Clause Complex Research Articles

Text Formation in the Poetry of Robin S. Ngangom and Mamang Dai: A Systemic Functional Linguistics Comparative Study

Being an active field for the interplay of diverse linguistic processes such as condensation, displacement, substitution and ellipsis manifested through a wide variety of literary devices in the pursuit to expand the semantic possibilities of language and communicate the experiential and interpersonal meanings aesthetically, the language of poetry and the unique ways by which different linguistic elements in it are structured and sequenced has always been a matter of curiosity among the linguists (Levin 1963a, Baker 1967, Landon 1968, Jakobson 1968, Cable 1970, Cureton 1981, Muller 1981). Expanding the scope of this linguistic enquiry to the poetry of North-East India, the present paper by the use of SFL model of taxis explores the text construction strategies in the poems of two hitherto linguistically unexplored North-East Indian poets Robin S. Ngangom and Mamang Dai in an endeavor to ascertain the most frequently used structures in the poems of these two poets, the tactic relations in the clause complexes in their poems, the use of embedding in their structures and the similarities or variations in the poetry of these two poets on account of the usage of taxis and embedding.

COMPLEX THINKING PATTERN IN INDONESIAN NEWS TEXT ABOUT SOLVING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ‘KLITHIH’ IN JOGJAKARTA INDONESIA

<em><span>This study is conducted to perceive the pattern of complex thinking in Indonesian news text about solving juvenile delinquency ‘KLITHIH’ occurred in Jogjakarta Indonesia as one of special areas in Indonesia in culture and in education. The data are explored by using systemic functional linguistics related with the rhetorical meaning in major clause in simplex clause and in complex clause. The findings are reported that the news is dominant to use complex clause as much as 92%. The complex clauses consist of 17% written in expansion, 4% written in interdependence, and 79% written in projection. The study gives contribution in linguistics in seeing social and education problem solving to see the complex thinking uttered by the government officials. Originality of this study is to show the pattern of complex thinking in news text about solving juvenile delinquency that can give impact to the society. This study has lack that it only analyzes in textual analysis. It recommends to observe the data about juvenile delinquency in the direct field for the future research in different point of view.</span></em>

‘Let’s Take a Look...’: Textual Meaning of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Slogans

Many researchers do their research on geoparks, slogan, and textual meaning of each but it is still limited research on textual meaning that relates to geopark slogans. This research tries to figure out the textual meaning of the UNESCO Global Geoparks slogans. The slogans are obtained from the UNESCO official website at www.unesco.org. The research method applied is a descriptive qualitative method. The data collected are eighty-five slogans: they were identified and classified into clauses (sixty-three data) and clause complexes (twenty-two data). It was reported that the simple topical theme is the dominant in the eighty-five slogans found. It was notified that the multiple themes found in the slogans have two elements: they are the combination of topical - textual theme and topical – interpersonal theme. It was concluded, for the readers, the simple theme is the dominant one since the simple ones are easier to understand and to memorize than the multiple ones. As concluded from the data analysis, the slogan writers tend to select simple themes as the best way to communicate the underlying message of their products to the readers or listeners. In addition, clauses are also preferred than clause complexes in formulating their slogans.
 
 Received: 2 November 2021 / Accepted: 21 February 2022 / Published: 5 May 2022

Early grammatical marking development in Mandarin-speaking toddlers.

The current study examined early grammatical marking in a relatively understudied language, Mandarin, by using the Mandarin version of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory. Two waves of data collection included 338 monolingual children (17-36 months; 143 female) at Time 1 and 308 children (32-55 months; 139 female) at Time 2 and their caregivers, whose education ranged from third grade (elementary school) or below to postgraduate with a median of high school. Our data showed a clear order of grammatical marking acquisition among these children and supported findings on the linguistic specificity of morphological development such that early- and late-acquired markers in Mandarin are not acquired in the same order as English or other languages. Negative "mei2," "bu4," possessive "-de," classifiers, and the aspect marker "le" were the earliest-acquired markers, followed by modals, negative "bie2," adverbs, sentence final particles, resultative verb compounds, and aspect markers "guo4" and "yao4." Complex clauses and the aspect marker "zheng4" were acquired the latest. Furthermore, consistent with previous cross-linguistic studies, the development patterns of a wide range of Mandarin grammatical markers indicate that markers that are more perceptually salient and obligatory, have clear form-meaning mappings, and often appear in isolation or utterance-final position were acquired earlier than others. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Revealing the Meanings on William Wordsworth’s Poem Strange Fits of Passion Have I Known

This study investigates a literary work, a poem, from a linguistic framework. The aim of this study is to reveal the meanings found in William Wordsworth’s poem ‘Strange Fits of Passion Have I Known’ from systemic stylistic analysis in the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics and Verbal Art Semiotics. The data were collected by library study and analyzed with a descriptive, deconstructive method and content analysis with an intrinsic objective approach. This result of the study proves that the subject matter of this poem is ‘the poet rode a horse to Lucy’s cottage from the rice of evening till the drop of the bright moon”. The deep level of meaning refers to the last clause complex ‘O that is a mercy, to myself I cried If Lucy should be dead.’ The deeper level of meaning of this poem is about ‘the death of a young girl named Lucy’, and finally, the deepest level or the theme of this poem is about ‘death is a natural part of life cycle.’

Logical Relations in the Argumentative Essays Written by Second-Year English Major Students in the Université de Zinder

This paper seeks to analyze the logical relations in the argumentative essays written by second-year English major students in the Université de Zinder (henceforth, UZ), the Republic of Niger. The students who enrolled for the second year in 2020-2021 were 80 in total, and they all followed a 10-week writing course. At the end of the course, they were asked to write an argumentative essay on two suggested topics. Using the descriptive mixed-method research design, this study randomly selected and examined ten of the students’ essays: 5 on the first topic and 5 on the second one. The logical relations in the texts were described or identified, and the findings thereof were tabulated. The findings revealed that the students used more clause complexes than clause simplexes in their essays, suggesting thus a spoken mode. The findings also indicated that the students deployed a lower number of rankshifted relations compared to the tactic relations found in their texts. This further exuded the speaking character of their texts. On the contrary, the findings showed a relatively small use of clause simplexes, rankshift and hypotaxis the texts, all of which are suggestive of a written mode. Another striking feature noted in some of the essays is the deployment of projection; projection of locutions mainly, but what is generally expected in an argumentative essay is the projection of ideas. The article concludes by highlighting the need to overtly teach EFL students the traits of spoken language and written language. This could be done, for instance, by focusing on the two systems of logical relations, namely: taxis and logico-semantics in the writing class.

Exploring the pseudo-longitudinal development of specific morphosyntactic features and syntactic complexity in CLIL young learners

Abstract CLIL studies on language specific areas such as morphosyntax are still quite limited, particularly those with young learners. Likewise, the pseudo-evolution of morphosyntactic aspects across age and proficiency deserves particular attention. This paper will fill these gaps by investigating production accuracy and syntactic complexity in two different age/proficiency groups of CLIL primary school learners (grade 4 and 6). In terms of accuracy, L1 Spanish transfer effects associated with the pro-drop parameter (i.e. subject omission and subject-verb inversion), and the third person singular -s morpheme omission will be explored. Syntactic complexity will be operationalised through the production of simple and complex clauses. The findings obtained align with previous research in that the accumulated hours of CLIL + EFL exposure by grade 6 seem to positively affect the development of complexity measures. However, the lack of progress in the case of the rest of the features examined (i.e. subject omission, inversion of the subject and the third person singular -s omission) calls for the incorporation of focus-on-form components in CLIL programmes.

LAMPUNG CLAUSE COMPLEXES: A PARATACTIC CONFIGURATION STUDY

This research aims at capturing and characterizing clause complexes in Lampung language by considering the structure and conjunction. Here, it focuses on paratactic configuration. A Lampung paratactic configuration consists of two or more independent clauses and is also recognized by the presence of conjunction and punctuation. The conjunction bridges two or more clauses in clause complexes and signs a relation between and among those clauses. There are six conjunctions found; those are ‘ghik’, ‘kidang’, ‘tapi’, ‘sedengko’, ‘jadi’, and ‘bahko’. Regarding how those conjunctions relate clauses, this research found four types of relation; those are additional relation realized by ‘ghik’ and ‘bahko’, comparative and contrastive relation performed by ‘kidang’, ‘tapi’, ‘sedengko’ and then consequential relation shown by ‘jadi’. Other than conjunction, the punctuation is also found to connect clauses; it is comma. It is noteworthy that comma connects two independent clauses and semantically construes additional relation since comma is found in configuration of two clauses in which a clause adds more detail information or more explanation for another one. Besides, comma is also found in a paratactic configuration consisting of three clauses, here it is configured with a conjunction such as ‘ghik’. Furthermore, this research also found four variants of paratactic configuration; those are Independent clause - conjunction - Independent clause; Independent clause - conjunction - Independent clause + dependent clause; Independent clause + Dependent cause - conjunction - Independent clause; Independent clause + Dependent clause - conjunction - Independent clause + Dependent clause.

A Closer Look on Disjunctive Coordination: The So-Called Non-Constituent Disjunctive Coordination

English disjunctive coordination is a clause complex that has two co-ordinands. Many scholars and researchers dealt with this phenomenon using different standard theories. However, there is still a controversy in literature whether non-constituent coordination exists or not; therefore, this research determines whether the disjunctive coordination constituents are non-constituents. The paper also describes the relationship between the disjunctive co-ordinands, coordinated phrases, or clauses joined by conjunction /or/. The article further aims to describe the structure of the disjunctive coordination and the category label of the disjunctive coordinator. The Systemic Functional Grammar and Minimalist Program framed this study. This qualitative paper purposively and conveniently selected from Facebook and WhatsApp groups for the National University of Lesotho's students; 13 structures were chosen from the WhatsApp group, while 15 were taken from Facebook. Results reveal that the disjunctive coordination constituents are not non-constituents. What seems prevailing or irregular at the Phonetic Form (PF) results from the movement and deletion of duplicate syntactic elements. This deletion of the syntactic features is done to satisfy the economic considerations. It is also reflected that the disjunctive co-ordinands have taxis and logico-semantic type relations or relationships. The paper further divulges that the structure of the disjunctive coordination is the complementiser phrase (CP), and the category label of the disjunctive coordinator/or/ is the complementiser (C). That is, it belongs to the C category.

Going from oral to written discourse: Norwegian students’ grammatical challenges when writing persuasive texts

The Norwegian curriculum states that schools should enable students to apply their grammar competence in working with both written and oral texts. Oral and written texts are used in different contexts with different conditions for communication and are therefore characterized by different grammatical patterns. This study investigates the extent to which 31 persuasive texts written by Norwegian sixth graders contain typical ‘oral grammar patterns’, which most children have experience with. The data material was obtained from the Norwegian Norm Project (2012–2016). Our main findings are that the written texts contain typical oral grammar characterized by intricate clause complexes and few elaborated nominal groups. We discuss whether this oral writing style may be connected to the writing practices in the schools where the texts were collected and, more generally, to the Norwegian writing culture, where spoken language traditionally has been a model for writing.

O pojedinim semantičkim i sintaksičkim obilježjima finalne rečenice u francuskom jeziku / On Individual Semantic and Syntactic Features of the Final Clause in French

The final clause is often related to the causal clause and the clause of effect. For that reason, the author of the present paper points to individual features of that relation, placing an emphasis on the presence of the causal meaning and the way it is manifested in the context of the complex clause featuring the final clause as subordinate. In the case it is explicitly expressed in the form of the subordinate causal clause, that the meaning, which is actually implied in the given context, triggers a transformation of the final clause into a structure, i.e. the object clause, in which the meaning featuring ‘aim’ and ‘intention’ is also present.

A Corpus‐based Study of Textual Metaphor in English Academic Writing

AbstractThis article conducted a corpus‐based study on the discipline distributions of two types of textual metaphor identified by He et al. (2015) and He and Wen (2017), conjunctionalization of conjunctive adverbs and zero conjunctionalization of hypotactic conjunctions. It is found that conjunctionalization of conjunctive adverbs is more prevalent in soft science texts than in hard science texts and zero conjunctionalization of hypotactic conjunctions is similarly distributed in hard science texts and in soft science texts. However, conjunctionalization of conjunctive adverbs is more prevalent in native English linguistics texts than in EFL Chinese linguistics texts while zero conjunctionalization of hypotactic conjunctions dominates in EFL Chinese linguistics texts because of the relatively lower frequency of hypotactic clause complexes in EFL Chinese linguistics texts. Textual metaphor functions to increase the grammatical intricacy of text and hence is not a characteristic feature of scientific writing. It is hereby concluded that EFL Chinese linguists do not write as technical texts as native English linguists.

THE ANALYSIS OF CLAUSE COMPLEX OF ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXTS WRITTEN BY THE ENGLISH TEACHERS OF SMKN 2 PALANGKA RAYA

This study was conducted to investigate the analysis of clause complex of analytical exposition text written by the English teachers of SMKN 2 Palangka Raya. Considering that teachers have important role in education field, in which teachers have a function as the model in teaching learning process, especially in teaching English and it is the consideration that the subjects of the study will be the English teachers. The study design of this study was descriptive qualitative. By means of a descriptive study under Systemic Functional Linguistics theory as suggested by Halliday & Matthiessen (2014), the writers employ the analysis of taxis systems which cover elaboration, extension, and enhancement. Besides, logico-semantic relation is also analyzed which covers projection and expansion The data will be analyzed through systemic functional approach in which the analysis of the data will be based the clauses and its taxis (protasis and hypotaxis) along with its logico-semantic relations from text by the teacher.

Sætningskompleksitet i dansk

This article gives an introduction to linguistic complexity and investigates the complexity of sentences in Danish from a diachronic perspective. By taking a recursion-based approach to the phenomenon, it can be shown that in the old part of the corpus (eighteenth/ nineteenth century) sentences are more complex than in the new part (twentieth/twentyfirst century). For instance, the older texts are found to contain more clauses per sentence, more clause complexes and more subordinate clauses of a higher degree of dependency than the contemporary texts. The observation that a similar development occurs in Swedish and German should be considered when trying to explain the process of complexity reduction.

The Interpersonal Meaning on the Covid-19 Vaccination News in Indonesia: A Systemic Functional Linguistics Study

Some media use interesting titles in their news. Like the online media m.republika.co.id which uses the verbs "meminta (ask)" and "diminta (requested)" in its reporting. This study will reveal the interpersonal meaning of m.republika.co.id entitled "Jokowi Minta Daerah Kawal Vaksinasi Covid-19". This research is descriptive-qualitative research that will describe the findings and describe the status, affect, and contacts that are part of the focus of this research. The methods and techniques used in this study are data analysis methods proposed by Spradley (1980) namely domain, taxonomy, and componential analysis. The results of the study indicate that m.republika.co.id positions itself as a party that provides information and places readers as members of the academic community who are expected to also have an interest in the information. This is evidenced by the dominance of the proposition of the proposal, the dominance of positive polarity, the dominance of congruent lexis rather than incongruent, and also the use of a complex clause system that describes the closeness of the distance between the writer and the reader.

TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF LYDIA MACHOVA’S SPEECH IN TED TALKS: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS STUDY

The research focus is a systemic functional linguistics study especially analysis of transitivity systems used by Lydia Machova in speech The Secret of Learning a New Language TED Talks. The research objective is to find out the types of transitivity process identified by Lydia Machova in her speech of The Secret of Learning a New Language in TED TALKS based on the theory proposed by Halliday (2004). This research used descriptive qualitative research. The datas are clauses in form of simplex and complex clauses which provided the types of transitivity process. The research result shown all types of transitivity process in Lydia Machova utterances. The highest usages of transitivity process are Material process due to the most accessible to our conscious reflection and the function of doing process in Lydia context of discussion is positively influence the listeners to follow the tips and the advice which Lydia and other polyglots experienced in learning language processes .

LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN BATAK TOBA WEDDING CEREMONY

The research focused on logico-semantic relations in the Batak Toba wedding ceremony. The research aimed to discover the types of logico-semantic relations used in mangulosi and describe how they were realized in the Batak Toba wedding ceremony. The research was conducted by using the descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken from 2 wedding ceremony videos from 104 clause complexes selected. The study's finding showed that there were 9 of the logico-semantic relations types used in the Batak Toba wedding ceremony. They were consecutively hypotactic enhancement, hypotactic elaboration, paratactic enhancement, paratactic elaboration, hypotactic locution, paratactic extension, hypotactic extension, hypotactic idea, and paratactic idea. The logico-semantic relations were realized in mangulosi in Batak Toba wedding ceremony consecutively conjunction, verb, preposition, prepositional phrase, and adverbial clause which the utterances aimed about the message, prediction in the future, advice, hope, and blessing of hulahula for the bridegroom.

Text Complexity Modulates Cross-Linguistic Sentence Integration in L2 Reading

Cross-linguistic influences (CLI) in first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) reading have been widely demonstrated in experimental paradigms with adults at the word and sentence levels. However, less is known about CLI in adolescents during naturalistic text reading. Through eye-tracking and behavioral measures, this study investigated expository reading in functionally English monolingual and Spanish (L1) - English (L2) bilingual adolescents. In particular, we examined the role of L1 (Spanish) sentence integration skills among the bilingual adolescents when L2 school texts contained challenging syntactic structures, such as complex clauses, elaborated noun phrases, and anaphoric references. Results of generalized multilevel linear regression modeling demonstrated CLI in both offline comprehension and online eye-tracking measures that were modulated by school text characteristics. We found a positive relationship (i.e., facilitation) between L1 sentence integration skills and L2 English text comprehension, especially for passages with greater clause complexity. Similar main, but not modulatory, effects of sentence integration skill were found in online eye-tracking measures. Overall, both language groups appeared to draw upon similar reading component skills to support reading fluency and comprehension when component skills were measured only in English. However, differential patterns of association across languages became evident when those skills were measured in both L1 and L2. Taken together, our findings suggest that bilingual adolescents’ engagement of cross-linguistic resources in expository reading varies dynamically according to both language-specific semantic knowledge and language-general sentence integration skills, and is modulated by text features, such as syntactic complexity.

REALIZATIONS OF PROJECTION IN NEWS STORY AND EDITORIAL TEXTS

ABSTRACTThis research deals with projection that is used in news story and editorial texts. Projection is well defined as representation of a linguistic experience in another linguistic experience. Projection is equivalent to direct and indirect or reported speech in traditional or formal grammar. As projection is an element of the logical function, it is realized as a clause complex, where there are at least two clauses. With reference to some theories, projection is also potentially realized in the form of single clause and phrase. The aim of this research is to describe similarities and differences with reference to the realizations of projection used in the news story and editorial texts. This research is conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The data of this research are clause complexes containing projection in news story and editorial texts of Indonesian newspapers. The sources of data are taken from news story and editorial texts of four newspaper publications, namely the daily Kompas, Republika, Waspada and Sinar Indonesia Baru (SIB). The four daily newspapers are assumed to represent national and provincial or local newspapers. Each of the newspapers is represented by seven headlines for news story texts and seven leading articles for editorial texts. The data are analyzed by using interactive model in which the clause complexes are analyzed with reference to systemic functional linguistic (SFL) theory about projection. The findings indicate that there are similarities and diffrences with reference to the realizations of projetion in the news story and editorial texts of Indonesian newspapers. Keywords: Projection, News Story, Editorial, Newspaper, Systemic Functional Linguistic

INTERTEXTUALITY REALIZATION IN SARI MATUA CEREMONY

ABSTRACTThis study aims to describe the realization of intertextuality occurences in sari matua ceremony. This research is conducted qualitatively by applying technique analysis of Bazerman. The data are utterances which delivered by the speakers in the ceremony and transcribed into transcription. Sari Matua is one kind of death ceremony in batak toba culture and has been studied in other particular field of study. In this study, intertextuality occurrence are studied on oral discourse in Sari matua batak toba ceremony. Sari matua batak toba ceremony consisted of two sessions which are Martonggo Raja and main ceremony and this study focuses on these two sessions. The result of this study shows that there were 50 specific data found from 82 specific data which included kinds of intertextuality namely qutotation, reference, and allusion. The realization of intertextuality occurences in sari matua Batak Toba ceremony is realized by some elements of intertextuality itself. The realization Quotation is identified through the presence of lexical expressions such as mandok, manungkun, hatahononku, di dok, pinasihat. Reference is identified by seeing clause which reflected to, re-contextualized to dan re-accentuated to. Allusion is identified by clause complex which referring the text to literature, historical art, story, person even place. The intertextuality occurences realized in sari matua Batak Toba ceremony because the text which quoted, referred to and alluded to from the past time can be reflected in ourlives in the present time. Key words: Intertextuality, Oral Discourse, Batak Toba Ceremony, Sari Matua