Composite Sentences Research Articles

Stylistic and syntactic functions of parceling (on the material of B.L. Vasilyev’s novella "The Dawns Here Are Quiet")

The article describes one of expressive syntax techniques, namely parcelled constructions, identified in B.L. Vasilyev’s novella "The Dawns Here Are Quiet". The stylistic and syntactic functions of parcelling are determined and analysed using structural-semantic and functional stylistic analysis. The article concludes that parcelling as a stylistic device is a universal phenomenon of a multifunctional nature. It facilitates the implementation of the author’s various pragmatic ideas. Besides the main stylistic function, i. e. the function of expressively highlighting a certain part of the utterance, parcelled sentences perform several additional functions in a literary text: figurative, characterological, emotional-emphatic, expressive-grammatical. It is revealed that the syntactic functions of parcels in the novella are diverse. In simple sentences, they can be both their main and secondary parts. In composite sentences, they function as the predicative part which is attached to the main utterance using a subordinating, coordinating, or asyndetic connection. The variety of stylistic and syntactic functions of parcelled constructions enabled B. Vasilyev to realistically convey the atmosphere of the pre-war and war periods. He managed to describe the protagonists’ characters and their actions in a true to life way, making the narrative sound natural.

Problems of general and typological theory of composite sentence with a parenthetical clause as an invariant type of syntactic unit

The article touches upon the problem of the theory of invariant types of syntactic units, mainly of composite sentences, which needs a unified approach, for there are a huge number of notions and terms, one way or another, relating to various aspects of the latter indiscriminately treated and commented on. In the article, an attempt has been made by the author to take inventory of the existing invariant types of syntactic units, which are traditionally considered to be five-fold, but the author has revealed and established one more invariant type of composite sentence termed by him “composite sentence with a parenthetical clause” of the two subtypes: a) introductory clause and, b) insertive clause, realizing the new introductory and insertive syntactic relations termed by the author accordingly: 1) introduction; 2) insertion like syntactic relations “coordination” and “subordination”, hence, as to the author, introductory and insertive clauses function, like other clauses, as introductory and insertive parts of the matrix clause.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIRECTED WRITING TO IMPROVE STUDENTS' ABILITY TO WRITE THE ARABIC PARAGRAPHS AMONG STUDENTS IN THE FIFTH SEMESTER AT MISBAH AL-ULUM MODERN ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL.

The title of this research is “The effectiveness of Insya’ Muwajjah in improving students’ ability to write the Arabic paragraph among students in the fifth at the Misbahul Ulum Modern Islamic Boarding School - Lhokseumawe.” The problem of the research is the students’ errors in writing the Arabic paragraph in terms of their formation and composition of the Arabic sentences. Hence, The research aims to determine the effectiveness of directed writing in improving students’ ability to write the Arabic paragraph at the Misbahul Ulum Modern Islamic Boarding School. The research method that the researcher relied on in this research is an experimental method and the method of collecting data is by using pre-test and post-test. The results of the research are that the directed writing teaching in teaching the Arabic paragraph writing at the Misbahul Ulum Modern Islamic Boarding School is effective in improving students’ ability to write Arabic paragraphs, the pre-test is 59.00 with a standard deviation of 11. 53. The result of the post-test was 79.00, with a standard deviation of 8.56.

Form of Magic Words in The Process of Language Acquisition for Children Aged 2-4 Years

This research aims to describe the early childhood language acquisition process at KB Aisyiyah 1 Balun, Cepu District, Blora Regency. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Two research subjects were taken in each group, so there were six research subjects. The data collection method used several techniques, namely observation, listening, recording, and note-taking. The research results show that children can achieve language competence at the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics levels. Language acquisition results in phonology show that the phonemes /r//l/ sound faint. Phoneme decay is the melting of phonemes due to morphological processes. The /l/ phoneme decays when the/y/phoneme's sound changes to the /l/ phoneme. The results of language processing in the field of morphology are that children aged two years have just mastered the basic morphemes that are pronounced even though the pronunciation is not yet clear. Meanwhile, many sulfides (- kan ) are found in children aged four years. Early childhood language acquisition in the area of syntax identified phrase errors, children's composition of first language sentences was mixed up, and sentence structures were adequate, although sometimes grammatically, sometimes inverted. Meanwhile, language acquisition at the semantic level tends to use denotative Meaning in every utterance.

Studying cause-and-effect relationship in Russian language lessons

The paper examines cause-and-effect relationships from philosophical-logical, linguistic, and methodological perspectives. These connections themselves are interpreted as an indivisible semantic complex. The article presents lexico-grammatical (notional and functional parts of speech; simple and composite sentences) and textual content. It is emphasized that the ability to identify cause-and-effect relationships is a universal learning activity. It contributes to the formation and development of schoolchildren’s language competence, reading literacy, culture of thinking, as well as speech skills. Moreover, the research gives meticulous attention to the in-class unlocking of the lexico-grammatical potential of the language for expressing the cause-and-effect relationships of objects, actions, states. The study also focuses on the identification of syntactic construction polysemy and the use of syntactic synonymy resources to solve cognitive tasks, as well as on multifaceted work with text. Such work includes rearranging semantic text blocks, anticipating the content of its further parts, creating one’s own texts in literary or publicist styles according to the specified parameters. The assignment types described in the paper outline ways to achieve a high level of subject and meta-subject performance. The study analysed scientific, teaching and learning, reference sources in conjunction with modeling, observation, and the descriptive method.

MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND SEMANTIC-SYNTAX POTENTIAL OF ANALYTICAL UNITS (ON THE MATERIAL OF V. SHEVCHUK’S NOVELS)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the morphological structure and the semantic-syntactic sphere of functioning of one of the varieties of syncretic connecting means – analytical units – in the idiostyle of Valerii Shevchuk.
 The specificity of the syncretism of conjunctions is studied on the material of the novels "House on the Mountain", "On the Humble Field", "Eye of the Abyss", "The Beginning of Horror", "The Ghost of the Dead House", "Three Leaves Outside the Window". The analysis of part of speech belonging and the meaning potential of structural components of analytical units is made by five lexicographic sources.
 The morphological structure of the studied syncretic connecting means was analyzed and the creative modes of them were identified. The semantic-syntactic potential of analytical units, selected by L. V. Shityk, based on the typology by K. G. Horodenska – connecting means used in syncretic composite sentences, is characterized. Each type of conjunctive combination is correlated with the corresponding type of syncretic composite sentence (with causative consecutive interrelation, relation of time sequence, disjunctive-concessive meaning) or with a syntactic variant of a simple complicated sentence. Frequency of the conjunctive combinations’ the functioning and the peculiarities of their semantic and syntactic manifestation are confirmed by examples from the writer's novels. The most frequently presented in the author's idiostyle are the conjunctions а відтак – in the sentences with the sequence of action or generalization of the thought expressed in the previous part, і від того – in the constructions with the causative-consecutive meaning, і навіть – to give the sentence a tinge of unexpectedness, to strengthen the disjunctive-concessive connection. The types of syncretic complex sentences inherent in V. Shevchuk's novels have been clarified-subordinate in form and subordinate in content and subordinate-coordinate in form and meaning. Quantitative indicators of the frequency of use of each conjunctive are determined.

SYNTACTIC EXPRESSIVENESS IN DESCRIBING THE AILMENTS OF YOUNG CHARACTERS IN THE NOVEL TURN OFF SPELLING BY EVA NEMESH’S

The relevance of the study is determined by several facts: firstly, in recent years, the interest of linguists in studying the expressiveness and emotionality of a child’s oral and written speech has enhanced; secondly, in modern teenage prose, which is part of the school curriculum, descriptions of children’s health defects and ailments are increasing; thirdly, consideration of expressiveness manifestation in the text at the syntactic level contributes to a better understanding of the ideological content of the work.
 The purpose of the study is to identify the main syntactic means of expressing expressiveness in modern children’s and youth prose, highlighting the ailments of child characters, and to determine their meaning based on the material of Eva Nemesh’s novel Turn Off Spelling.
 The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that the ways of expressing emotionality and evaluation when describing the ailments of young character in a work of modern Russian prose addressed to children are considered for the first time.
 Results. The current research describes the frequency syntactic means of expressiveness in the description of childhood ailments in E. Nemesh’s novel Turn Off Spelling. It was found that, when creating an asymmetric syntactic drawing, a children’s author refers to such expressive constructions as inverse word arrangement (32%), repetitions and its varieties (5%), segmentation (13%) and parcellation (22%), as well as to rhetorical constructions – 15% (rhetorical questions, exclamations, addresses and question-exclamation forms) and to ellipsis (2%). The expressive potential of the specific composition of sentences is considered (complex sentences – 41%, simple sentences – 59%), special attention to single-compound verb-type sentences is paid (27%).

LA TRADUCCIÓN DE LA NOVELA GRÁFICA: PERSPECTIVA SEMIOLÓGICA Y MULTIMODAL

LA TRADUCCIÓN DE LA NOVELA GRÁFICA: PERSPECTIVA SEMIOLÓGICA Y MULTIMODAL

Revisiting the evolution of linguistic views and poetic language of the poet and reformer Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky

The paper presents a linguo-stylistic analysis of two poems by V. K. Trediakovsky, namely "A Ceremonial Ode on the Surrender of the City of Gdansk" (1734) and "Ode I. A Solemn Ode on the Surrender of the City of Gdansk" (1752). The study aims to determine the correlation between the key provisions of Trediakovsky’s language programme and his linguistic style reflected in the two chronologically distant texts. To achieve this goal, we used analysis, synthesis, as well as inductive, deductive, comparative-contrastive, typological, linguo-stylistic, lexicographic, and quantitative methods. The contrastive analysis confirms the genre-driven systematic use of bookish Slavonic elements. Moreover, a significant proportion of them, primarily lexical and morphological, are found in the 1752 version, which indicates the tendency for the style of mature Trediakovsky to archaize. Both texts are characterized by the use of phonetic Old Church Slavicisms and clipped adjectives. The observation of lexical units enables us to postulate a wider range of such means in the 1752 text. It is in this poetic version that some cases of replacing a stylistically neutral word with a Slavicism are identified, which seems important in the light of confirming the archaizing tendencies in the style of late Trediakovsky. The observations of the sentence typology and structure allow us to suggest that the new verse requirements of the 1752 version triggered syntactic transformations. The result was a rarer use of one-member sentences, an increase in the number of two-member and asyndetic composite sentences, and an insignificant decrease in the proportion of extending members of the sentence and syndetic multi-component composite constructions. At the same time, the syntactic pattern of the text does not appear to be completely renewed and innovated due to such constraints as the inverted order of sentence members and their significant intentional distancing. The analysis we performed confirms the inconsistency in the style and linguistic aspirations of V. K. Trediakovsky. His individual style still remains to be studied comprehensively.

Pictures, Quotations, and Distinctions: Fourteen Essays in Phenomenology, RobertSokolowski, Catholic University of America Press, 2022 (ISBN 978‐0‐8132‐3518‐9), xiv + 326 pp., pb $34.95

Pictures, Quotations, and Distinctions: Fourteen Essays in Phenomenology, RobertSokolowski, Catholic University of America Press, 2022 (ISBN 978‐0‐8132‐3518‐9), xiv + 326 pp., pb $34.95

БОЛЬШАЯ РОЛЬ «МАЛЫХ» СЛОВ (на материале английского языка)

The object of research in the article is functional parts of speech, and the subject matter is their role in the language realization of its main functions: cognitive, communicative and interpretive. As the author states, functional words have been thoroughly studied in the context of structural paradigm whereas their role in the reconstruction of the work of consciousness calls for a more detailed analysis which is the aim of the article. The analysis is carried out on the material of the English language with occasional references to the Russian language. The main methods of analysis are introspection and semantic interpretation, inferential and context-situational types of analysis. As the analysis shows the functional parts of speech contribute greatly to the language realization of its main functions: cognitive, communicative and interpretive. The history of the determination category, constituted by the opposition of the definite, indefinite and zero articles, reveals that articles reflect the cognitive development of a human being, the transition from the perception of a single object to categorization, i.e. from concrete to abstract thinking. The participation of the article in the actual division of the sentence reveals its contribution to the language realization of its communicative and interpretive functions. The main function of the prepositions consists in forming the scaffolding for our thought on its way to verbalization in the sentence as a special format of knowledge about a situation of reality. Prepositions serve as language markers of the roles of participants of the event, presented in the sentence. Besides, the variation in the choice of a preposition manifests the difference in the focus of attention during the perception of an event as well as the difference in the perception of the same event by different types of language consciousness. Conjunctions as markers of the character of relations between the components of a composite sentence as a special format of knowledge manifest the possibility of different interpretations of the relations between the events of reality presented in the proposition of the composite sentence as a mental analog of reality. The study of conjunctions in the cognitive aspect enables us to get knowledge about the cognitive development of a child as well as about the specificity of discourse patterns in different languages related to ethnocultural factors. Reflecting the deep relations between the events of reality, conceptualized by the individual mind, conjunctions carry out an important function in the fiction text, participating in the expression of its dominant meanings and the plot development.

Do smart speaker skills support diverse audiences?

Smart speakers with voice assistants like Google Home or Amazon Alexa are increasingly popular and essential in our daily lives due to their convenience of issuing voice commands. Ensuring that these voice assistants are equitable to different population subgroups is crucial. In this paper, we present the first framework, AudioAcc, to help evaluate the performance of various accents. AudioAcc takes in videos from YouTube and generates composite commands. We further propose a new metric called Consistency of Results (COR) that developers can use to avoid the incorrect translation of the produced results by rewriting the skill to improve the Word Error Rate (WER) performance. We evaluate AudioAcc on complete sentences extracted from YouTube videos. The result reveals that our composite sentences generated by AudioAcc are close to the complete sentences. Our evaluation of diverse audiences shows that first, speech from native speakers, particularly Americans, exhibits the best WER performance by 9.5% in comparison to speech from other native and nonnative speakers. Second, speech from American professional speakers has significantly more fairness and the best WER performance by 8.3% in comparison to speech from German professional speakers and German and American amateur speakers. Moreover, we show that using the COR metric could help developers to rewrite the skill to improve the WER accuracy, which we used to improve the accuracy of the Russian accent.

مكونات الجملة البسيطة وترتيب عناصرها في اللغتين العربية والأتشية (دراسة تقابلية)

Dirasah Taqabuliyah (Contrastive Analysis Study) is a study of two different languages that aims at identifying the similarities and differences existing in the two languages. This contrastive analysis study often helps Arabic teachers provide faster understanding to their students by using a comparison of language rules between the target language and the students' mother tongue. In this research, the researcher managed to compare the two languages (Arabic and Aceh) on the 1 sub-topics of the existing problems, namely Mukawwanat. Mukawwanat is the composition needed to form a simple sentence, furthermore, this study is a literature study in which data is obtained from various sources relevant to Arabic and Acehnese. Finally, this research resulted in several conclusions, among which is that Arabic and Acehnese languages have their respective features in the composition and elements of simple sentences that are distinct to one another.

The phenomenon of parcellation in the Chinese language (based on Chinese spoken drama)

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of parcellation in Chinese spoken drama. The need to deepen the linguistic theory of structural and stylistic features of parceled structures due to their widespread use in works of the Huajiu genre, as well as the possible lack of works on this topic determine the relevance of the subject. The aim of the work is to determine the typical structural and stylistic features of parcellation in Chinese drama of the beginning of the twentieth century. The main tasks are to develop the complex typology for the classification of parceled structures and to highlight the typical features of syntax and style of parcellation in Chinese spoken drama. A number of special linguistic methods of the research allowed the authors to confirm the hypothesis about the existence of parcellation in the Huajiu genre as a characteristic and functionally important feature of the syntax of the latter, which is consistently substantiated in the article. Theoretical bases of research of parcellation as the element of expressive syntax are outlined: borders of the investigated concept, its signs, functions, bases for direct use in speech of heroes of dramatic works, etc. are defined. Based on an analysis of specific examples of the use of parceling in five works of the Huajiu genre, it was found that punctuation and intonation division into syntagms are most often motivated by the desire to express a statement, exert a pragmatic influence on his recipient or increase his emotional load. This is especially true for composite sentences with any type of connection. The authors see a promising direction of further work in improving the presented complex typology, analysis of more works of different styles and genres to form a more objective vision of the identified structural and stylistic features of parceled structures.

PROBLEMS OF GENERAL THEORY AND METALANGUAGE OF COMPOSITE SENTENCES WITH AN INTRODUCTORY CLAUSE

The article touches upon the problems of general theory and metalaguage of one more invariant type of the sentence, that is, a composite sentence with an introductory clause along with the three traditionally accepted structural-semantic (compound, complex and mixed /semi-composite/) types and the taxonomy of the latter in language. The main focus here is made on the so called parenthetical, rather introductory constructions represented by introductory words, phrases and sentences, specifically verbalizing the universal concept of subjective modal assessment” of the fact (action, quality, quantity, state, etc.) expressed in the main body of the sentences, to which the latter are canonically introduced. The author here makes an accent on the status of the so called simple sentences with an “introductory element”, expressed by a clause in language(s) which have been traditionally treated as “simple sentences of the complicated structure”, although they are characterized by their natural surface and deep structures like a composite sentence with at least two predicative units, each of which having its own grammatically expressed subjectpredicate structure. Critically approaching the treatment of such composite sentences as “complex sentences with a parenthetical clause” in special literature, the author considers them to be “composite sentences with an introductory clause”, for the latter can’t be segmented into principle and subordinate clauses, and proves his own approach by illustrating them through convincing examples from fiction materials, which paves the way to four–membered taxonomy of composite sentences replacing the traditional three –membered one.

Essence of grammar according to modern linguistics and Afghan linguists’ perspectives

The paper explored views in modern linguistic theories and Afghan linguist perspectives about essence of grammar, its original source, its function in language use and the relationship between mental rules and their description in grammar books. The data were collected from theoretical linguistics, grammar books and 10 Afghan professors who teach linguistics and Persian-Dari grammar in Kabul University via a questionnaire. MS excel was used to analyze the data. The results show the term Grammar refers to a set of constructional rules of a language located in speakers’ minds. It is unconscious knowledge which enables speakers of a language to produce and understand its utterances. These mental rules govern composition of phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and sentences. Grammar books are like maps of original grammar which has mental essence and describe it. Children learn their native language from elders and their coeval speakers. Second language learners, can learn a foreign language through social interaction and grammar books. Compiling grammatical rules of a language introduces word formation techniques to expand its lexicon, help speakers to know more about their language capacities and possibilities. Grammar books aim to facilitate learning formal language, description of constructional rules, language learning for foreigners and provide correct writing guidelines. The research prescribes grammar teachers to use grammar as means of enrichment of formal language, as it can better function to do its scientific mission.

КОГНИТИВНОЕ ОСМЫСЛЕНИЕ ВТОРИЧНЫХ ЯВЛЕНИЙ В ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА

The article opens with a brief overview of approaches to the study of secondary phenomena in the linguistic worldview. In particular, the author indicates the main reasons for secondary meaning formation including linguistic economy based on minimum of efforts aspiration and the associative and creative nature of human thinking. The author argues that in the framework of cognitive linguistics secondary meanings result from interpretation and the accompanying conceptual derivation and metarepresentation as processes of cognition. Such processes reflect a new understanding of the previously acquired knowledge, generating secondary conceptual structures, and choosing best ways of their anchoring in language considering cognitive dominants of linguistic consciousness as certain templates for construing reality through language. In the context of the above processes, the author examines secondary phenomena of the linguistic worldview analysing the examples of lexical and grammatical units of the English language. The discussion is focused on the outcomes of word formation in lexis, secondary interjections, secondary predicative structures, composite sentences.

Determinative subordinate clause forming means in the Uzbek language

The article gives an idea of the determinative subordinate clause composite sentences to be studied in the current Uzbek language science, their types and the means of their formation. Even if the subordinate clause is in the form of an extract in the form of a sentence, the content will not be the exact copy of the sentence pronounced by the person. It can be seen that determination subordinate clause is also the dominant part of a joint sentence, although it is the owner of the root structure of a joint sentence, but it cannot be completed according to its content and syntactic form. Composite sentences the most subtle, unobstructed aspects of the eye teacher thirty years ago G. Abdurahmonov mentioned in his works. But science is always in development, therefore, in linguistics there are always areas that either need to be considered new, or are closely related to the general development of world languages.

Wacana Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter dalam Buku Teks Sejarah Indonesia

Textbooks are one of the sources used in history learning in class and have an important meaning in Strengthening Character Education (PPK). Although there are doubts about the extent to which the integration of the value of PPK in writing Indonesian History textbooks is because the textbooks were born earlier than PPK. This study aims to describe the PPK discourse in the Indonesian History textbook 2013 Curriculum of Senior High Schools (SMA). The research approach used is a qualitative type of critical discourse analysis model Roger Fowler et al. The main data source is in the revised edition of the High School Indonesia History textbook 2013. The research data was collected by means of documentation. While the data are analyzed with two levels, namely the micro-level which takes into account the composition of words and sentences in the text, and the macro-level that links with the history books and the value of character education. Data checking is carried out holistically, historically situated, and theoretically by observing PPK in Indonesian History textbooks. The results of this study present nationalism as the theme of character values ​​that most often appears in Indonesian History textbooks, followed by values ​​of independence, religion, integrity, and mutual cooperation. The discourse of nationalism is very dominant in almost every textbook, especially narratives about the spirit of nationalism in the process of nation and state formation.

ТИПЫ БЕССОЮЗНЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ В ИНГУШСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article considers various types of unionless sentences, the parts of which can cumulate markers of different types testifying the interaction of nucleus predications in the composition of complex unionless sentences. The function of structural components of complex constructural parts, together with the intonation, determines the meaning of comparisons, contradictions, explanations, affiliations, consessions and etc., providing the cohesion of complex constructural parts in hypotactic and paratactic text