsion system, which provided reference for the development and utilization of functional dairy products.

Chitooligosaccharide assisted in the construction of pickering high internal phase emulsion near the isoelectric point of porcine plasma protein

Protein-based emulsion products always be challenged due to destabilize the emulsification at the pH range near isoelectric point (pI) of the protein. Herein, chitooligosaccharide (COS) was successfully used to assist porcine plasma proteins (PPP) to construct the high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) near pI of PPP, and the characteristics and mechanism of the HIPEs was investigated. Particle size of oil droplets in the HIPEs reduced significantly by adding only 0.25% COS, and the PPP-COS composite HIPEs exhibited excellent performance characteristics near pI of PPP, i.e., pH 5.0, including appearance, particle size, apparent viscosity, modulus, 3D printing and stability. PPP and COS combined to form micro-size particles with many positive charges at pH 5.0, and a strong adsorption between PPP and COS was observed at the pH by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCMD). The pI of PPP shifted increasingly by about 0.5 along with addition of COS, and so no precipitates were formed at pH 5.0 according to the optical density. Hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bond could be the main forces between PPP and COS based on interaction analysis. The work provided an excellent compound emulsifier with some bioactivities to stabilize the HIPEs near pI of the protein.

Preparation of Encapsulated Breakers for Polymer Gels and Evaluation of Their Properties

A common problem associated with conventional gel breakers is that they can cause a premature reduction in gel viscosity at high temperatures. To address this, a urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and sulfamic acid (SA) encapsulated polymer gel breaker was prepared via in situ polymerization with UF as the capsule coat and SA as the capsule core; this breaker was able to withstand temperatures of up to 120-140 °C. The encapsulated breaker was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Meanwhile, the dispersing effects of various emulsifiers on the capsule core, and the encapsulation rate and electrical conductivity of the encapsulated breaker were tested. The gel-breaking performance of the encapsulated breaker was evaluated at different temperatures and dose conditions via simulated core experiments. The results confirm the successful encapsulation of SA in UF and also highlight the slow-release properties of the encapsulated breaker. From experimentation, the optimal preparation conditions were determined to be a molar ratio between urea and formaldehyde (nurea:nformaldehyde) of 1:1.8 for the capsule coat, a pH of 8, a temperature of 75 °C, and the utilization of Span 80/SDBS as the compound emulsifier; the resulting encapsulated breaker exhibited significantly improved gel-breaking performance (gel breaking delayed for 9 days at 130 °C). The optimum preparation conditions determined in the study can be used in industrial production, and there are no potential safety and environmental concerns.

Competitive adsorption of sodium caseinate or ovalbumin by Tween 80 impact the mechanical and microstructural properties of emulsified surimi gel systems

SummaryThis study first explored the competitive displacement of sodium caseinate (SC) and ovalbumin (OVA) by Tween 80 (TW) on the mechanical and microstructural properties of emulsified surimi systems. The interfacial tension of TW (8.02 ± 0.58 mN m−1) was significantly lower than that of SC (10.45 ± 0.62 mN m−1) and OVA (11.78 ± 0.69 mN m−1), and TW's addition significantly decreased the interfacial protein concentration in SC emulsion from 2.04 ± 0.18 to 1.31 ± 0.28 mg m−2 and OVA emulsion from 3.53 ± 0.04 to 2.51 ± 0.12 mg m−2 respectively (P < 0.05). The SC‐ and OVA‐emulsified gels exhibited higher hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness, gel strength, equilibrium stress, recovery rate and quality factor (Q) than TW/SC‐ or TW/OVA‐emulsified gels. Emulsion droplets are embedded in the gel matrix and evenly distributed in SC‐, OVA‐ and SC/OVA‐emulsified gel. However, in TW‐, TW/SC‐ and TW/OVA‐emulsified gel, local phase separation occurs between aggregated protein particles and oil droplets, resulting in highly heterogeneous structures. This study provides a valuable reference for utilising compound emulsifiers in the surimi industry.

Preparation of deer oil powder and its effect on acute gastric mucosal injury in rats.

In this paper, deer oil was used as a raw material to prepare deer oil powder by microencapsulation technology to study the potential protective activity of deer oil powder on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. The results show that the best process for preparing deer oil powder is: the solids account for 25% of the system content, the wall material Whey Milk Protein Isolate-Maltodextrin ratio is 1:5, the Sodium Stearyl Lactate-Glycerides of Monostearate and Distearate compound emulsifier content is 0.8%, the ratio is 1:1, and the deer oil accounts for 30% of the solid content, and the spray drying inlet temperature is 180°C. Deer oil powder can reduce total stomach injury, gastric mucosal congestion area, and injury score index. Without affecting the blood lipid level, it can reduce the content of Myeloperoxidase, enhance the activity of Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase, and has good antioxidant activity. Enhance the expression of defense factors Estradiol, Epidermal Growth Factor, and Somatostatin. At the same time, it reduces the levels of Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines in gastric tissue and enhances the expression of anti-inflammatory factors Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10. These results indicate that the gastric protection mechanism of deer oil powder may be related to the enhancement of mucosal defense factors, inhibition of inflammation, and oxidative stress. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study screened the optimal formula for preparing microencapsulated deer oil powder and proved for the first time that deer oil powder has a strong gastroprotective effect on ethanol-induced acute gastric injury in rats. The gastric protective mechanism of deer oil powder is mainly to reduce oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine accumulation and to increase the content of defense factors. Therefore, deer oil powder can be used as a new source of gastric treatment drugs.

Preparation of Modified Silane Composite Emulsion and Its Effect on Surface Properties of Cement-Based Materials

A new type of waterproofing composite emulsion with high silane content and good economic efficiency was synthesized by sol synthesis. The effects of the amount and proportion of the compound emulsifier, amount of tetraethyl orthosilicate, and mixing time on the properties of the emulsifier were investigated. The optimum conditions for the synthesis of a tetraethyl orthosilicate/isobutyl triethoxysilane emulsion were determined. The composite emulsion was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometry, along with a series of microscopic testing techniques. It was verified that the composite emulsion was coated on the surface of the paste to form a hydrophobic protective layer. The results show that the composite emulsion can achieve a permeability and impervious effect after coating the concrete material, and microhardness tests prove that the composite emulsion will not reduce the surface hardness of cement-based materials.

Effect of Polymerizable Emulsifiers on the Properties of Polyacrylate Latexes and the Relative Waterborne Inks

Polyacrylate latexes made from non-polymerizable emulsifiers and their inks typically suffer from poor ethanol resistance stability and low adhesion on biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) and polyethylene (PE) films. In this contribution, a composite emulsifier system containing a polymerizable anionic and a polymerizable non-ionic emulsifier was used to synthesize core-shell polyacrylate latexes. Additionally, a control latex was also prepared using a traditional emulsifier TX-30 to replace the polymerizable non-ionice mulsifier in the above composite emulsifiers. The effect of the polymerizable emulsifier on ethanol resistance, Ca 2+ resistance stability, and adhesion on PE and BOPP films of the latexes and the inks, and water resistance of the latex films and ink films were studied. The results show that, when compared with the control latex, the one made from double polymerizable compound emulsifier system and its ink demonstrates better ethanol resistance, higher stability of calcium ions and higher adhesion on BOPP and PE. When the ratio of anionic emulsifier to non-ionic emulsifier is 1.5/1 and the total dosage is 2.5 wt%, the latex showed the best comprehensive performance. The calcium ion resistance stability of the latex increased from 5% of the control latex to 25%. Accordingly, the adhesion of yellow ink on BOPP film increased from 92% of the ink based on the control latex to 99% and increased from 99% to 100% on PE film. The adhesion of blue ink on BOPP film increased from 92% to 99%, and from 99% to 100% on PE film. These results indicate that the fully polymerizable emulsifiers can effectively improve the properties of latex.

Feasibility study of water as thinner for polyvinyl chloride plastisol

AbstractIn the traditional formula of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves, the diluent of PVC plastisol is usually organic solvent, which causes serious environmental pollution during the molding process. The aim of this study was to develop a low viscosity PVC plastisol emulsion (PDE) using water as a thinner by blending PVC emulsion (PVCE) with diisononyl phthalate (DINP) emulsion. DINP emulsion (DINPE) was prepared by a compound emulsifier of polyoxyethylene octyl phenol ether‐10 and sorbitan monooleate. The effects of compound emulsifier concentration on the stability and microstructure of DINPE were investigated. The results showed that the optimal compound emulsifier concentration of DINPE was 10 wt%. In addition, the PDE obtained by blending exhibited a relatively uniform unimodal droplet size distribution. The steady state data revealed that the emulsions were shear‐thinning pseudoplastic liquid. The effect of solid content and temperature on the apparent viscosity of PDE were also evaluated. The mechanical spectra obtained suggested the presence of weak gel structure in the PDE. The mechanical test results showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break of PVC film obtained by PDE were 12.62 MPa and 310.31%, respectively. This study demonstrated that water was effective in reducing the viscosity of PVC plastisol, which would promote the application of water thinner in glove production.

Effect of adding shea butter stearin and emulsifiers on the physical properties of cocoa butter.

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of shea butter stearin (SBS) as cocoa butter equivalent (CBE). In this work, the optimal ratio of SBS and cocoa butter (CB) was evaluated by the solid fat content and deviation solid fat content. Emulsifiers added to SBS and CB blends were first screened based on β polymorph level, and mixture regression experiment was designed to obtain the optimized compound emulsifiers ratio, finally the characterization of shea butter chocolate was evaluated by sensory evaluation and texture profile analysis (TPA). The best compatibility was obtained when the mixture ratio of SBS and CB was 20:80, where ΔSFC within a range of 1.5 was shown. The appropriate compound emulsifiers were soy lecithin: polyglycerol polyricinoleate: Tween 60 = 1:1:1. Both sensory evaluation and TPA test showed SBS and CB blends could improve the taste and texture of chocolate with proper emulsifiers addition.

Effect of different combinations of emulsifier and wall materials on physical properties of spray-dried microencapsulated swida wilsoniana oil

Spray drying was used to produce microencapsulated Wilson's dogwood (Swida wilsoniana) oil. The influences of the emulsifier and wall materials on the encapsulation were studied in order to produce high quality encapsulated S. wilsoniana oil. The emulsions were prepared by using lecithin (L) and Tween 80 (T) with different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. Results indicated that the stable emulsion was obtained using T and L as the compound emulsifier at a ratio of 4/6 (w/w). By virtue of the compound emulsifier (T/L 4/6), the microencapsulation efficiency (MEE) reached 91%, and the oil loading up to 35% was achieved. We also examined the influence of the wall materials on the microencapsulation of S. wilsoniana oil. All the three wall materials exhibited high MEE (> 85%), and the highest MEE (95.20%) was obtained with sodium caseinate/lactose. All the S. wilsoniana oil encapsulated with the three wall materials exhibited nearly spherical microcapsules without pores or cracks, thus protecting the oil from oxygen.

Application of Octenyl Succinate Starch Ester (SSOS) in Peanut Beverage

In this paper, the effects of octenyl succinate starch ester, carrageenan, monoglyceride and sucr ose fatty acid ester compound emulsifier on the sensory evaluation of floating layer thickness, sedimentati on rate and precipitation were analyzed. the optimal scheme for making peanut protein beverage with octe nyl succinate starch ester was 0.09% xanthan gum,0.06% carrageenan,0.15% sucrose fatty acid ester and 0.15%monoglyceride. It is proved that the application of octenyl amber acid starch ester as stabilizer in peanut protein beverage is feasible.

Preparation, characterization and application of polyether and long-chain alkyl co-modified polydimethylsiloxane

In this paper, by using a self-made hydrogen-containing polymethylhydrogensiloxane having a hydrogen content of 0.20%, a polyether of F-6 and α-olefin having a carbon chain length of even numbers in 6–18 as main raw materials, polyether and long-chain alkyl co-modified polydimethylsiloxane having different molecular structures were successfully prepared via hydrosilylation reactions. 1H-NMR, TGA, DLS, fluorescence spectroscopy and surface tension measurements were used to characterize their structures and properties. The results shows that when the molar ratio of polyether to α-olefin is 5:1, an emulsion type anti-foaming agent with polyether and long-chain alkyl co-modified polydimethylsiloxane as active ingredient was successfully prepared, it basically maintains 90% quality at 300 °C, indicating good heat resistance, and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of polyether and long-chain alkyl co-modified polydimethylsiloxane is 8.55 mg/L. The surfactant has good dilution stability compared to other small molecule. When the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) is equal to 10, the compound emulsifier is made of Span 80 and Tween 80, the emulsification method is a phase inversion method, and the obtained emulsion has the smallest particle size and an average particle diameter of 134.4 nm, the emulsion shows good stability and uniformity, and the particle size distribution is narrow. In summary, the polyether and long-chain alkyl co-modified polydimethylsiloxane synthesized in this work have potential applications in the fields of anti-foaming agent.

Synthesis and characterization of mixed alkanes microcapsules with phase change temperature below ice point for cryogenic thermal energy storage

The purpose of this study was to synthesize microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs) with C12-C14 binary alkanes as phase change materials (PCMs) and melamine-formaldehyde resins (MF resins) as shell materials by in-situ polymerization. SDS, Span80 and Tween80 were used as the compound emulsifiers. The effects of emulsifier concentrations, core/shell ratio and compound emulsifier Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value on the performance of MEPCMs were investigated. The morphology, chemical structure, thermodynamic properties and thermal stability of MEPCMs were determined by SEM, FT-IR, DSC and TGA. Results show that the emulsifier concentration and HLB value have significant impact on the MEPCMs synthesis. The emulsifier concentration of 8 wt%, HLB value of 12.15 are recommended to obtain the MEPCMs with smoother and more regular morphologies. Generally, the enthalpy and encapsulation efficiency are increasing with the increase of core/shell ratio, and the supercooling degree of MEPCMs increases by increasing the emulsifier concentration. The synthesized MEPCMs present good thermal durability and excellent cycling characteristics during the 100 thermal cycles. Moreover, they also have an appreciable thermal stability and can withstand temperatures no higher than 315 °C.

Preparation and application of low-temperature-curable, alkylphenol ethoxylate-free, and flame-retardant flocking adhesive

In this study, a low temperature-curable and alkylphenol ethoxylate-free acrylic emulsion was synthesized with diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) and adipic dihydrazide (ADH) as a crosslinking system; butyl acrylate (BA), ethyl acrylate (EA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and acrylic acid (AA) as monomers; vinyl siloxane as a modifier; sodium-dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and AEO-9 as a compound emulsifier by means of semicontinuous emulsion polymerization. The optimal polymerization conditions by weight proportion determined by the orthogonal experiments were emulsifier amount, 4%, initiator amount, 0.5%, DAAM amount, 2.5%, and core–shell ratio, 3/2. Three flame-retardant additives, namely, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), FR-5, and organic montmorillonite, were mixed with the acrylic emulsion to synthesize the flocking adhesive SA. The char length, afterglow time, and afterflame time of the flocking fabrics were characterized to evaluate the fire-retardant properties of the adhesives. The results clearly evidence an outstanding improvement in fire-retardant properties using adhesive SA based on good flocking fastness and fabric handle.

Synthesis and characterization of fluoro-silicone polyacrylate latex emulsified with novel green surfactants

The novel fluoro-silicone polyacrylate latex was successfully synthesized in the presence of a novel green mixed emulsifier of β-cyclodextrin ( β-CD) and sodium lauroyl glutamate (SLG) by semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization, which was initiated with potassium persulphate. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) were used as the main monomers, while hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) were used as the functional monomers. The resultant latex and its film were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and contact angle determinator, respectively. The optimum conditions of preparing the fluoro-silicone polyacrylate latex are as follows: the amount of compound emulsifiers are 7.0%; β-CD: SLG = 1:2; the amount of initiator is 0.7%; the appropriate proportion of main monomer of MMA: BA = 1:1; and the amounts of HFMA and VTES are 6.0% and 4.0%, respectively. In this case, the resultant latex has high conversion rate, low gel rate and good stability. Results showed that both thermal stability and hydrophobic property of the latex are improved with the incorporation of a small amount of HFMA and VTES.

Preparation of an environmentally friendly emulsion-type lubricant based on crude rice bran wax

Abstract In this study, crude rice bran wax oil - in - water emulsion (named CRBWE) was prepared by agent-in-water method. The critical factors influencing the sample preparation process were optimized. For instance, the optimum hydrophile-lipophile balance value of compound emulsifier was 12.33–13.40, the content of compound emulsifier was 10 wt%, the emulsification temperature was 70 °C–80 °C, the agitation speed was 200 rpm, and the emulsification time was 30–45 min. The performances as a lubricant of drilling fluid were also evaluated with respect to lubricity, rheology and filtration loss of CRBWE. The results showed that CRBWE had good lubricity and didn't affect the rheological properties of drilling fluid. For example, when it was added into bentonite dispersion at room temperature with the fraction of 1 wt%, the coefficient of friction of bentonite dispersion dramatically decreased to 0.077, and the coefficient of friction reduced rate was greater than 80%. Overall, these findings indicated that CRBWE would have promising applications as environmental friendly lubricant of drilling fluids to reduce torque and drag in petroleum and natural gas drilling.

The influence of the emulsion composition on the wettability of the emulsion

In order to explore the influence of the emulsion composition on the wettability of the emulsion, using lauric acid polyoxyethylene esters (LAE) and polyethylene oleic acid diester (DQA) as the emulsifier and oleic acid ester (QA) as the smoothing agent, the spinning oil emulsion system with the content of smoothing agent above 30% was prepared. The results show that: with the increase of emulsion concentration, the surface tension of emulsion, the contact Angle of emulsion on the surface of the polypropylene fiber and the wetting time of canvas in emulsion all decreases. At the same time,the emulsion has critical micelle concentration, when the concentration is less than CMC, the surface tension of emulsion, the contact Angle of emulsion on the surface of the polypropylene fiber and the wetting time of canvas in the emulsion decreases rapidly with the increase of the emulsion concentration, while it’s more than this concentration, the influence of emulsion concentration on the three kinds of nature is smaller. Besides, the increase of the mass fraction of the smoothing agent and the increase of the compound emulsifier HLB will result in worse wettability.