Complex Verb Research Articles

How Complex Verbs Acquire Their Idiosyncratic Meanings.

Complex verbs with the same preverb/prefix/particle that is both linguistically productive and analyzable can be compositional as well as non-compositional in meaning. For example, the English on has compositional spatial uses (put a hat on) but also a non-spatial "continuative" use, where its semantic contribution is consistent with multiple verbs (we played / worked / talked on despite the interruption). Comparable examples can be given with German preverbs or Russian prefixes, which are the main data analyzed in the present paper. The preverbs/prefixes/particles that encode non-compositional, construction-specific senses have been extensively studied; however, it is still far from clear how their semantic idiosyncrasies arise. Even when one can identify the contribution of the base, it is counterintuitive to assign the remaining sememes to the preverb/prefix/particle part. Therefore, on one hand, there seems to be an element without meaning, and on the other, there is a word sense that apparently comes from nowhere. In this article, I suggest analyzing compositional and non-compositional complex verbs as instantiations of two different types of constructions: one with an open slot for the preverb/prefix/particle and a fixed base verb and another with a fixed preverb/prefix/particle and an open slot for the base verb. Both experimental and corpus evidence supporting this decision is provided for Russian data. I argue that each construction implies its own meaning-processing model and that the actual choice between the two can be predicted by taking into account the discrepancy in probabilities of transition from preverb/prefix/particle to base and from base to preverb/prefix/particle.

THE PROBLEM OF COMPLEX VERBS IN KAZAKH LINGUISTICS

In this research, the structure of the language system has been sufficiently investigated. In Kazakh linguistics, the verb as a part of speech in the structural aspect has been the object of many research works; grammatical features and lexical-semantic groups are determined. However, there are problems that have not been resolved about verbs. One of these problems concerns compound verbs. The article analyzes linguistic units that are called complex verbs in textbooks, monographs, academic grammars and belongs to different categories; explains the concept of "complex verb", its relationship with the concept of "compound word". Because the verbs in the Kazakh language, which are described as complex verbs, grammatically differ from the concepts of complex nouns, complex adjectives, complex numerals. The author analyzes the main approaches to the classification and formulation of conclusions regarding the definition of complex verbs in the Kazakh language and the differentiation of their types. As well as complex verbs, analytical forms of verbs, complex forms formed by the auxiliary verb edi, phrasal verbs, compound verbs are considered from such aspects as semantic, structural, morphological; their affiliation to language levels and grammatical features are indicated.

Partiklar i sørsamisk

The article presents the most central particles in Southern Sami, and argues that they constitute a separate part of speech different from adverbs. Most particles usually occur in the second position of the sentence, but several particles may also occur in second position in complex verb phrases, i.e. in third position in the sentence. A group of words have in previous research been treated as both proclitic and enclitic particles, it is argued here that these should be treated as adverbs.

Processing of complex morphosyntactic structures in French: ERP evidence from native speakers

This event-related brain potentials (ERP) study investigated the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the auditory processing of verbal complexity in French illustrated by the prescriptive present subjunctive mode. Using a violation paradigm, ERPs of 32 French native speakers were continuously recorded while they listened to 200 ecological French sentences selected from the INTEFRA oral corpus (2006). Participants performed an offline acceptability judgement task on each sentence, half of which contained a correct present subjunctive verbal agreement (reçoive) and the other half an incorrect present indicative one (peut). Critically, the present subjunctive mode was triggered either by verbs (Ma mère desire que j’apprenneMy mother wants me to learn) or by subordinating conjunctions (Pour qu’elle reçoiveSo that she receives). We found a delayed anterior negativity (AN) due to the length of the verbal forms and a P600 that were larger for incongruent than for congruent verbal agreement in the same time window. While the two effects were left lateralized for subordinating conjunctions, they were right lateralized for both structures with a larger effect for subordinating conjunctions than for verbs. Moreover, our data revealed that the AN/P600 pattern was larger in late position than in early ones. Taken together, these results suggest that morphosyntactic complexity conveyed by the French subjunctive involves at least two neurocognitive processes thought to support an initial morphosyntactic analysis (AN) and a syntactic revision and repair (posterior P600). These two processes may be modulated as a function of both the element (i.e., subordinating conjunction vs verb) that triggers the subjunctive mode and the moment at which this element is used while sentence processing.

ТАТААЛ ЭТИШТЕРДИН МЕЙКИНДИКТЕГИ БАГЫТЫН БИЛДИРҮҮЧҮ ЖАРДАМЧЫ ЭТИШТЕР

A compound verb consists of two or more components, which, when combined, acquire a new lexical meaning. Each of the components performs its own inherent function in the formation of a complex verb. The form of the second, auxiliary component is the main one and determines the various features of the implementation of the action denoted by the verb. It expresses the features of the time of the action, its direction in space, or the situation of the end of the action. The article deals with auxiliary components kel, ket, zhönö, and bar, expressing the direction of action in space and their place in the formation of compound verbs. Attention is drawn to the features of these components in the formation of complex verbs in the Kyrgyz language.

Assessment of verb and sentence processing deficits in stroke-induced aphasia: the Italian version of the Northwestern Assessment of Verbs and Sentences (NAVS-I)

ABSTRACT Background The Northwestern Assessment of Verbs and Sentences (NAVS) assesses verb and sentence production and comprehension in aphasia. Results from the original English version and from its adaptation to German have shown that the NAVS is able to capture effects of verb-argument structure (VAS) complexity (i.e., lower accuracy for two- and three-argument vs. one-argument verbs) and syntactic complexity (i.e., lower accuracy for non-canonical vs. canonical sentences) in both agrammatic participants and individuals with fluent forms of aphasia. The NAVS has been recently adapted to Italian (NAVS-I) and tested on a group of healthy participants, with results showing longer reaction times to complex vs. simple verbs and sentences. Aims The present study aimed to test the ability of NAVS-I to i) capture verb/sentence production and comprehension deficits in Italian-speaking individuals with agrammatism or with fluent aphasia, and ii) differentiate individuals with aphasia from healthy age-matched participants, with the overall goal to validate its use in clinical practice. Methods & Procedures Forty-four healthy participants and 28 individuals with aphasia (10 with agrammatic speech production) were administered the NAVS-I, which includes tasks assessing production and comprehension of verbs requiring one, two or three arguments, as well as production and comprehension of canonical and non-canonical sentences. Outcomes & Results On the Verb Naming Task (VNT), better production of one- (vs. two- and three-) argument verbs was found in the agrammatic group, whereas, verb production in the fluent group was solely predicted by word length and imageability. No effects of argument optionality (i.e., greater difficulty for optionally transitive verbs than for 1-argument verbs) were found. Sentence-level tasks found no differences between the agrammatic and the fluent group in production or comprehension of both canonical and non-canonical sentences; rather, sentence comprehension accuracy was predicted by demographic variables and by aphasia severity. At the individual level, performance on the NAVS-I was significantly different from that of healthy speakers in 26/28 patients. Conclusions Data show that the NAVS-I is able to capture effects of argument structure complexity in verb production, and effects of syntactic complexity in sentence production and comprehension. In addition, our results point to verb production as the task with greater capability to differentiate agrammatism from other (fluent) forms of aphasia. The study provides support for the use of the NAVS-I in the diagnosis of aphasia, as it is able to detect language deficits at the individual level, even in participants with mild (residual) forms of aphasia.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE AND ITS COMPOSITION

In this article we are talking about the types of phraseological units of the German language and its composition, the statements of famous linguists on this topic are given. The characteristics of stable verbal complexes of the language are given.

Stereotypic Formulas of Business Documents and Monuments of Common Language of Moscow Rus’ in 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> Centuries (Systematizing Approach)

The relevance of the article is determined by the insufficient study of stable verbal complexes in the language of the XVI—XVII centuries — the initial stage of the formation of the Russian national language. The novelty of the study can be seen in the systematization of a separate category of data stable units — formulas that function in texts of this period that differ in genre. The term stereotypic formulas is introduced, and its definition is offered. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive description of the material for further presentation in the historical differentiated phraseological dictionary. The classification of the analyzed stereotypical formulas is given according to various criteria: the degree of prevalence in business and everyday language texts of the period under study, in accordance with the form of the document, from the point of view of structure. Particular attention is paid to the linguistic and sociocultural aspect of the analyzed units consideration: the identification of their linguistic and cultural potential, historical and social conditioning in the considered period, the ability to act as a symbol, the need for decoding for modern speakers of the language. It is concluded that stereotyped formulas represent a systematic dictionary association of units of different degrees of stability and different structure. Problems that require solutions in the lexicographic description of stereotyped formulas are defined.

Grammatical categorization based on frequent frames in Persian child-directed speech

Previous research has revealed that distributional information obtained from child-directed speech could be informative for children when they are learning grammatical categories. Frequent frames are distributional units proposed by Mintz and explored by researchers in many languages with different typologies. This study investigated two parent–child corpora from the CHILDES database to determine frequent frames in Persian child-directed speech. To do so, a number of frequent frames in the two corpora and more specifically those which contained complex verbs were analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the accuracy of frequent frames in Persian (0.54) with some specific typological features is lower than that of English (0.91) at the word level due to the flexibility of the basic SOV order at the sentence level in Persian. It was also found that Persian frequent frames mostly included complex verbs. This evidence, along with the results of frames in categorizing words at this level, indicates that the accuracy of the frames is also affected by the fact that the subject position of verbs is mostly left vacant in Persian as a pro-drop language. That is why the non-finite forms of the verbs were taken into account when a verb was a part of the frames. The results also revealed that grammatical categories which mostly appeared in the context of frames were verbs, while the target words were nouns and adjectives.

MORPHOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY OF NOUN-FORMING SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH AT THE LEVEL OF WORD-FORMATION RULES

This paper studies the morphological productivity of noun-forming suffixes at the level of word-formation rules in a corpus comprised of news, literary, academic, and TV registers. The productivity at the aforementioned level is the union of the productivity at the level of word-formation types and morphological types, which implies showcasing the productivity rates of semantic and morphological interactions leading to conceptual categories. Presenting the productivity rates of these interactions is the main aim of the paper. After finding examples of complex nouns with various noun-forming suffixes, we then analyzed 1077 examples and categorized them into 6 different clusters (Action, Agent, State, Result, Instrument, and Object) using analytic, descriptive and statistical methods. The analysis of word-formation types shows that the highest productivity rates are achieved with word-formation types where the conceptual category of the stem was changed due to the semantic input the attached suffixes brought into the word structure, thus determining which clusters the formed nouns would fall into. The exceptions we found were [agent – agent] in Agent, [state – state] in State and [object – object] in Object where the interaction showed how conceptual categories of the stem were not changed but refined by the suffix. Morphological analysis shows the interaction of 37 different suffixes with simple or complex nouns, adjectives, and simple verbs. The only morphological type was stem + suffix, because we were primarily interested in the interaction of suffixes and stems and not in the analysis of the stem structure itself. The conclusions stemming from these analyses are the following: suffixes occur in one or multiple clusters, heavily influence the conceptual category of the stem, and can have the same or different meanings, confirming why they are effective mechanisms for inserting additional pieces of semantic information into the word structure, which was the initial hypothesis of the research.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0099/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Milton, Shakespeare, and the English Grammar of Possibility

ABSTRACT This article considers Milton’s art in relation to modality and the evolving grammar of possibility in Early Modern English. Specifically, it reads the surprisingly complex modal auxiliary verbs, may and its rival can, as keywords in poetic scenes of mental deliberation. A comparative analysis of Shakespearean drama sets the scene, demonstrating how the polysemy of may contributes not only to a psychology of potential action in Brutus’s deliberation over Caesar’s assassination but also to his political conceptions. In Milton’s Sonnet 8, by comparison, the ascendance of ability-can over may affirms the poet’s power and the potential reach of the English language. In the translated epigraph to Areopagitica, genuine liberty finds definition in the interplay of a distinctive English liberty-may with a meritocratic ability can-and-will. Can and will are again lead performers in the deliberative interrogation of divine agency in Paradise Regained, whereas the role of might is questioned in Milton’s tragic depiction of fallen agency in Samson Agonistes.

NAPOMENE O SINTAKSI BARANJSKOG PREPISA DUŠANOVOG ZAKONIKA

After analyzing the syntactic language in the Baranja transcription, it was discovered that adjectives and verbs generally matched the gender of the noun they were describing, even if the natural and grammatical genders differed. Plural nouns were usually matched with plural verbs, and singular verbs were used with multi-mem- ber subject expressions. The expected form of nouns was typically used with the basic numbers two, three, and four, while the genitive plural form was used with numbers greater than five and with the noun thousand. However, the construction of the base number twelve deviated from the expected form and used the genitive plural instead of the dual form, under the influence of the Serbian vernacular. The Baranja transcription does not differ from other medieval monuments in terms of word order in noun phras- es: the noun phrase generally followed the attribute, although the number of examples in which it follows the noun phrase is not negligible. Also, there were instances where the noun was placed between two attributes. Cases in which the accusative pronominal enclitic precedes the enclitic form of the verb Esmq are also registered in the corpus, which testify to an older word order. Depersonalization, as one of the main character- istics of the style of business law and legal documents, is achieved through the frequent use of passive constructions, primarily reflexive ones. Numerous reflexive passive con- structions and sporadic participial passive constructions contributed to emphasizing the general validity of the legal provisions presented in Dušan’s Code. The tendency to- wards nominalization is reflected in the use of decomposed predicates, built according to different structural models with the copulative verb bQti and semi-copulative verbs dati, imati, ou;initi, etc. Attested examples of decomposed predicates are mostly used in the Baranja transcription of Dušan’s Code in parallel with one-word verb expressions (e.g. biti svade and svaditi se; ou;initi gMsM and gMsiti). The Baranja transcription of Dušan’s Code is rich in examples of the use of participles. The present active participle generally has a determinative role, although there are recorded examples in which it appears in the function of a gerund. The role of an attribute could be taken by the parti- ciple of the present passive. Forms of the preterite active participle most often have the meaning of situational determination. In addition to several examples of the use of this participle in the function of the gerund, there are also isolated examples of its substan- tivization and use in the function of the conjunction. The preterite passive participles were not only found in passive constructions but also as attributes and substantives. The use of the perfect participle was limited to the construction of complex verb tenses and modes. The abundance of examples of sentences with the optative periphrasis da + present, characteristic of the Serbian vernacular, indicates that in the Baranja tran- scription, this was the main way of expressing directivity; at the same time, it should be emphasized that the connection between the particle da and the form of the present tense of the third person singular, dual or plural was most often direct and that confir- mations of interpolation of sentence members are not numerous (except when dealing with enclitic forms of pronouns).

A ALTERNÂNCIA DE VERBOS COM ARGUMENTO MOTIVADOR NO PB: UM TIPO DE FATORAÇÃO DE ARGUMENTO

ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyze a type of alternation that allows to express the complex constituent, which is originally in the object position, in two different syntactic positions, such as in the sentences: os alunos admiram o brilhantismo do professor [students admire the teacher’s brilliance]/os alunos admiram o professor pelo brilhantismo [students admire the teacher for his brilliance]. For the analysis of this phenomenon, we used the proposal of thematic papers as a cluster of discrete semantic properties of Cançado (2005) and Cançado and Amaral (2016)). We propose that the analyzed alternation results from the factoring of the complex verb argument, being determined by semantic restrictions of nominal and verbal level. At the first level, the complex arguments which can be factored must denote a possession relationship, as in the phrase o brilhantismo do professor [the brilliance of the teacher] or the relationship between an eventive name and its agent, such as the nominal phrase a excelente atuação do artista [the excellent performance of the artist] in the alternation o público aplaudiu a excelente atuação do artista [the audience applauded the excellent performance of the artist]/o público aplaudiu o artista por sua excelente atuação [the audience applauded the artist for his excellent performance]. At the verbal level, the verbs that perform this alternation can be grouped into a coarse-grained class (LEVIN, 2010), as they all attribute the semantic properties estativo [estative], objeto de referência [reference object] and objeto motivador [motivating object] to their complex argument, which can be factored. Finally, we propose that the alternation is motivated by pragmatic factors related to the informational structure of the analyzed statements.

Verbal system of the Priluzje dialect in Vucitrn

The paper analyzes the use of verb forms in the speech of the village of Priluzje near Vucitrn. The inventory of syntactic units and their syntactico-semantic conditions of use is determined, as well as the stylistic effects that individual units achieve on the functional level. It has been shown that the Priluzje dialect has a relatively preserved and stable system of verb forms. Present and future tense have a stable position in the system of this dialect, while the future II tense has become obsolete. In addition to its primary function of indicating actions that belong to the present, the present tense is also used in its secondary function to denote past and future actions. Future I is used exclusively to indicate future actions, and there are no confirmations of its temporal transposition. The system of past tenses consists of the perfect tense, which belongs to a group of high-frequency units, and aorist and past perfect, which are comparatively more rarely used. There is no evidence of the use of imperfect in the recorded data, which implies that this verb form has been eliminated in this part of the Serbian ethnolinguistic territory. Modal verb forms - imperative and potential - are frequent in this idiom and are used as temporally transposed units in addition to their primary modal function. Past repeated actions can also be marked with narrative potential and imperative (in this function, their synonym is narrative present), while past individual actions are expressed exclusively by narrative imperative. The present participle is noted in some examples, while there is no past participle in this dialect. The active participle is used in the composition of complex verb forms, and its position in the system is stable, while the passive participle has a lower frequency.

IL PERCORSO EVOLUTIVO DEI TEMPI COMPOSTI CON L’AUSILIARE „AVERE“ NEI TESTI ITALIANI DEL XIII E DEL XIV SECOLO

Complex changes actualized during the linguistic transformation of Vulgar Latin into modern Italian are often explained in terms of replacement of the synthetic structure of the former by the analytic form of the latter. Although defining any linguistic system as entirely analytic or synthetic could easily be deemed an oversimplification, it is reasonable to claim that the introduction of analytic structures into a system that had previously been void of them possesses the power to significantly modify the parameters of its morphosyntactic functioning. The genesis of innovative forms of Italian complex verb tenses has substantially transformed the primary aspects of phenomena such as word order and organization of clause constituents. This research aims to analyze the examples of complex tenses present in prose texts dating from the earliest developmental phase of the Italian system, in order to illustrate how the grammaticalization process which resulted in analytic verbal tenses influenced a wide array of changes in the Italian language system.

Фразеологические единицы с названиями времен суток и их производными как реализация номинативно-деривационного потенциала исходных слов

The study is based on the material of phraseological units, which include the words utro [morning], den’ [day], vecher [evening], noch’ [night] and their derivatives s utra poran’she, sred’ belogo dnya, dnevat’ i nochevat’, etc., a total of about a thousand units. Dictionaries of literary, dialect, slang types of language served as sources for it. The analysis showed the activity of this group of chronolexis in phrase production from the beginning of the written period (velikaya noshch’, dnevno i noshchno), their transformations with time: Varfolomeya noshch’ (18th century) > Varfolomeevskaya noch’. The formation of compound names can be presented as a result of (1) compounding of lexical means, with the development of additional figurative semantics in them (nochnoy + medveditsa = nochnaya medveditsa [butterfly] or without it (utrenniy + zvezda = utrennyaya zvezda [morning star]), (2) expansion of one-word names into compound ones with the same conceptual volume: devichnik > devich vecher, etc. Higher rates in the implementation of their phraseological and derivational potential are shown by the polysemantic items den’ and vecher. In the primary meaning, noch’ is more active in derivation as a dark, passive period, which marks deviations from the standards of light time in actions, behavior, important characteristics of everything that exists (nochnaya krasota, belye nochi, nochnye volki). Words with the root utr- are the least frequent. The general ratio of phraseological family data can be expressed approximately as 50 (den’) : 25 (vecher) : 20 (noch’) : 5 (utro). The maximum realization of the derivational potential of these words is observed in the dialect and slang types of the language, mainly due to them the latest phraseological units are developing: nachalos’ v kolhoze utro, spokoynoy nochi (political studies in the army). The similarity of the initial semantics of words in families also led to the presence of typical non-single-word formations in them: v utro / den’ / vecher / noch’, of which most often in the phraseological family utro they have corresponding lacunae: den’ dnevat’ / noch’ nochevat’/ vecher vecheryat’, etc. Consistently the same type of stable verbal complexes form antonymous names of parts of the day: zarnitsa vechyoroshnaya / utreshnyaya, den’ v den’ / noch’ v noch’, v dyonnuyu / nóchnuyu, etc. According to the type of grammatical meaning, phraseologisms are represented by groups, the most frequent of which is adverbial (po utryaku, nochnym bytom, v moroshnyj den’ ne pereschitat’), then substantive (vechernyaya shkola, sorok dney), interjective (dobroe utro), verbal (karaulit’ noch’), adjective (noch’yu rodilsya, vidavshiy luchshie dni), verbal-predicative (dni sochteny, v glazah noch’ noch’yu). They are divided into three nominative spheres; the most developed of them is temporal, which is due to the semantics of words in the family. Phraseologisms are represented by different structures, mainly in the form of coordinate and subordinate phrases. Among them, a large number of tautological constructions are noted: dnyamdnyam, vecher vecherushchey, noch’-v-polnoch’. Such phrases reinforce the meaning of the expressed concepts (den’-den’skoy, vecher vecherovat’), and may also indicate the development of semantics in the words used: utriy / utrenniy den’ [future, tomorrow], vechernie noshchi [shadows]. Fixing new meanings in the usage of the analyzed words contributes to the development of their nominative-derivational potential.

LEXICOGRAPHY OF VERB STABLE PHRASES IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

The article deals with the problems of distinction, types, recognition by composition in Kazakh linguistics of verbal combinations of two or three words. The paper reviewed the issues of the linguistic nature, word formation and grammatical nature of compound verb expressions. There are many opinions on the problem of the compound verb and the principles of their classification. The semantic features of complex verbal expressions are revealed. In this paper, we approach the concept of a complex verb by the criterion of composition and semantic integrity. For lexicography of complex verbal expressions, examples from a 15-volume explanatory dictionary of the Kazakh language, a phraseological dictionary and a text corpus of the Kazakh language were considered.In complex verb and analytical forms, verbs and compound verbs, as well as verb stable phrases, have semantic integrity, i.e. several syllables are connected and denote only one action, designating them as complex compound verb phrases. As with the lexicography of complex verbs, the principles of lexicography of analytical verbs and verb stable expressions are determined. Below are examples that explain the meaning of complex verb phrases (complex verb and verb of analytical form) and reveal semantic features.

Turkish Causatives Are Recursive: A Response to Key 2013

It is claimed in Key 2013 that Turkish, despite allowing multiple causative morphemes on a single complex verb, does not in fact allow causative recursion, where one causing event is embedded by another causing event. This squib argues against Key’s conclusion, using evidence from eventhood diagnostics to show that “double” causatives in Turkish encode two distinct, syntactically represented causing events in addition to the caused event. Thus, Turkish causatives are indeed recursive. This finding supports approaches to productive affixal causatives that allow recursive embedding of the same category over approaches that rely on a fixed functional hierarchy.

Diminutive Noun Class in Bantu Languages: Is Kiswahili Deviant?

Noun class prefixes ki-/vi- and ka-/tu- found in Bantu diminutives are widespread despite claims that these affixes are missing in Kiswahili. This study was qualitative, employing data from Kiswahili native speakers, selected literary works of art written in Kiswahili by Kiswahili speakers, and Kiswahili chat messages from WhatsApp forums of Kiswahili speakers. The study reveals that Kiswahili speakers use ka- and tu- affixes in addition to ki-/vi- to form diminutives. These affixes may attach to noun stems as in ka-toto/tu-toto ‘tiny child/tiny children’; or may attach to prefixed stems as pre-prefixes as in ki-m-nazi ‘small/short coconut tree’ and vi-mi-nazi ‘small/short coconut trees. The study findings also reveal that the noun class prefixes trigger agreement on modifiers and verb complexes regardless of their forms as prefixes or pre-prefixes as observed in ki-toto ki-moja ki-zuri ‘one pretty little girl’; or in ka-dada ka-na-miliki-gari ‘pretty little girl owning a car’ where the ki- and ka- on the subject noun stems (-toto and -dada) re-surface as subject markers (SMs) on the modifiers -moja ‘one’ and -zuri ‘pretty’; and on the verb complex -na-miliki ‘owning’. These facts provide strong support for arguing that Kiswahili projects special diminutive affixes in class 12/13 that triggers agreement on other modifiers.

THE ROLE OF VERBS IN STYLE DISTRIBUTION PERSIAN (BY THE EXAMPLE OF BOOK-WRITTEN AND CONVERSATIONAL STYLES)

The article reveals the possibilities of verbal vocabulary in the differentiation of styles of the modern Persian language. It highlights some of the characteristic features of bookish and colloquial styles, developed with the help of verbal vocabulary. Vocabulary plays an important role in the formation and differentiation of functional styles. And, despite the fact that in the vocabulary of each language, many words are commonly used and stylistically neutral, it is with the help of certain lexical units that one functional style is distinguished from another. In each of the styles, peculiar features inherent only to it are manifested, consisting of the use of certain means and methods of expression. Considering the structural diversity of the verb, the article reveals the possibilities of each type of verb in the Persian language. Describes the individual methods used in the language to convey shades of book-written and colloquial styles. It is emphasized that both lexical and grammatical means of the language are involved in this process. In particular, it is noted that when transferring the features of book-written and colloquial styles using simple and so-called complex verbs, both simple verbs and the constituent parts of a complex verb, as well as phraseological and idiomatic phrases, participate in this process.