Complex Salt Research Articles

Expansion displacement mechanics model of concrete under seawater corrosion

In this study, the variation in the expansion displacement of concrete samples with different water-cement ratios under five corrosion solutions (single sulfate salt and coupled sulfate-chloride salt) is explored. The expansion displacement evolution of these concrete samples under sulfate corrosion (single salt corrosion) and sulfate-chloride corrosion (double salt corrosion) is comprehensively examined. The results reveal that the continuous accumulation of corrosion damage eventually manifests in the form of expansion displacement. Based on the experimental results and the chemical reaction rate equation of the delayed ettringite formation and Friedel’s salt generation, an evolution model of expansion force is established. According to this model and the Weibull distribution law of damage, a expansion displacement mechanics model is proposed to predict the expansion displacement behavior of concrete under sulfate corrosion as well as combined sulfate-chloride corrosion.

Spectroscopy of Magnesium Sulfate Double Salts and Their Implications for Mars Exploration

Magnesium sulfate has been widely detected on the surface of Mars. The occurrence of magnesium sulfate and mixed cationic sulfates preserves clues regarding the sedimentary environment, hydrological processes, and climate history of ancient Mars. In this study, seven magnesium sulfate double salts were synthesized in the laboratory using a high-temperature solid phase reaction or slow evaporation of aqueous solutions. The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction to confirm their phase and homogeneity. Subsequently, the Raman, mid-infrared spectra, and visible near-infrared spectra of these samples were collected and analyzed. Our results showed that the spectra of the analyzed magnesium sulfate double salts exhibited distinctive spectral features. These laboratory results may provide new insights for the identification of various magnesium sulfate double salts on Mars during the interpretation of in situ data collected by Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC), SuperCam, and the ExoMars Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS). In addition, the MIR and VNIR spectra features obtained in this study provide an improved reference and spectra library for decipherment of data sourced from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), and Mars Mineralogical Spectrometer (MMS).

Synthesis of a 50-electron triangular ruthenium cluster containing a μ3-methylidyne ligand via the fragmentation of the Ru2 skeleton

A chloride salt of cationic triruthenium complex containing a μ3-methylidyne ligand, [{Cp*Ru(μ-Cl)}3(μ3CH)]+ (4; Cp* = η5-C5Me5)), was synthesized by the reaction of diruthenium tetrahydrido complex [Cp*Ru(μ-H)4RuCp*] (1) with chloroform in 91% yield. Although 4 contains a 50-electron configuration, an X-ray diffraction study of a tetraphenylborate salt of 4 demonstrated that 4 has a closed-triangular triruthenium skeleton with a Ru−Ru distance of ca. 2.87 Å, which is considerably longer than the Cl-bridged Ru−Ru distance in the related 48-electron μ3-methylidyne complex, [(Cp*Ru)3(μ3CH)(μ-Cl)2(μ-H)]+ (5; 2.757(1) Å). Complex 4 was also obtained by the reaction of triruthenium pentahydrido complex [{Cp*Ru(μ-H)}3(μ3H)2] (2) with CHCl3, and crossover experiments using 2 and [{CpEtRu(μ-H)}3(μ3H)2] (2-Et3; CpEt = η5-C5EtMe4) demonstrated that the cluster skeleton of 2 was broken during the reaction. These results are contrasted with the exclusive formation of dinuclear μ-chloromethylidyne complex, [(Cp*RuCl)2(μ-CCl)(μ-Cl)] (3), by the reaction of 1 with CCl4, and the number of nuclei of the product is suggested to be determined by the substituent at the methylidyne carbon. Although a triruthenium complex was not formed by the reaction of 3 with [Cp*RuCl]4, a heterobimetallic trinuclear μ3-methylidyne complex, [(Cp*Ru)2(Cp*Ir)(μ3CH)(μ-Cl)(μ-H)2] (9) was obtained by the reaction of 3 with [Cp*IrH4] along with substitution of the chloromethylidyne ligand by a hydride.

Preparation, thermal properties, and structures of ionic plastic crystals with sandwich and half-sandwich Ru complexes

We have recently been investigating the phase behavior of salts of cationic sandwich complexes in pursuit of novel ionic plastic crystals (IPCs). In this study, we synthesized salts containing sandwich complexes [Ru(Cp)(C6H6)]X ([1]X; X = CPFSA− (1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane-1,3-disulfonimide), SbCl6−) and half-sandwich complexes [Ru(Cp)(DMSO)3]X ([2]X; X = CPFSA−, FSA− ((FSO2)2N−), PF6−). In addition, we examined their thermal properties and crystal structures. Among them, [1]CPFSA exhibited an IPC phase between 365 and 630 K, whereas the others did not undergo phase transitions at 123–403 K. The cations and anions were alternately arranged in the crystals of [1]X, whereas [2]X did not exhibit the alternating arrangement except for [2]PF6. The results showed that alternating molecular arrangements are crucial for the IPC formation, although low symmetry of the ion environment and intermolecular steric hindrance may inhibit it.

Introduction of photochromic properties to UiO-66-NH2 via “click”-modification by spiropyran molecule

We present a study on incorporating spiropyran photoactive molecules into the UiO-66-NH2 scaffold. Initially, we modified spiropyran molecules by introducing functional groups to facilitate covalent bonding with the MOF structure. Spiropyran molecules with carboxylic groups demonstrated the ability to coordinate zirconium in defect pores of the MOF. Alternatively, the aldehyde group showed potential for forming C–N bonds with amino groups of BDC-NH2 linkers. To validate the formation of C–N bonds within the MOF scaffold, we synthesized a complex salt of spiropyran and individual BDC-NH2 linkers. DFT calculations support our conclusions. We observed that upon introducing the photoactive moiety, the UiO-66-NH2 framework exhibited photoresponse, as demonstrated by FTIR experiments. Based on experimental data and computational results, we hypothesize that both incorporation mechanisms are viable in the functionalization process. However, steric hindrances may impede the incorporation of spiropyran into the pores, leading to surface modification instead. The elucidated mechanisms hold promise for the development of photoresponsive MOF-based smart materials.

Механические свойства композиции на основе полиэфирной смолы с частицами оксида меди (I)

The mechanical properties of polyester resin composition with copper (I) oxide dispersed filler particles (non capsulated, capsulated by polylactide, and dissolved by the resin components) are considered in that paper. It was showing that a capsulated filler particle has better interaction with polymer matrix than non capsulated particles. So, the tensile strength and hardness of PCM are increasing, but ultimate deformation is decreasing. The strength characteristics of PCM with partial dissolution of copper (I) oxide particles by the components of the polyester resin was decrease. The density of the polymer binder network due to the loss of styrene, as well as the formation of complexes of copper salts are the cause of strength characteristics decrease.

Molecular and electrostatic origins of mixed salt partitioning phenomena in uncharged poly(ethylene oxide)-based membranes

Despite the increasing interest in membranes for water purification and resource recovery from aqueous electrolyte mixtures, few studies rigorously investigate the influence of salt solution composition (e.g., mole fraction and total salt concentration) on membrane material properties such as partition coefficients. Here, we systematically investigate the influence of solution composition on the partitioning of ionic species from binary aqueous salt solutions into crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate membranes at fixed ionic strength. These results are compared to partition coefficients observed for pure salt solutions. We observe large systematic deviations between the pure salt and mixed salt ion partition coefficients, indicating that the single salt partition coefficients that are often reported do not describe the more complex and realistic mixed salt scenario. Free energy calculations from molecular dynamics simulations, coupled with equilibrium thermodynamic modeling, indicate that mixed salt partitioning trends result from (i) different ions exhibiting different affinities for the membrane and (ii) the constraint of global electrical neutrality within the membrane. With this physical insight, we develop a simple approach to predicting the concentration of various ions in a membrane equilibrated with a mixed salt solution which requires no adjustable parameters.

Heterogeneous Structure, Mechanisms of Counterion Exchange, and the Spacer Salt Effect in Complex Molten Salt Mixtures Including LaCl3.

Complex molten chloride salt mixtures of uranium, magnesium, and sodium are top candidates for promising nuclear energy technologies to produce electricity based on molten salt reactors. From a local structural perspective, LaCl3 is similar to UCl3 and hence a good proxy to study these complex salt mixtures. As fission products, lanthanide salts and their mixtures are also very important in their own right. This article describes from an experimental and theory perspective how very different the structural roles of MgCl2 and NaCl are in mixtures with LaCl3. We find that, whereas MgCl2 becomes an integral part of multivalent ionic networks, NaCl separates them. In a recent article (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 21751-21762) we have called the disruptive behavior of NaCl "the spacer salt effect". Because of the heterogeneous nature of these salt mixtures, there are multiple structural motifs in the melt, each with its particular free energetics. Our work identifies and quantifies these; it also elucidates the mechanisms through which Cl- ions exchange between Mg2+-rich and La3+-rich environments.

Surface confinement–induced electrochemiluminescence enhancement of Au nanoclusters for ultrasensitive detection of a soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor

In this study, gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) anchored on the surface of 2D Zn-containing hydroxyl double salt (Zn-HDS) with surface confinement–induced electrochemiluminescence (SC-ECL) improvement were used as an intensive ECL emitter to construct a biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) related to cardiovascular disease in chronic nephritis patients. Impressively, SC-ECL of Au NCs/Zn-HDS nanocomposites exhibited fast electrochemical excitation and efficient radiation transition, showing 4.9 times stronger ECL emission and 10.9 times higher ECL efficiency than those of pure Au NCs. This improvement was attributed to the matched energy level of Zn-HDS and Au NCs, enabling electron–hole pairs of Au NCs to be trapped by the energy levels of Zn-HDS. Moreover, a bipedal DNA walker was generated through target-induced DNA strand displacement and catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA), which was attached to a stable DNA cubic track through electrostatic attraction of positively charged SH-PEG-NH3+ to improve walking efficiency and further boost detection sensitivity. Consequently, the proposed sensing platform achieved trace detection of suPAR ranging from 0.700 pg/mL to 80.0 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 0.344 pg/mL and was successfully applied to detect suPAR in patient serum. This work synthesized a highly efficient metal nanocluster-based ECL emitter, showing great potential in constructing ultrasensitive biosensors for early disease diagnosis.

Photo‐controllable cationic homopolymerization and random copolymerization of vinyl ethers based on iridium salt photocatalyst

AbstractTemporal control of chain growth is a central challenge for photoinitiated active polymerization. In this work, we introduced an iridium salt complex‐based catalyst system to achieve fine temporal control of the chain growth process. By electrochemical analysis, compared with the pyran salt photocatalyst, it was found that the iridium salt complex could promote the chain transfer of active species to reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) reagent, thereby generating dormant species, which provided the possibility of time control of the polymerization process. Using this catalytic system, we successfully achieved homopolymerization of vinyl ethers with different substituents and random copolymerization with isobutyl vinyl ethers, which is not only pointed the way for broadening the monomer selection in the future, but also provided an innovative way to prepare new functionalized materials.

Dissolution of cellulose in imidazolium-based double salt ionic liquids

The dissolution of cellulose in double salt ionic liquids (DSILs) was studied in detail and compared with the dissolution in individual constituent ionic liquids (ILs). The DSILs, [C4mim](CH3CO2)xCl1-x (x is the mole fraction of the single component ILs), were synthesized using acetate and chloride salts of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium. These DSILs were then used for the investigation of the solubility of cellulose in the whole mole fraction range. Commercial cellulose (CC) powder, kraft pulp (KP), and prehydrolysis kraft pulp (PHKP) of jute were chosen as cellulose sources. The solubility of cellulose increased with an increasing temperature for [C4mim](CH3CO2)0.6Cl0.4 and with increasing amount of [C4mim]Cl in DSILs. The maximum solubility of CC powder was 32.8 wt% in [C4mim](CH3CO2)0.6Cl0.4 at 100 °C, while for KP and PHKP, solubilities were 30.1 and 30.5 wt%, respectively under the identical condition. Cellulose could be regenerated from the DSILs using water as an antisolvent. Structure, morphology, and thermal stability of the regenerated cellulosic materials were analyzed. DSILs could be recycled >99 % without a discernible change in structure. This work demonstrates that DSILs display enhanced solubility over ILs system and have potential as a chemical processing methodology.

Inclusion complex of ionic liquid 1-dodecylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate with sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin: Preparation and characterization

In this article an inclusion complex of hydrophobic ionic liquid 1-dodecylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (PyrC12-BF4) and sodium salt of sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SB-β-CD) has been synthesized and studied using NMR spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, TGA, DSC and XRD. The results of 1H NMR study revealed physicochemical interactions between the hydrophobic alkyl chain of PyrC12-BF4 and protons of the inner cavity of SB-β-CD, as well as between the CH protons of pyridinium cation and the polar SB-β-CD groups. The formation of an inclusion complex has also been revealed by Wilhelmy plate method. The binding constant of the SB-β-CD/PyrC12-BF4 complex determined by the method of Higuchi and Connors was found to be 1210 M–1. According to DSC analysis data, only one endothermic peak is observed in the thermogram of the SB-β-CD/PyrC12-BF4 inclusion complex, thus confirming the formation of a new supramolecular system. Additional characterization methods such as thermal mass spectroscopy and TEM were also applied for characterization of the synthesized complex. Complexation of long-chain pyridinium salt with SB-β-CD can be an efficient approach for the preparation of new antimicrobial formulations with reduced toxicity.

Cadmium Hydroxyl Chloride with Balanced Band Gap and Second-Harmonic-Generation Response.

Ultraviolet (UV) nonlinear-optical (NLO) materials are crucial in laser technology due to their ability to modulate light frequency. In this work, when d10 cations, hydroxyl groups, and Cl atoms were combined, a cadmium double salt, Cd(OH)Cl, was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. It has a large phase-matched second-harmonic-generation (SHG) response at 1064 nm (2.5 × KDP) with a short UV-cutoff edge (260 nm), which can be applied in a solar-blind UV band. Theoretical calculations suggest that [Cd(OH)3Cl3] groups lead to a large SHG response. Our work may shed light on the exploration of new NLO materials in metal hydroxyl chlorides.

Determination of seawater COD spectra using double-loop contraction and sorted frog optimization.

This study develops a novel double-loop contraction and C value sorting selection-based shrinkage frog-leaping algorithm (double-contractive cognitive random field [DC-CRF]) to mitigate the interference of complex salts and ions in seawater on the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorbance spectra for chemical oxygen demand (COD) quantification. The key innovations of DC-CRF are introducing variable importance evaluation via C value to guide wavelength selection and accelerate convergence; a double-loop structure integrating random frog (RF) leaping and contraction attenuation to dynamically balance convergence speed and efficiency. Utilizing seawater samples from Jiaozhou Bay, DC-CRF-partial least squares regression (PLSR) reduced the input variables by 97.5% after 1,600 iterations relative to full-spectrum PLSR, RF-PLSR, and CRF-PLSR. It achieved a test R2 of 0.943 and root mean square error of 1.603, markedly improving prediction accuracy and efficiency. This work demonstrates the efficacy of DC-CRF-PLSR in enhancing UV-Vis spectroscopy for rapid COD analysis in intricate seawater matrices, providing an efficient solution for optimizing seawater spectra.

Carnallite double salt for thermochemical heat storage

The potential use of carnallite (KMgCl3·6H2O) for low temperature thermochemical heat storage has been evaluated. Carnallite is an incongruently soluble double salt and its possible decomposition and dehydration reactions have been carefully evaluated from available thermodynamic data and the phase diagram has been constructed. The dehydration and rehydration reactions have been experimentally studied and the reaction products have been characterized using thermogravimetric mass spectrometry, water vapor sorption, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman microscopy and calorimetry. The results of the experimental investigation of these reactions confirm the model predictions and clearly show that a thermochemical cycle including carnallite and its dihydrate (KMgCl3·2H2O) is very promising for low temperature domestic thermochemical storage. In comparison to both pure MgCl2·6H2O and also other salts mentioned in the literature, the double salt carnallite offers significant advantages. It has a higher deliquescence humidity and, thus, is much less sensitive to over-hydration and liquefaction. It can be easily dehydrated at only 100 °C and is much less prone to hydrolysis (HCl release). Carnallite has also a good reversibility between dehydration and hydration and the re-formation of carnallite by rehydration is easily achieved at low water vapor pressure and faster reaction rate than the hydration of MgCl2·2H2O to MgCl2·6H2O. The enthalpy of hydration is slightly higher for the hydration of KMgCl3·2H2O than for the hydration of MgCl2·2H2O. The only price to be paid is a slightly reduced storage density of the double salt due to its larger molar volume. However, the theoretical storage density of 1.52 kJcm−3 is still excellent. Also, carnallite is a low-cost material as it is available as industrial waste material or can be easily synthesized.

Lead removal from tin chloride solution by barium sulfate and coprecipitation of (BaxPby)(SO4)2 for the processing of Pb[sbnd]Sn smelter slag

Owing to the characteristics of mineral paragenesis (equilibrium sequence of mineral phases), the hydrochloric acid leach liquors of Sn ores and Sn-containing waste materials typically contain large amounts of Pb. In this study, barium sulfate coprecipitation was employed to efficiently remove Pb from a tin chloride solution. The lead removal efficiency, reaction mechanism, and limitations were investigated by varying the Cl− and SO42− concentrations. The results showed that the structural formula of the precipitates was (BaxPby)(SO4)2 (x + y = 2), and its solubility product was in the range of 1 × 10−12–1 × 10−13, indicating that Pb2+ and Ba2+ were more easily precipitated in the form of complex salts. In addition, thermodynamic analysis revealed that when the Cl− concentration was <1 mol/L in the Pb2+–Sn2+–Cl−–H2O system, [Pb2+] and [PbCl+] were the primary species. These positively charged species were readily adsorbed onto the surface of BaSO4 via electrostatic forces, resulting in a significant increase in the Pb content of (BaxPby)(SO4)2. Therefore, the Pb removal efficiency significantly improved as Cl− concentration decreased. The lead removal mechanism involves a combination of adsorption and replacement processes. Based on the aforementioned fundamental study, a method involving dechlorination and coprecipitation was proposed to remove lead from an acid leaching solution of Kaldo slag. With the dechlorination via distillation, the Pb removal efficiency could reach 99.9% at 1 mol/L Cl− and 0.5 mol/L SO42−.

Comparison of acidity and chemical composition of summertime cloud water and aerosol at an alpine site in Northwest China: Implications for the neutral property of clouds in the free troposphere

Aerosol and cloud acidity are essential to human health, ecosystem health and productivity, as well as climate effects. The main chemical composition of cloud water greatly varies in different regions, resulting in substantial differences in the pH of cloud water. However, the influences of the anthropogenic emissions of acidic gases and substances, alkaline dust components, and dicarboxylic acids (diacids) on the ground concerning the acidity of cloud water in the free troposphere of the Guanzhong Plain, China, remain clear. In this study, cloud water and PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected in the troposphere (Mt. Hua, 2060 m a.s.l). The results indicated that the cloud water was alkaline (pH = 7.6) and PM2.5 was acidic (pH = 3.2). These results showed the neutral property of clouds collected in the heavily polluted Guanzhong Plain, although most previous studies always considered acidity as a marker of pollution. The sulfate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), and ammonium (NH4+) (SNA) of particulate matter and cloud water in the same period were compared. SO42− was dominant in particulate matters (accounting for 63.4 % of the total SNA) but substantially decreased in cloud water (only 30.1 % of the total SNA), whereas NO3− and NH4+ increased from 28.5 % and 8.2 % to 39.8 % and 30.2 %, respectively. This could be attributed to the complex formation mechanism and sources of SO42− and NO3− in the cloud. The results of ion balance indicated that a significant deficit of inorganic anion equivalents was observed in the cloud water samples. The high concentration of diacids in the cloud phase (1237.4 μg L−1) may facilitate the formation of salt complexes with NH4+, thus influencing the acidity of the cloud water. The pH of cloud water has increased in recent decades due to the sustained reduction of sulfur dioxide, which may also affect the acidity of future precipitation.

Utilization of Lipophilic Salt and Phospholipid Complex in Lipid-Based Formulations to Modulate Drug Loading and Oral Bioavailability of Pazopanib.

Pazopanib hydrochloride (PAZ) displays strong intermolecular interaction in its crystal lattice structure, limiting its solubility and dissolution. The development of lipid-based formulations (LbFs) resulted in reduced PAZ loading due to solid-state mediated low liposolubility. This study aims to enhance our understanding of PAZ crystallinity by synthesizing a lipophilic salt and phospholipid complex and investigating its impact on the drug loading in LbFs. The synthesized pazopanib lipophilic salt and phospholipid complex were extensively characterized. The solid form of pazopanib docusate (PAZ-DOC) and pazopanib phospholipid complex (PAZ-PLC) indicates a reduction in characteristic diffraction peaks of crystalline PAZ. The lipid formulations were prepared using synthesized PAZ-DOC and PAZ-PLC, where PAZ-DOC demonstrated sixfold higher drug solubility than the commercial salt form and twice that of the PAZ-PLC due to differences in the crystallinity. Further, the impact of salt and complex formation was assessed on the aqueous drug solubilization using lipolysis and multimedia dissolution experiments. Moreover, the LbFs showed notably faster dissolution compared to the crystalline PAZ and marketed tablet. In terms of in vivo pharmacokinetics, the PAZ-DOC LbF exhibited a remarkable 11-fold increase in AUC value compared to the crystalline PAZ and a 2.5-fold increase compared to Votrient®. Similarly, PAZ-PLC LbF showed an approximately ninefold increase in drug exposure compared to the crystalline PAZ, and a 2.2-fold increase compared to Votrient®. These findings suggest that disrupting the crystallinity of drugs and incorporating them into LbF could be advantageous for enhancing drug loading and overcoming limitations related to drug absorption.

ZSM-5@MOF-199 core-shell composite adsorbent: Rapid ambient synthesis and CO/CO2 adsorption

Using a hydroxy double salt intermediate, we demonstrated rapid room temperature fabrication of ZSM-5@MOF-199 core–shell sorbents. Copper chloride was compatible with the ZnO-assisted MOF growth scheme. The structural and chemical properties of the composite were fine-tuned through either the core or the shell modification, targeting a superior adsorption capacity for CO and CO2 compared to parent adsorbents. For example, the Na2S2O3-assisted MOF-199 shell reduction enriched surface Cu+ and enhanced CO adsorption capacity. Modulating the zeolite core to protonic hierarchical ZSM-5 (HZSM-5) increased CO and CO2 uptake by 20 % and 28 %, respectively. The isosteric heat of adsorption revealed that the HZSM-5 core altered surface electronic properties and influenced the CO2 adsorption performance. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption processes involved a combination of physisorption and electrostatic interactions with an ordered arrangement of adsorbates. The core–shell sorbent can be easily tuned for selective separation of CO and CO2.

Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of organic dye with in-situ generated H2O2 over bifunctional Fe-Pt@Pd/SiO2 catalyst prepared by double-metal complex salt approach

While the Fenton reaction is efficient in wastewater treatment, the intrinsic problem of the dosage-dependent process poses another burden on ecosystem. Herein, we propose a highly efficient and environmentally-benign catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of methyl orange (MO) using in-situ generated H2O2 from hydrogen and air instead of ready-made H2O2. Pt@Pd/SiO2 and Pd@Pt/SiO2 catalysts were prepared by double-metal complex salt approach, and they were combined with soluble Fe salt (CWPO-I) or impregnated Fe (CWPO-II). The MO degradation rate of Pt@Pd/SiO2 for CWPO-I was 2.5 times faster than that of the conventional PdPt/SiO2. This can be rationalized in terms of Pd-enriched surface with strong interaction between Pt and Pd. Moreover, bifunctional Fe-Pt@Pd/SiO2 catalyst demonstrated outstanding activity in promoting CWPO-II with in-situ generated H2O2, even outperforming its counterpart with ready-made H2O2. This new approach offers an efficient water remediation method free from addition and generation of any undesirable chemicals affecting environment.