Building Complex Research Articles

Participatory design as an instrument in designing functionally and technically complex buildings

ABSTRACT This paper explores the practice of participatory design (PD) in the process of designing functionally and technically complex buildings, exemplified through the case study of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences in Pristina (Kosovo), a building that conducts and promotes scientific discoveries. Functional complexity refers to the number and diversity of functions the building needs to accommodate, while technical complexity refers to the degree of sophistication and intricacy in the building's systems and components. Participatory design can be a valuable design approach in designing complex buildings. The case of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences in Pristina (Kosovo) is an example of how PD can be transformed into an instrument of understanding the complexity of the building by promoting a user-focused design approach and helping in designing the tools of involvement depending on the goals to be achieved. Briefing workshop, design game and choice catalogue were methods that were used while a variety of tools were designed during the design stages; some were adaptations of existing PD tools and others were designed especially for this case. The participants included a diverse ‘multiple community’ of stakeholders, comprising end users (students, professors and administrative staff), strategic partners (client, investor, project manager and executives) as well as the technical working group (engineers and technical experts). The results demonstrate PD’s transformative potential into a structured instrument for understanding, analysing and preventing mistakes in the design of complex buildings.

Building and Maintaining a Whole Community Initiative: Health Communication in Practice with Be Well Communities™

ABSTRACT The most effective health communication builds from evidence-based best practices and theory. In practice, health campaigns rely on considerations often under-discussed in health communication, such as consistent agency-style client service, image management, and community coalition-building. Health outcome progress often requires change at multiple levels, from individual cognition and behavior to policy creation. These multi-level needs further highlight the importance of effective practical health communication supporting a range of outcomes and building toward replication. This article covers the complexities of building and implementing a theory-informed health communication structure for a multifaceted, place-based cancer prevention initiative. Part of the overall process includes detailing the internal communications of a health communication group, interorganizational communication, engaging community partner support, the message creation process, and longitudinal efforts on program maintenance and assessment. Furthermore, this article seeks to offer an example of the client service role a health communication team can play to combine theory, empirical message development, and community goals in whole community efforts. Ultimately, the goal is to share experiences from seven years of program work to help guide future community-based efforts in other health contexts and foster progress in theoretical and practical understandings of health communication.

Dealing with the ever-increasing intricacies of mega and complex projects: a survey of AAMI Park

Complexity science brings together differing paradigms and thoughts. It has attracted academic interest as a means of understanding complex social and technological phenomena. The emergence of increasingly complex building design, construction, and technologies is posing numerous challenges for professionals. This paper utilizes complexity science, and the practical application of complexity theories, to holistically evaluate the development of a unique major sporting stadium, known as AAMI Park, Melbourne, Australia. The authors assess this project’s complexity and rank it on a complexity scale to illustrate the level of knowledge and expertise required to deliver such projects. AAMI Park’s most dominant and complex feature, the bio-frame roof, which was innovative at the time, posed unique challenges, and therefore, authors also evaluate the constraints and specific project delivery methods developed to best manage its complications. Since the adaptive management approach was used for this project, this paper assesses this approach to recommend enhanced delivery methodologies for similar future projects. Further, since the design of this project was the first of a kind, the authors seek to identify the level of project complexity and its success through the lens of complexity theory.

A novel dynamic predictive control model for variable air volume air conditioning systems using deep learning

Model-based predictive control has proven effective for managing indoor temperature and humidity in variable air volume (VAV) air conditioning systems. However, delays in temperature and humidity adjustments in response to changes in internal and external environmental conditions can impede high-performance operation. This study introduces a dynamic predictive control model for the multi-zone indoor temperature and humidity of VAV systems, designed to predict and control these parameters in real-time. Utilizing the RC network two-node wall structure method and backward finite difference scheme, a multi-zone building model is developed. Coupled with a deep fuzzy cognitive map (DFCM) for temperature and humidity prediction, and controlled by a PID controller, the model dynamically regulates the opening degrees of terminal air dampers and chilled water valves. Implemented on a networked control platform in a large commercial building, the model consistently maintained indoor temperature and humidity within ±0.5 °C and ±0.1 g/(kg dry air) of the target values under varying conditions, demonstrating substantial improvements in stability and operational efficiency. The research enhances the predictability and control of HVAC systems through advanced algorithmic integration, improving real-time indoor climate management in complex building environments. This method offers a practical improvement in HVAC control technologies, which could be beneficial for applications in commercial building management systems, providing a useful tool for supporting energy efficiency and sustainability in modern infrastructures.

Identification of Sources of Complexity in Various Types of Building Projects in India Based on Design and Performance Attributes

Building projects as sub-sect of construction projects are complex and different in design and performance attributes. The prominent classes of building projects are high-rise residential buildings, hospitals, hotels, general offices, retail buildings/malls, educational institutions, and warehouses. In this study, building projects have been classified based on their end use. Complexities vary between construction projects and within various types of building projects, as well as across regions and countries. Understanding the sources of complexity is imperative to strategize their successful development. This research paper attempts to identify the sources of complexities using the design and performance attributes of seven prominent building types. A survey was conducted through experienced architects and construction professionals (the mean years of experience being approximately 13.88 years) over 34 different attributes or parameters under six categories. These attributes have been shortlisted from past research work by various authors, and the pilot study for this project. The Kruskal-Wallis Test was used to calculate the mean ranking and to confirm that the medians of each building type were not the same when compared against each attribute, irrespective of the level of complexity. Using data analysis and the mean ranking scores as a representation of relative complexity, primary sources of complexity in each class of buildings have been identified and listed. The results indicate that hospitals (as a building typology) are relatively the most complex building facilities in terms of design and performance attributes, showing the highest mean ranking towards 16 attributes (with only one shared ranking). Hospitals are followed by retail/malls (10 with one shared ranking), hotels (3), high-rise residential buildings (4), educational institutions (2), general offices (0), and warehouses (0). Strategies to manage these attributes have been proposed for each building typology so that the risks emanating from the complexities of these building projects can be mitigated and effectively managed at the design stage.

Quantitative evaluation method for post-earthquake functionality loss of pedestrian flow pathways within a complex building using evacuation and rescue simulation

The complex building is a single building, characterized by its large size and complicated structural systems, such as high-rise-buildings, long-span-podium, and large underground space, as well as diverse functions. The pedestrian flow pathways within a complex building play a crucial role in urgent evacuation and rescue following seismic events. This study proposed a quantitative method for evaluating the functionality loss of pedestrian flow pathways within the complex building following seismic events. The method performed the component fragility analysis and constructed the speed reduction models that considered the variations of occupants' motions under different damage states of various nonstructural components. To evaluate the functionality loss of pedestrian flow pathways, the evacuation and rescue scenarios were established by analyzing the maximum speeds and behavioral delays of occupants at different spatial locations within the post-earthquake complex building. Based on the simulation, a quantitative index was constructed. Finally, a process accounting for uncertainties such as component damage was presented by generating the engineering demand parameters. A case study was employed to demonstrate the functionality loss of pedestrian flow pathways on each floor and in different areas within the post-earthquake complex building, which has reference significance for improving the post-earthquake complex building 's evacuation capacity as soon as possible to deal with secondary risk.

Demand response strategies for air-conditioning systems based on direct load control: Considering envelope structures

In recent years, the surge in rural air-conditioning (AC) electricity consumption has led to an overall increase in peak loads in both winter and summer, presenting a major challenge to the reliability and stability of low-voltage distribution networks. Demand response (DR) strategy not only relieves the peak load, but also reduces the energy consumption and achieves the purpose of energy saving and emission reduction. Among the many DR strategies, direct load control (DLC) stands out as an effective way to quickly reduce building AC loads. Meanwhile, the building envelope is also one of the important factors affecting the AC load. A typical rural house in the Xi’an area of Shaanxi Province was used as a case study. A ground source heat pump system was developed, installed and used as an experimental platform in order to aid the study. Therefore, in this study, the combination of external envelope and DLC strategies was investigated to establish a simulation model of energy consumption in rural building complexes. Two DLC load control strategies were implemented under different external envelope conditions for annual AC energy simulation. The results show that the thickness of the external insulation layer has the greatest impact on the AC load of the building compared to the window-wall ratio and orientation. With a thickness of 0 mm–75 mm insulation, the DCCM strategy can effectively reduce AC energy consumption by 16%–18%; With a thickness of 0 mm–75 mm insulation, the TSCM strategy can effectively reduce AC energy consumption by 5%–8%.

Reclamation potential in the built environment: A method and metric for assessing environmental benefits beyond first use

Direct reuse and recycling of materials can significantly reduce the net environmental impact of the global construction sector. The feasibility of reuse and recyclability of building systems is affected by the materials used and the interfaces between constituent components. Yet there is a lack of quantitative methods for assessing the environmental benefits of alternative recovery strategies for multi-component and multi-material systems over the building lifetime. In this work, a novel assessment method was developed to enable a systematic and quantitative evaluation of the transient environmental reclamation potential (RP). The reclamation potential is a measure of the ability to disassemble and reuse recovered building systems at their end-of-life and is influenced by the constituent components and the interfaces between components. The proposed method accounts for the technical service lifetimes of components, including performance degradation over time, and can thus inform decisions on the most suitable recovery route for new and existing designs. The graphical outputs from the RP assessment are a network diagram which highlights the system components and connections between components, and an RP-graph which illustrates the embodied environmental impact and reclamation potential over time of alternative reuse/recycling strategies. The methodology is demonstrated on a glazed double-skin façade where the influence of component service lifetimes and replacements over time is quantified in terms of embodied energy and embodied carbon. The outcomes of the assessment can guide decision-making in design for disassembly (DfD) strategies and/or aid in the identification of high-value material recovery strategies at the end-of-life stage.

Integration of Building Information Model into a Game Engine Platform for Indoor Accessibility Analyses

Understanding the movement patterns of individuals within a structure is crucial for efficient simulation. This entails the examination of network accessibility based on insights into the intricate indoor three-dimensional network topology. The combination of Building Information Modeling with Game Engines can streamline this approach. Hence, this study proposes a pipeline integrating the A* shortest path algorithm and walkable three-dimensional navigation meshes to analyze indoor accessibility. The pipeline design was deployed in a public building, where scenario-based analyses were conducted to determine the average distance and time shifts based on blockages. According to the results, exits' positioning and availability significantly impact indoor navigation and accessibility, underscoring their significance in building design and emergency preparedness in complex buildings.

Topological Characterization of Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Perspective.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) began to emerge over two decades ago, resulting in the deposition of 120 000 MOF-like structures (and counting) into the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). Topological analysis is a critical step toward understanding periodic MOF materials, offering insight into the design and synthesis of these crystals via the simplification of connectivity imposed on the complete chemical structure. While some of the most prevalent topologies, such as face-centered cubic (fcu), square lattice (sql), and diamond (dia), are simple and can be easily assigned to structures, MOFs that are built from complex building blocks, with multiple nodes of different symmetry, result in difficult to characterize topological configurations. In these complex structures, representations can easily diverge where the definition of nodes and linkers are blurred, especially for cases where they are not immediately obvious in chemical terms. Currently, researchers have the option to use software such as ToposPro, MOFid, and CrystalNets to aid in the assignment of topology descriptors to new and existing MOFs. These software packages are readily available and are frequently used to simplify original MOF structures into their basic connectivity representations before algorithmically matching these condensed representations to a database of underlying mathematical nets. These approaches often require the use of in-built bond assignment algorithms alongside the simplification and matching rules. In this Perspective, we discuss the importance of topology within the field of MOFs, the methods and techniques implemented by these software packages, and their availability and limitations and review their uptake within the MOF community.

Integrating vertical greenery for complex building patterns towards sustainable urban environment

Rapid urbanization has increased the urban density and functional diversity, exacerbating environmental challenges such as urban heat islands (UHI), increased building energy consumption and carbon emissions, etc., hindering the sustainable urban development. Addressing these challenges requires innovative solutions that could offer the strategic cooling of urban buildings. Vertical greenery, affixed to building façades, offers a promising approach to provide benefits of cooling, energy savings, carbon reduction and urban space saving. However, there is a lack of quantitative design for integrating vertical greenery into complex urban buildings. Therefore, this study conducts a systematic investigation for low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise buildings incorporating vertical greenery, while performing comprehensive assessments on indoor and outdoor thermal conditions, building energy usage, and carbon emissions. The findings suggest that low-rise buildings benefit from a vertical greenery layout, while mid-rise and high-rise buildings are better suited for a horizontal greenery layout. Compared to scenarios without greenery, buildings with vertical greenery experience a maximum reduction of 0.66 °C in outdoor air temperature and 0.72 °C in indoor air temperature, along with a 5.9 % decrease in energy consumption and carbon emissions. This study addresses urban challenges through a quantified vertical greenery design, offering valuable insights for sustainable urban development.

Compound 3D building modeling with structure-aware partition and primitive assembly from airborne laser scanning point clouds

ABSTRACT Urban digital twins and realistic three-dimensional (3D) scenes have further enhanced the ever-increasing demand for building models. Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds are the predominant data source for 3D building reconstruction owing to their highly detailed spatial features. However, information on the reconstruction of compound buildings (i.e. buildings with diverse plane structures or various roof structures) is lacking. Existing methods often produce building models that suffer from topological inconsistencies and/or geometric errors. To address these issues, this study proposes an automatic building reconstruction approach based on ALS point cloud that offers both modeling flexibility and geometric consistency. Specifically, a structure-aware partitioning algorithm that partitions a complex building roof into several regular roof patches is incorporated. Subsequently, a primitive model library comprising representative primitives suitable for building reconstruction is created. Suitable primitive model selection and reconstruction optimization are employed to ensure the accuracy and compactness in the final model. To comprehensively evaluate the performance, two typical ALS point cloud datasets are tested. Experiments demonstrate the generated models can achieve a boundary consistency of 92% while ensuring Root Mean Square Error below 0.09 m. Comparative experiments with state-of-the-art methods further validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in compound building reconstruction.

Wind-induced interference effect of complex building clusters on long-span roof structures

The presence of complex buildings introduces interference effects and complicates the wind field around the long-span roof structure. The complexity of the problem makes it challenging to predict wind load of long-span roof structures, resulting in a scarcity of design data available to engineers and designers. Thus, the influence of interference effect on mean and peak pressure coefficients of a long-span tri-centered cylindrical roof structure was investigated through wind tunnel tests conducted in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. The study focused on the interference effects caused by two cooling towers, chimney, and some low-rise buildings, considering all wind directions. The results show that the interference effects are the result of a combination of amplification effects from the adjacent cooling towers and chimney and shielding effects from the surrounding low-rise buildings. Due to the shielding effect of low-rise buildings, the wind suction on the roof is mitigated compared to that of a single building, while at the end of the roof, wind suction is amplified by cooling tower effects. The interference effect of the building clusters, however, amplifies the fluctuating wind pressure coefficient and the peak pressure coefficient on the roof. To accurately estimate the wind load of building components and envelopes, furthermore, this study investigates the influence mechanism of interference effect on non-Gaussian characteristics of wind pressure combining with fluctuating wind pressure spectrum, spatial correlation of fluctuating wind pressure, and probability distribution characteristics of standardized wind pressure coefficient. The spatial correlation of wind pressure in the roof interference area exhibits a strong association, and the probability density distribution characteristics of the standardized wind pressure coefficient significantly deviate from the Gaussian curve, with a peak factor exceeding 3.5. Thus, it can be concluded that the wind pressure within this region demonstrates significant non-Gaussian characteristics. Hence, the zone values of peak pressure coefficients are determined using the peak factor approach to inform the wind resistance design of the envelope structure.

Microbial air quality in a complex public building: influence of work type, height level and environmental stressors

Microbial air quality in a complex public building: influence of work type, height level and environmental stressors

Study of the Strain Law and Model of an Open-Air Steel Column under Daily Temperature Changes in Winter

Steel structures with light weight, high rigidity, and easy assembly have become the first choice for large-span complex building materials. At the same time, transparent materials are widely used for the sake of practicality and aesthetics. However, steel structures will be deformed due to changes in temperature, which will affect the accuracy of closure. The components are restricted from free deformation as a result of multiple statically indeterminate structures. A safety hazard will occur if the residual temperature stress is not released. At present, the strain law of open-air steel structures caused by temperature change is still unclear, and the corresponding temperature–strain model has not been established. This paper is based on the third-phase reconstruction and expansion project of Taiyuan Wusu Airport in Xiaodian District, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province (37°45′ N, 112°38′ E, average altitude of 774 m), winter long time series temperature measured data, deduced daily temperature change laws, and the established relationship model between air temperature and steel surface temperature. Based on the measured data of long-term stress and strain in winter, the strain law of open-air steel columns under temperature change is discussed. According to the results, the air temperature can be utilized to determine the strain of the open-air steel column during winter. The determination coefficient of the temperature–stress model can reach 0.868, and the radial bending stress caused by the change in daily temperature cannot be ignored, accounting for 15.7% of the radial stress at the same time, which can provide a reference for stress calculations of similar structures.

Study Examines Limitations of CCS and Their Effect on Oil and Gas Production

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 214950, “Limitations and Fallacies of Carbon Capture and Storage and Impact on Oil and Gas Production,” by S.M. Farouq Ali, SPE, and Mohamed Y. Soliman, SPE, University of Houston. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ In the complete paper, the authors write that, while carbon capture and storage (CCS) initiatives are affecting oil and gas operations profoundly, such efforts have had little perceptible effect on atmospheric CO2, which continues to increase. The paper aims to show that current CCS regimens have serious technical and fiscal constraints and questionable validity, stating that, globally, CCS has not increased beyond approximately 0.1% of global CO2 emissions in the past 20 years. The paper offers partial solutions and concludes that, while oil and gas will continue to be important energy sources beyond the foreseeable future, oil companies will accomplish the needed CCS. Introduction The authors write that, while CCS efforts have been pursued for 4 decades, little has been achieved. For the past 20 years, the percentage of CO2 captured and stored is less than 0.1% of the CO2 emitted worldwide, if one considers CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects to be CSS—which, the authors write, is a fallacy. They emphasize that CCS means injection with no production. The key to CCS success, they write, is major governmental subsidization, by whatever terminology it is known, and that means taxpayer money. Sweeping decisions that have a profound effect on oil and gas production and petroleum engineering education are being made based on predictions of an increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere in various time frames. Magnitude of the Problem The problem of world CO2 emissions capture is gigantic. To appreciate the magnitude of the problem, imagine that 1 year’s CO2 emissions (40 billion tonnes) are captured, compressed and liquified, and injected into a reservoir the size of the Ghawar oil field, the largest reservoir in the world, with the entire pore space (approximately 0.5 Tcf) available for storage. In this hypothetical, nine such reservoirs would be required every year. Presumably, such storage space can be found, but collecting the CO2 and bringing it to a storage site is a highly complex task. For example, in a sequestration effort in a building complex in New York, the CO2 is separated, liquified, and trucked to a storage site to be injected underground, which is impractical. Often, the example of the Nordic countries (mainly Denmark, Sweden, and Norway) is cited as evidence of successful emissions reduction. But the total population of these countries is approximately the same as that of metropolitan Mumbai in India. Definitions Carbon capture use and storage (CCUS) implies that the CO2 produced by various processes is captured and used for EOR. This accounts for approximately 30% of the 230 mtpa of CO2 captured globally. CCS means that any CO2 produced by the process is captured and injected into a suitable geological formation for storage for thousands of years. Net-zero emissions (NZE) implies that all the CO2 produced is captured and stored. In Canada, “absolute zero emissions” is discussed, meaning that no CO2 is produced in the first place, pointing to total fossil-fuel phaseout.

Energy consumption and thermal comfort of rock-cut and modern buildings

Energy consumption in the building sector justifies the necessity of knowing the thermal comfort perception of vernacular and modern architectural types, based on which a correct recognition was reached for the design of buildings suitable for the climatic conditions of each region. It should be determined that the different types of modern and traditional architecture are in the comfort level in harsh hot climate conditions and how much energy they consume to reach the comfort level. Despite consideration of energy consumption and thermal comfort in different buildings in Iran, there is no clear framework for evaluating these two parameters in different buildings and comparing them. This research aims to compare the indoor thermal comfort levels of vernacular architectural buildings and modern buildings in Iran's semi-hot and dry climate at the peak of summer heat and determine their energy consumption to reach the comfort level. This study has been accomplished by collecting field data, examining the indoor predicted mean vote (PMV) index of the buildings, and comparing them. It was found that rock-cut architecture buildings are in better thermal comfort conditions without energy consumption due to the use of groundmass temperature and low heat exchanges between the indoors and outdoors because of the thermal phase of the materials and the thickness of its layers. The indoor PMV average of rock-cut buildings in summer is −0.61; in modern buildings, it is 0.77, while these two building complexes are in the same climate and close. Also, the energy consumption to reach the comfort level in rock-cut buildings is zero, while modern buildings consume an average of 7.7 kW of electricity daily. The research results will lead to recognizing and modeling the climate design of vernacular architecture, which can be used in today's architecture to reduce energy consumption.

Nurses' experiences of hospital‐acquired pressure injury prevention in acute healthcare services in Victoria, Australia: A qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework

AbstractWe investigated nurses' experiences of hospital‐acquired pressure injury (PI) prevention in acute care services to better understand how PI prevention may be optimised. We used the Theoretical Domains Framework to systematically identify barriers and enablers to evidence‐based preventive practices as required by the International Guideline. This study was one element of a complex capacity building project on PI surveillance and prevention within the acute health service partners of Monash Partners Academic Health Science Centre, an accredited academic health partnership located in Melbourne, Australia. We adopted a qualitative descriptive design. We interviewed 32 nurses that provided care in intensive care units, general wards and COVID wards of four acute care services. Nurses were recruited from four large acute care services (three public, one private) located in Melbourne. Most of them worked with patients who were at high risk of hospital‐acquired PI on a daily basis. Interview transcripts were coded and analysed using thematic analysis guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework. The domains referred to most frequently by all participants included: Knowledge, Skills, Social/Professional Role and Identity, Beliefs about Capabilities, and Environmental Context and Resources. The key barriers discussed by nurses included gaps in nurses' knowledge and skills related to identification and staging of PI, heavy nursing workload and inadequate staffing levels, stigma and self‐blame related to PI identification, and exacerbating impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Main facilitators discussed were training programmes, nursing audits and feedback, and teamwork. Participants suggested improvements including accessible and tailored training, visual reminders, and addressing heavy workloads and emotional barriers nurses face. Investing in tailored training initiatives to improve nurses' knowledge and organisational changes to address low level staffing and heavy workloads are urgently needed to support nurses in delivering optimal care and preventing hospital‐acquired PI.

Experimental Study Employing EMI-based Piezoelectric Diaphragms to Detect Water Leakages in PVC Pipes

Considering the increased demand for using natural resources sustainably, water is an ultra-valuable resource to be preserved. Notwithstanding, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes, which are mainly used in complex building water distribution systems, are still in use and present a considerable rate of water loss. Unfortunately, the recently developed Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has not deeply covered leaks in those pipes. To fill this gap, this approach proposes an experimental study to assess the feasibility of using Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) diaphragms to detect water leaks in these structures. Experimental tests were conducted by attaching one PZT diaphragm to a mini-scale water distribution system, where the leakage scenarios were simulated by opening taps. To attest to the effectiveness of the methodology, it calculated statistical metrics between the baseline (without leaks) and unknown conditions. The experimental results are promising and may be extrapolated to detect water losses in a full-scale water-distributing system.

Prediction of Energy Consumption on Example of Heterogenic Commercial Buildings

The management of large enterprises influences their efficiency and profitability. One of the important aspects is the appropriate management of electricity consumption used for production and daily operation. The problem becomes more complicated when you need to manage not one but a large complex of buildings with heterogeneous purposes. In the paper, we examine real-time series data of electrical energy consumption in a complex of heterogeneous buildings, including offices and warehouses, using time series analysis methods such as the Holt–Winters model and ARIMA/SARIMA model, and neural networks (Deep Neural Network, Recurrent Neural Network, and Long Short-Term Memory). Experimental research was performed on a dataset obtained from an energy consumption meter placed in the building complex, built in different periods, and equipped with a variety of automation devices. The data were collected over a period of four years 2018–2021 in the form of time series. Results show that classic models are good at predicting energy consumption in the mentioned type of buildings. The ARIMA model gave the best results—for buildings characterized by seasonality and trends the forecasts were almost perfect with actual values.