Composition Of Cu Research Articles

Improved electrochemical property of copper nitrate hydrate by multi-wall carbon nanotube

By using multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), a well-dispersed composite of Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT (2.5<x<3.0) is prepared by a simple solution route. Morphology and structure observations show that Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT is composed of Cu(NO3)2·xH2O particles with particle size of 50–400nm embedded in the three-dimensional conductive network of MWCNT. The existence of MWCNT not only inhibits the agglomeration of primary Cu(NO3)2·xH2O blocks into bigger secondary particles but also improves the electronic conductivity of Cu(NO3)2·xH2O. As a result, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT reveals a stable and conductive structure for lithium storage. Charge/discharge results display that Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT delivers a lower initial discharge capacity of 2177.1 mAh g−1 at a current density of 50mAg−1 than that of pure Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (2383.2mAhg−1.). However, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT maintains a higher reversible lithium storage capacity of 980.2 mAh g−1 with a higher capacity retention of 83.6% after 30 cycles compared to pure Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (264.6 mAh g−1, 47.1%). Contributed to the introduction of MWCNT, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT also shows outstanding rate performance. It can provide the reversible lithium storage capacities of 943.4, 813.5, 702.9 and 642.0mAhg−1 at 100, 150, 200 and 250mAg−1, respectively. Therefore, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O/MWCNT may be a promising lithium storage material.

Surface modification of CIGS film by annealing and its effect on the band structure and photovoltaic properties of CIGS solar cells

The composition of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films employed in CIGS solar cells is Cu deficient. There can be point defects, including Cu vacancies, Se vacancies, and metal anti-site defects. The surface composition and defects are not well controlled right after CIGS film fabrication with a three-stage co-evaporation process. This fabrication technique can result in a large variation in cell efficiency. In order to control the CIGS film in a reproducible way, we annealed the CIGS film in air, S, or Se. With this annealing procedure, the Cu content of the CIGS surface was significantly reduced and Ga content was strongly increased. An intrinsic CIGS layer with a lower valence-band maximum and a wider ban gap was formed at the surface. By annealing the CIGS film, the open-circuit voltage and fill factor were significantly improved, which indicates that the surface intrinsic layer acts as a hole-blocking layer so that the surface recombination rate is suppressed. In addition to CIGS film annealing, with subsequent annealing of the completed devices using rapid thermal annealing, the efficiency and reproducibility of CIGS solar cells were markedly improved.

Metal hydroxides as a conversion electrode for lithium-ion batteries: a case study with a Cu(OH)2nanoflower array

Conversion electrodes, the materials of choice for the next generation lithium-ion battery (LIB), are mainly limited to metal oxides. In this work, we have investigated the electrochemical performance of chemically synthesized Cu(OH)2 nanoflower arrays. A 50 : 50 composite of Cu(OH)2 and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) showed a reversible capacity of 522 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.1 mA cm−2 with 95% retention of capacity after 50 cycles. The results demonstrate that it can be a competitive choice over the corresponding oxides as an anode for LIB.

Solution Processed Cu2CoSnS4 Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications

Earth abundant alternative chalcopyrite Cu2CoSnS4 (CCTS) thin films were deposited by a facile sol–gel process onto larger substrates. Temperature dependence of the process control of deposition and desired phase formations was studied in detail. Films were analyzed for complete transformation from amorphous to polycrystalline, with textured structures for stannite phase, as reflected from the X-ray diffraction and with nearly stoichiometric compositions of Cu:Co:Sn:S = 2:0:1:0:1:0:4:0 from EDAX analysis. Morphological investigations revealed that the CCTS films with larger grains, on the order of its thickness, were synthesized at higher temperature of 500 °C. The optimal band gap for application in photovoltaics was estimated to be 1.4 eV. Devices with SLG/CCTS/Al geometry were fabricated for real time demonstration of photoconductivity under A.M 1.5 G solar and 1064 nm infrared laser illuminations. A photodetector showed one order current amplification from ∼1.9 × 10–6 A in the dark to 2.2 × 10–5 A and...

Multilayer thick-film structures based on spinel ceramics

Temperature-sensitive thick films based on spinel-type semiconducting ceramics of different chemical composition Cu0.1Ni0.1Co1.6Mn1.2O4 (with p+-types of electrical conductivity), Cu0.1Ni0.8Co0.2Mn1.9O4 (with p-types of electrical conductivity), and their multilayers of p+-p and p-p+-p structures were fabricated and studied. These thick-film elements possess good electrophysical characteristics before and after long-term ageing test at 170 °C. It is shown that degradation processes connected with diffusion of metallic Ag into grain boundaries occur in one-layer p- and p+-conductive thick films. The p+-p structures were of high stability, the relative electrical drift being no more than 1%. Positron trapping processes in so-called “free” thick-film structures based on spinel-type Cu0.1Ni0.8Co0.2Mn1.9O4 ceramics are studied. It is shown that two-state positron trapping model is appropriate for an adequate description of changes caused by additional glass phase in these materials. The observed behaviour of defect-related component in the fit of the experimentally measured positron lifetime spectra for thick films in comparison with bulk ceramics testifies in favour of agglomeration of free volume entities during technological process.

A Cu–Pd–V System Filler Alloy for Silicon Nitride Ceramic Joining and the Interfacial Reactions

A Cu–Pd–V brazing alloy with the composition of Cu–(38.0~42.0)Pd–(7.0~10.0)V (in wt.%) was designed as a filler for joining Si3N4. Its wettability on Si3N4 ceramic was measured with the sessile drop method. It was shown that the Cu–Pd–V alloy gave a contact angle of 71° at 1473 K. The filler alloy was fabricated into foils with a thickness of 0.15 mm. The Si3N4–Si3N4 joints brazed at 1443 K for 10 min exhibit average three‐point bend strength of 263 MPa at room temperature, and the joint strengths at 973 K and 1073 K are 277 MPa and 218 MPa, respectively. The analysis results of SEM, XRD, and TEM for the brazed joint indicate the presence of V2N at the surface of the Si3N4. The increase of the thickness of V2N reaction layer obeyed parabolic law, and the parabolic rate constant (k) can be described as k = 2.8739 × 10−9 exp(−162989.4/RT) m2/s. Pd2Si and Cu3Pd compounds as well as (Cu, Pd) solid solution were detected in the central part of the joints. The presence of (Cu, Pd) phases and especially refractory Pd2Si compounds within the joints should contribute to the stable high‐temperature property. The interfacial reaction mechanisms were discussed.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, electrochemistry and biological evaluation of some metal (II) complexes with ONO donor ligand containing benzo[b]thiophene and coumarin moieties

Schiff base ligand 3-chloro-N′-((7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-8-yl)methylene)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbohydrazide and its Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes were synthesized, characterized by elemental analysis and various physico-chemical techniques like, IR, 1H NMR, ESI-mass, UV–Visible, thermogravimetry – differential thermal analysis, magnetic measurements and molar conductance. Spectral analysis indicates octahedral geometry for all the complexes. Cu(II) complex have 1:1 stoichiometry of the type [M(L)(Cl)(H2O)2], whereas Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes have 1:2 stoichiometric ratio of the type [M(L)2]. The bonding sites are the oxygen atom of amide carbonyl, nitrogen of azomethine function and phenolic oxygen of the Schiff base ligand via deprotonation. The thermogravimetry – differential thermal analysis studies gave evidence for the presence of coordinated water molecules in the composition of Cu(II) complex which was further supported by IR measurements. All the complexes were investigated for their electrochemical activity, but only the Cu(II) complex showed the redox property. In order to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial potency of metal ions upon chelation, ligand and its metal complexes along with their respective metal chlorides were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The results showed that the metal complexes were found to be more active than free ligand. Ligand and its complexes were screened for free radical scavenging activity by DPPH method and DNA cleavage activity using Calf-thymus DNA (Cat. No-105850).

Age and composition of Cu–Au related rocks from the lower Yangtze River belt: Constraints on paleo-Pacific slab roll-back beneath eastern China

Abstract Cu–Au mineralization in the Yangtze River belt is closely related to the formation of adakitic rocks. The origin of these rocks is still controversially discussed. In this study, we report zircon U–Pb ages, major-trace element and Pb–Sr–Nd isotopes of Cu–Au related adakitic rocks from the Anqing and Tongling areas of the lower Yangtze River belt (LYRB). Geochemically, the rocks show similarities to adakites derived from slab melting. Statistical evaluation of existing zircon U–Pb data from the LYRB reveals a protracted magmatic activity from 148 Ma to 106 Ma with peak activity at ~ 139 Ma. Cu–Au related magmatism tends to decrease in age from the southwest (Gan-Hang belt) to the northeast (LYRB). This trend was probably imposed by a roll-back process of the paleo-Pacific plate. The Cu–Au related adakitic rocks in the Gan-Hang belt and the middle and lower Yangtze River belt show systematic variation in geochemical and Pb–Sr–Nd isotopic compositions, pointing to a change in magma composition with time. The rocks have features in common with Cenozoic slab-derived adakites, but have experienced different extents of melt peridotite interaction and complex crustal assimilation processes. AFC modeling shows that input of crustal material increased with time. Combined with the decrease of estimated copper reserves, it is concluded that this records a diminishing influence of slab-derived components during the course of the paleo-Pacific subduction process.

Influence of copper concentration in solutions on the growth mechanism and performance of electrodeposited Cu(In,Al)Se2 solar cells

We conducted a chronoamperometric study to observe the electrochemical behaviors of the nucleation mechanism of electrodeposited Cu(In,Al)Se2 films. A change from instantaneous nucleation to progressive nucleation was observed by increasing the copper concentration. SEM and EDS analyses demonstrated that the surface morphologies and chemical compositions of precursor and post-annealed Cu(In,Al)Se2 films were influenced by the nucleation mechanism. They exhibited that Cu(In,Al)Se2 films had roughly cauliflower-like and triangular structures with Cu-poor composition at the instantaneous nucleation mechanism, whereas smooth and round structures with Cu-rich composition at the progressive nucleation mechanism. Additionally, the quality, growth orientation, composition phase, and optical energy band gap of Cu(In,Al)Se2 films were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, Raman spectra, and (αhν)2 vs. hν plots (UV–vis). Thereafter, the performances of rudimentary Cu(In,Al)Se2 solar cells fabricated at various copper concentrations were discussed, the conversion efficiency of electrodeposited Cu(In,Al)Se2 solar cells were unpublished in previous literatures. Our studies demonstrated that the performances of Cu(In,Al)Se2 solar cells were significantly related to the surface morphology and composition of Cu(In,Al)Se2 absorber layer. The highest conversion efficiency of Cu(In,Al)Se2 solar cells fabricated at a 2-mM copper concentration was 1.96% with open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, Rsh and Rs values of 0.189V, 29.21mA/cm2, 35.4%, 125Ω and 2.82Ω, respectively.

Growth and characterizations of dual ion beam sputtered CIGS thin films for photovoltaic applications

The growth of CIGS thin films on soda-lime glass substrates at different substrate temperatures by dual ion beam sputtering system in a single-step route from a single quaternary sputtering target with the composition of Cu (In0.70 Ga0.30) Se2 was reported. The effects of the substrate temperature on structural, optical, morphological and electrical properties of CIGS films were investigated. Stoichiometry of one such film was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. All CIGS films had demonstrated a strong (112) orientation located at 2θ ~26.70o, which indicated the chalcopyrite structure of films. The value of full-width at half-maximum of (112) peak was reduced from 0.58° to 0.19° and crystallite size was enlarged from 14.98 to 43.05 nm as growth temperature was increased from 100 to 400 °C. However, atomic force microscope results showed a smooth and uniform surface at lower growth temperature and the surface roughness was observed to increase with increasing growth temperature. Hall measurements exhibited the minimum film resistivity of 0.09 Ω cm with a hole concentration of 2.42 × 1018 cm−3 and mobility of 28.60 cm2 V−1 s−1 for CIGS film grown at 100 °C. Film absorption coefficient was found to enhance nominally from 1 × 105 to 2.3 × 105 cm−1 with increasing growth temperature from 100 to 400 °C.

Effect of Al content on the performance of Cu(In1−x Al x )S2 synthesized by hydrothermal solution processing

Al doped CuInS2 (CIS) material was prepared by a low cost and non vacuum wet chemical process. The effect of aluminum concentrations on the crystal structure, morphology, percentage composition, and band gap of Cu(In1−xAlx)S2 were investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the size of crystal grains decreased with the increase of Al concentrations. Scanning electron microscope presents the size of particles is gradually become smaller with Al concentrations increase. The reason for these phenomenons is Al concentrations cause the solution to a colloidal state. Binding between ions and grains growing together gradually become harder in a colloidal solution. In situ XRD tests show that CIS perform exceptional thermal stability below 798 K but decomposed to Cu2S and In2S3 at the temperature higher than 798 K. Results of energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) show the nearly stoichiometry composition of Cu(In1−xAlx)S2 which matched well with the ratio of the precursor solution. The transmission spectra show that spectral transmittance decrease with decreasing contents of Al. The band gap of Cu(In1−xAlx)S2 is continuously tuned in a range of 1.56–1.92 eV as Al/(Al + In) content ratio varied from 0 to 0.3. Finally, the mechanism of Al concentration on the properties of Cu(In1−xAlx)S2 was discussed briefly.

Synthesis and electrochemical characterization on dual-doped LiCoO2 via green chemistry method for lithium rechargeable batteries

LiCoO2 and LiCuxAlyCo1−x−y O2 (x = 0.05–0.15; y = 0.05–0.15) powders have been synthesized by sol–gel method using malic acid as chelating agent to obtain sub-micron sized particles. The synthesized samples have been subjected to spectral studies viz., differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and electrochemical characterization. XRD peak reflections of LiCoO2 and LiCuxAlyCo1−x−y O2 exhibit high degree of crystallinity with better phase purity. SEM images of LiCoO2 exhibit an ice cube surface morphology with grains size of 1.5 μm. Doped lithium cobalt oxide shows surface morphology of uniform particle size 2 μm. EDAX peaks confirm the actual composition of Cu, Al, Co and O in LiCoO2 and LiCu x Al y Co1−x−y O2. Charge–discharge studies of undoped LiCoO2 synthesized by sol–gel method deliver maximum an initial discharge capacity of 127 mA h g−1 which corresponds to columbic efficiency of 65 % during the first cycle with capacity fade of 0.13 mA h g−1 cycle−1 over the investigated 10 cycles. Cu and Al doping LiCoO2 exhibit the capacity fade of 0.06, 0.16, 0.14, 0.13 and 01.3 mA h g−1 cycle−1 over the investigated 10 cycles corresponding to columbic efficiency of 74, 75, 73, 73 and 71 with capacity fade of 2, 3, 2, 2, and 2 mA h g−1 cycle−1 at the 10th cycles for Cu: Al doping of 0.1:0.1, 0.13:0.07, 0.07:0.13, 0.15:0.05, and 0.05:0.15 respectively.

Influence of addition of carbon nanotubes on structure–properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloys

The influence of the addition of 0·2 wt-% carbon nanotubes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu based shape memory alloy with a composition of Cu–11·5 wt-%Al–4·5 wt-%Ni were investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and a universal testing machine. The experimental results show that the carbon nanotubes’ (CNTs’) addition has an effective influence on the martensite–austenite transformation temperatures, type, behaviour and morphology. Furthermore, the addition of CNTs can control the grain size and thus the tensile strength, elongation, fracture stress–strain, yield strength and shape memory effect can be enhanced. Remarkably, the shape recovery ratio reached ∼68% of the original shape; this can be attributed to the precipitation and formation of the CNTs into the microstructure, effectively on the grain boundaries, which can help to reduce/relief the concentration of internal stress.

Electrical properties and initial permeability of Cu–Mg ferrites

A series of polycrystalline spinel ferrites with composition Cu1−xMgxFe2O4 where 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1 are prepared by the standard ceramic method. The single-phase cubic spinel structure of all the samples has been confirmed from X-ray diffraction analysis. The lattice constant increases linearly with increasing magnesium content obeying Vegard's law. The electrical properties (ɛ′, and σ) of the prepared samples are measured at different temperatures as a function of applied frequency ranging from 100 kHz up to 5 MHz. The general trend of ɛ′, and σ is decreased with increasing Mg2+ and increases with increasing temperature. The observed variation of dielectric properties is explained on the basis of Cu2+/Cu1+ ionic concentration as well as the electronic hopping frequency between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in the present samples. The data of initial permeability is also discussed.

Process limitation for p-type CuSbS2 semiconductor with high electrical mobility of 20 cm2 V−1 s−1

CuSbS2 bulks have been prepared by reactive sintering the mixture of CuS and Sb2S3 at 350, 375, 400, 450, and 500°C for 2h and at the sintering temperature of 400°C for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3h under a compensation disc of CuS for atmospheric control. Composition, Structure, morphology, and electrical properties of the sintered bulks were analyzed. The compositions of Cu, Sb and S did not change until the temperature reached at and above 450°C. The highest electrical conductivity of 15Scm−1 and the highest mobility of 20cm2V−1s−1 were achieved for CuSbS2 sintered at 400°C for 2h. 5% deviations in the Cu/Sb and S/(Cu+Sb) rations caused a serious problem in the degradation of electrical properties, though the CuSbS2 remained as a single phase. Therefore, CuSbS2 is the semiconductor needs to have a controlled composition.

Neutron Diffraction Measurements on Dissimilar Metal Weld of Cu-Al Obtained by Friction Stir Welding Method

Dissimilar metal weld (DMW) of Cu and Al alloy, namely DMW CuAl, was produced using Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique. Characterization was performed at retreating and advancing side by neutron diffraction method. It is obtained that the weight percent composition of Cu and Al are dynamically change, depend on weld zone and welding direction. In SZ Cu element 55,18%, and it is majority component in the retreating side and it decreases gradually from the retreating side to the advancing side. The weight percent composition of Cu in the retreating side at HAZ and TMAZ are 99.25 %, and 61.25%, respectively, and in the advancing side are 0.35% and 38.75 %, respectively. Cu Bragg peaks of (111), (200) and (220) show that peak width ratio of BMZ / SZ is approximately 13%. This indicates a change in crystallite size that affects the behavior of plastic deformation in the welded material.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, electrochemistry and biological activity evaluation of some metal (II) complexes with ONO donor ligands containing indole and coumarin moieties

Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes of ligands 5-substituted-N′-((7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-8-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-1H-indole-2-carbohydrazides were synthesized, characterized by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic techniques like, IR, 1H NMR, ESI-mass, UV–Visible, thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis, magnetic measurements, molar conductance and powder-XRD data. Spectral analysis indicates octahedral geometry for all the complexes. Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of both the ligands have 1:1 stoichiometry of the type [M(L)(Cl)(H2O)2], whereas Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of both the ligands have 1:2 stoichiometric ratio of the type [M(L)2]. The bonding sites are the oxygen atom of amide carbonyl, nitrogen of azomethine function and phenolic oxygen for the Schiff base ligands. The thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis studies gave evidence for the presence of coordinated water molecules in the composition of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of both the ligands, which were further supported by IR measurements. All the complexes were investigated for their electrochemical activity, but only the Cu(II) complexes showed the redox property. In order to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial potency of metal ions upon chelation, ligands and their metal complexes along with their respective metal chlorides were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The results showed that the metal complexes were found to be more active than free ligands. Ligand 1 and its complexes were screened for free radical scavenging activity by the DPPH method and DNA cleavage activity using supercoiled plasmid DNA.

Interfacial reactions and joining characteristics of a Cu–Pd–V system filler alloy with Cf/SiC composite

A novel composition of Cu–Pd–V filler alloy was designed for the joining of Cf/SiC composite. The filler alloy was fabricated into brazing foils with a thickness of 0.15mm by a rolling process. The alloy′s wettability on the Cf/SiC composite was studied with the sessile drop method. After heating at 1473K for 10min the Cu–Pd–V filler alloy showed a low contact angle of 6° on the composite. A VC0.75 reaction band was formed at the surface of the Cf/SiC composite under the brazing condition of 1443K /10min, and the microstructure in the central part of the joint was composed of (Cu, Pd) solid solution and eutectic-like phase of Pd2Si+Cu3Pd. The interfacial reaction mechanism is discussed. The room-temperature three-point bend strength of Cf/SiC–Cf/SiC joints brazed with Cu–Pd–V filler alloy at 1443K for 10min is 128MPa, and the joint strengths at temperatures of 873–1073K are even higher than the room-temperature strength. The presence of refractory Pd2Si compounds within the joints should contribute to the stable high-temperature joint strengths.

The influence of menstrual blood loss and age on the isotopic composition of Cu, Fe and Zn in human whole blood

Since there is a significant difference in the isotopic composition of Cu and Fe in whole blood between men and women, it was hypothesized that menstruation and the associated Cu and Fe loss affect the isotopic composition of these metabolically relevant transition metals. To assess this hypothesis, whole blood from two groups of non-menstruating women was analyzed for its Cu, Fe and Zn isotopic composition using multi-collector ICP-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) and the results were compared to the values for a male and a female reference population. The first group of non-menstruating women consisted of women in their menopause, while the second group consisted of women that were not menstruating because of an intra-uterine device (IUD). Also the effect of age on the isotopic composition of Cu, Fe and Zn in whole blood was investigated. The Cu and Fe isotopic composition of whole blood indeed seems to be influenced by menstruation. Non-menstruating women show an isotopic signature indistinguishable from that of the male reference population. The results for both groups of non-menstruating women do not differ significantly from one another and there does not seem to be an “age effect” for these two elements. Also for the isotopic composition of Zn in whole blood, no age effect could be demonstrated. No influence of menstruation was found either. However, a significant difference in the Zn isotopic composition was found between women in their menopause and women with an IUD. Possibly, this can be explained by a hormonal effect on the isotopic signature of Zn.

Copper and antimony isotopic analysis via multi-collector ICP-mass spectrometry for provenancing ancient glass

Variations in the isotopic composition of Cu and Sb as determined using multi-collector ICP-mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) have been investigated as a proxy for provenancing ancient glass. Cu and Sb were added during the manufacturing of ancient (pre-Roman and Roman) glass to obtain colour and opacity. In previous work, the analytical methodology for sample digestion and isolation of Sb preceding isotopic analysis via multi-collector ICP-MS was developed. Although applications of Cu isotopic analysis can be found in the literature, this approach has not been used for provenancing glass raw materials yet. Therefore, the protocols for digestion and Cu isolation were optimized and validated, relying on the use of both an in-house multi-elemental standard and NIST SRM 610 glass reference material. The methods for Sb and Cu isotopic analysis were subsequently applied to a series of late Bronze Age Mesopotamian–Egyptian to Hellenistic–Roman glasses. Results obtained show that the isotopic composition of Cu, expressed as δ65Cu, varies from −1.9 to −0.2‰, thus covering a range of approximately 2‰. Unfortunately, the use of Cu isotope ratios to characterize raw materials used in glass manufacturing is complicated by the fact that Cu ores from within a single deposit can exhibit a similar range in δ65Cu values, certainly for co-existing Cu sulfides and oxides. Sb in stibnite ore, on the other hand, only shows a variance in isotopic composition of ∼10 e units (or 0.1‰), but Sb isotopic analysis offers more potential to pinpoint the location of an antimony source used in antiquity.