Complete Secondary Education Research Articles

Do Linguistic Structures Affect Human Capital? The Case of Pronoun Drop

SummaryThis paper empirically studies the human capital effects of grammatical rules that permit speakers to drop a personal pronoun when used as a subject of a sentence. By de‐emphasizing the significance of the individual, such languages may perpetuate ancient values and norms that give primacy to the collective, inducing governments and families to invest relatively little in education because education usually increases the individual's independence from both the state and the family and may thus reduce the individual's commitment to these institutions. Carrying out both an individual‐level and a country‐level analysis, the paper indeed finds negative effects of pronoun‐drop languages. The individual‐level analysis uses data on 114,894 individuals from 75 countries over 1999‐2014. It establishes that speakers of such languages have a lower probability of having completed secondary or tertiary education, compared with speakers of languages that do not allow pronoun drop. The country‐level analysis uses data from 101 countries over 1972‐2012. Consistent with the individual‐level analysis, it finds that countries where the dominant languages permit pronoun drop have lower secondary school enrollment rates. In both cases, the magnitude of the effect is substantial, particularly among females.

Gender differences in psychological vulnerability in adolescence as indicator of secondary education completion

Gender differences in psychological vulnerability in adolescence as indicator of secondary education completion

Gender differences in psychological vulnerability in adolescence as indicator of secondary education completion

Gender differences in psychological vulnerability in adolescence as indicator of secondary education completion

К вопросу об эволюции и актуальном состоянии преподавания истории регионов в контексте истории России

The article considers the question of formation and development of teaching regional history. The main development stages of regional educational and methodical sets (EMS) have been allocated, which are caused by adoption of the normative documents defi ning the purposes and the maintenance of school education:The mandatory minimum content of basic general and complete secondary education in 1998/1999; State Education Standard 2004, Federal State Educational Standard of Basic General Education (it is put into operation with 9/1/2013); Federal state educational standard of secondary general education (it is put into operation with 9/1/2014); Historical and Cultural Standard of 2013. The article describes the characteristics of regionalEMS, the problems of their further development.

Model of methodical system of genetic education in form 10 by the program "Biology and ecology"

Aim. The article is devoted to the development of the theoretical model of the methodical system of teaching the genetics in the 10th form, determining the components of each element of the system and links between them on the basis of theoretical analysis of the content of the educational program in biology and ecology for the 10th form, the requirements of the State standard of basic and complete general secondary education, provisions of the of the New Ukrainian school concept. Methods. Analysis, synthesis, modeling. Results. The authors have proposed a model of the methodical system of teaching genetics in the 10th form under the new program, from the point of view of the individual and the whole and the connections between the elements of the system. Conclusions. There are connections between the elements of the methodical system, these connections acquire new qualities if this system is included as a component in the system of teacher – student interaction. An important factor in functioning the methodical system is the optimal combination of goals, objectives, teaching technologies, which include the organizatio of teacher pedagogical activities and student learning; different training forms; training tools.
 Keywords: methodical system, training technologies, student interaction, goals, objectives.

Behavior of self-medication in students of the Chemistry and Pharmacy career of the Universidad Católica del Norte

Context: Self-medication is the use of non-prescribed drugs to treat self-recognized illnesses or symptoms. It is a habitual conduct in university students that can be harmful for the health or propitiate advantages. Aims: To determine the behavior of self-medication in students of the Chemistry and Pharmacy degree program at Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta. Methods: A descriptive, transversal and retrospective study was carried out. A survey was applied to 168 students, who signed an informed consent. The sample was characterized and the relationship between sociodemographic data and the type of self-medication was determined, with an CI of 95% and a statistical significance of 5% (p <0.05). Results: The highest percentages of students were female (62.5%) and were in the basic cycle (65.5%). The average age was 21.7 ± 2.7 years. The education of the parents that predominated was the complete secondary education. A total of 94.6% of students self-medicated, and of these 76.7% did so responsibly. While 93.1% self-medicated on some occasions. The main reasons for self-medication were not considered necessary to visit the doctor (30.8), to recognize the symptoms (27.0%) and to have the knowledge to treat the discomforts (22.0%). The most used pharmacological groups were analgesics (48.8%) and anti-inflammatories (28.1%). No statistically significant difference was found between the type of self-medication versus the sociodemographic data. Conclusions: A high percentage of students self-medicate responsibly using common drugs in this type of practice. However, more education on this subject should be offered to university students.

Distance and mastery: poetic inquiry of young people’s subjectification processes

ABSTRACTAn increasing number of young people under 30 do not complete upper secondary education and have difficulty gaining a foothold on the labour market. Hence, there is great interest, politically as well as academically, in finding out ‘what works’ in terms of helping young people. At the same time, however, there is also a lack of research that examines the processes these young people are involved in and the context that has an effect on these. By applying the method of poetic inquiry, this article examines subjectifications processes that have education as the focal point. Poetic inquiry provides an opportunity to explore and construct ‘evocative’ and ‘polyvocal’ analyses of the young people’s subjectification processes in the current employment policy context. The analyses demonstrate how different forms of ‘distance’ occur and how the young people simultaneously are trying to master these.

Knowledge on Use and Effects of Drug and Substance Abuse among Youth Aged 13 To 24 Years in Raila Village, Kibera Slum, Nairobi, Kenya

Drug and substance abuse is a global problem and is one of the major problems affecting the youth both in school and out of school as a result of drug and substance abuse. The purpose of the study was to determine the knowledge on use and effects of drugs and substance abuse among the youth aged 13-24 years in Raila village, Kibera slum, Nairobi. The study hoped to provide additional information to the already existing records about drug and substance abuse which can be of much importance to future scholars and those interested in researching on the same issue and the relevant authorities like the Ministry of Health to find out the effective measures to put in place in order to solve this issue. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional study design, involving both quantitative and qualitative methods. The sample size used was 87 respondents. Random Sampling method was used to select the 87 subjects. Data was collected through interviewer administered questionnaires containing both open-ended and closed ended questions and data was analyzed through the statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and Microsoft Excel was used for graphical presentation. The study established that majority of the youth (77) out of the 87 respondents aged 13 to 24 years had adequate knowledge on use and effects of drugs and substances abuse although despite the knowledge, some of them were abusing drugs and substances. The study also found out that majority (50%) of the youth who were abusing drugs and substances were the ones who had completed secondary school education but had not gone to tertiary level and those who did not complete secondary school education. The study recommends continuous awareness programs, creation of opportunities and direct intervention measures in order to address the challenge of drugs and substances abuse.

Nutritional Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Antenatal and Postnatal Mothers in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (Htaa), Kuantan, Pahang 2016

Background: Balanced and sufficient maternal nutritional intake ensures not only the wellbeing of pregnant mother, fetus, and newborn (protection of life) but also her future health and her three generations (protection of progeny). Nutritional inadequacies during pregnancy have been reported and several factors were attributed. The objectives were to measure nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) during pregnancy and the relationship with socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 320 antenatal and postnatal mothers in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA), Pahang, Malaysia from 18th July to 27th August 2016. A pre-tested self-constructed, interview-guided questionnaire was used. Independent variables were age, ethnicity, educational level, marital status, and monthly household income. Outcomes were nutritional KAP-level with median used for the categorization. The relationship between independent variables and outcomes was obtained by logistic regression with significance at p<0.05. Results: Sixty-five percent aged from 25 to 34, 84% Malays, 37% completed secondary education with SPM/O-level, 96% married, 48% from middle-income family, 52% had a good nutritional knowledge, 67% with a positive attitude and 55% with good practice. Age and educational level were significantly related to knowledge. The only educational level was significantly related to practice. Less than 70% of respondents have good nutritional KAP, reflected by educational level with more than half of them received up to secondary education. Hence, the rights of mothers in getting a necessary and adequate education should be fulfilled. Conclusion: Results emphasize the importance of empowering girls and women with adequate educations and to strengthen the nutritional and health education of our educational system. It is for them to be knowledgeable with good attitude and practicing healthy nutritional lifestyle as they entering reproductive life, maintaining and transferring at least optimum healthy life to their progenies.

Impacto do estilo de vida na adaptação individual e relacional e nos resultados obstétricos de mulheres adultas após o parto

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e comparar retrospetivamente o estilo de vida (EV) de mulheres antes e durante a gravidez; descrever a adaptação individual e relacional na transição para a maternidade e os resultados obstétricos; e avaliar a associação entre hábitos de EV e estes indicadores. A amostra foi composta por 98 mães, a maioria casadas ou em união de facto, com ensino secundário ou superior, nulíparas e que planearam a gravidez. A bateria de avaliação incluiu um questionário sociodemográfico, a Escala de Avaliação das Emoções, o Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos e escalas de adjetivos para avaliar os domínios conjugal e parental. Os resultados mostraram uma mudança positiva no EV durante a gravidez em comparação ao período precedente. Foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre a adoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis e menor sintomatologia psicopatológica e maior reatividade emocional positiva. Estes resultados salientam a importância da avaliação de diferentes componentes do EV e a sua associação com diversos indicadores individuais e relacionais para uma melhor compreensão da adaptação das mulheres na transição para a maternidade.

Non-completion of secondary education and early disability in Norway: geographic patterns, individual and community risks

BackgroundSchool non-completion and early work disability is a great public health challenge in Norway, as in most western countries. This study aims to investigate how medically based disability pension (DP) among young adults varies geographically and how municipal socioeconomic conditions interact with non-completion of secondary education in determining DP risk.MethodsThe study includes a nationally representative sample of 30% of all Norwegians (N = 350,699) aged 21–40 in 2010 from Statistic Norway’s population registries. Multilevel models incorporating factors at the individual, neighbourhood and municipal levels were applied to estimate the neighbourhood and municipality general contextual effects in DP receipt, and detect possible differences in the impact of municipal socioeconomic conditions on DP risk between completers and non-completers of secondary education.ResultsA pattern of spatial clustering at the neighbourhood (ICC = 0.124) and municipality (ICC = 0.021) levels are clearly evident, indicating that the underlying causes of DP receipt have a systematic neighbourhood and municipality variation in Norway. Non-completion of secondary education is strongly correlated with DP receipt among those younger than 40. Socioeconomic characteristics of the municipality are also significantly correlated with DP risk, but these associations are conditioned by the completion of secondary education. Living in a socioeconomically advantageous municipality (i.e. high income, high education levels and low unemployment and social security payment rates) is associated with a higher risk of DP, but only among those who do not complete their secondary education. Although the proportion of DPs was equal in rural and urban areas, it is evident that young people living in urban settings are more at risk of early DP than their counterparts living in rural parts of the country when controlling for other risk factors.ConclusionThe association between school non-completion and DP risk varies between municipalities and local socioeconomic environments. The interplay between personal characteristics and the local community is important in DP risk among young adults, implying that preventive measures should be directed not only at the individual level, but also include the educational system and the local community.

Socio-economic risk factors for early childhood underweight in Bangladesh

BackgroundUnderweight is a major cause of global disease burden. It is associated with child mortality and morbidity, and its adverse impact on human performance and child survival is well recognized. Underweight is a major public health problem in Bangladesh, which is amongst the highest underweight prevalent countries in the world. The objectives of our study were to determine the national and regional prevalence rates of underweight and severe underweight in Bangladesh, and to investigate the association of socioeconomic and demographic factors with child underweight and severely underweight among children under the age of five living in Bangladesh.MethodsWe performed a cross sectional study using Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey 2012–13, Bangladesh data on 17,133 children under 5 years of age. Weight-for-age Z scores based upon World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines were used to define child underweight and severe underweight. The association of underweight and severe underweight with household socioeconomic factors and demographic characteristics was investigated using binary logistic regression model.ResultsAn estimated 31.67% children were underweight and 8.81% children were severely underweight. Children of mothers with incomplete secondary education [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.75, 0.94] and mothers with completed secondary education [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.93] were less likely to be underweight than children of uneducated mothers who had no formal schooling. A similar association exists for father’s education, children from households in the highest wealth index quintile had lower likelihood of underweight [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.53] than children from households in the lowest quintile. Consumption of non-iodized salt had higher risk of severe underweight for children aged between 24 and 35 months [Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.80, 3.00]. Other risk factors of child severe underweight included living in Sylhet division and increases in the number of children under the age of five in a household.ConclusionUnderweight was associated with lower parental education, household position in lower wealth index, living in Sylhet division and consumption of non-iodized salt. Strategies are discussed considering the relative importance of risk factors for child underweight.

Criterios para la identificación y selección de escuela eficaces de nivel medio superior

El propósito de este estudio fue la detección de escuelas de alta y baja eficacia en educación media superior. Se emplearon puntuaciones obtenidas en una prueba censal aplicada al egreso de la educación media superior del 2012 al 2015. Se proponen cuatro criterios para determinar la eficacia de las escuelas: 1) las puntuaciones brutas extremas; 2) los residuos extremos estimados mediante modelos jerárquicos lineales; 3) el crecimiento (o decrecimiento) de puntuaciones y 4) el crecimiento de los residuos en las escuelas a lo largo del tiempo. Cuatro perspectivas distintas, pero complementarias, para abordar el nivel de eficacia (o ineficacia) de las escuelas. Se analizaron resultados de más de 10,000 estudiantes de 119 escuelas, y se identificaron 20 de alta eficacia y 24 de baja. El estudio muestra que se pueden utilizar múltiples criterios, lo cual permite hacer una selección robusta de las escuelas eficaces.

The heterogeneous effects of education on crime: Evidence from Danish administrative twin data

Using administrative Danish Register Data to identify all twins born 1965–1982, this paper estimates heterogeneous effects of education on crime. Controlling for genetic and environmental factors, the completion of upper secondary education significantly lowers the probability of conviction for total, property, and violent crimes for males. Family factors matter—education lowers crime earlier in the life cycle for children of low educated parents and later in life for children of high educated parents. Exposure to crime during childhood similarly impacts the dynamics of the crime reducing effects of education across the life cycle. Examining different educational programs reveals completing high school is important for crime reduction, while vocational education has a smaller impact on crime. Results are robust to controlling for differences in early health, directly estimating reverse causality between education and crime, and using data on prison sentences instead of convictions.

ПОДГОТОВКА ИНОСТРАННЫХ СТУДЕНТОВ К ОСВОЕНИЮ ОСНОВНЫХ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРОГРАММ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В РОССИЙСКИХ ВУЗАХ

This article analyzes the experience of the faculty of training foreign specialists of the Volgograd State Technical University for the last three academic years in order to identify conditions conducive to the qualitative development of an additional educational program that provides training for foreign citizens and stateless persons to develop professional higher education programs education in Russian, and further successful education at the main faculties of Russian universities. The authors of the article believe that the activity of the preparatory faculty for foreign citizens can be considered successful if certain conditions are met, including: the duration of instruction is at least 9–10 months and good basic training at home in the framework of complete secondary education. In support of this conclusion, statistical data on the performance of foreign students for the last three academic years (2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017 academic years) are given, depending on the length of time for the development of an additional educational program providing preparation for mastering the basic educational programs i.e. time of "arrival" of students for training). These statistics are presented in the form of dependency graphs. In addition, the authors of the article attempt to analyze the dependence of the progress of foreign students in the development of an additional educational program preparing for the mastering of the basic professional programs of higher education in Russian, from basic training of foreign students at home in the framework of complete secondary education, and also on the degree of motivation of foreign students in obtaining Russian education.

Effect of health teaching on post partum minor discomfort

BackgroundPostpartum period is a time of vast change for women both physically and psychologically. During this period, women needed to information regarding minor discomforts and how to deal with them. AimEvaluate the effect of health teaching on women experience of minor discomfort during postpartum period. DesignQuesi experimental (pre and posttest one group) design was selected for this study. SampleA convenience sample of 150 subjects was selected according to certain criteria. SettingPostpartum unit at Maternity University Hospital, Cairo Governorate. ToolSemi-structured Interviewing sheet, maternal knowledge regarding postpartum minor discomforts follow up tool. ResultsSubjects age ranged from 20 to 40 years with 44% completed secondary school education, 9.3% reached high level of education, also, the study conveyed a level of improvement regarding breast engorgement, after pain, urinary retention, constipation and episiotomy pain. Sixty-four point seven of subjects mention that they weren’t aware of expected minor discomforts during postpartum period before health teaching was given. After the teaching, only 0.7% of subjects were not aware of postpartum minor discomforts. ConclusionTeaching helped to improve the women’s knowledge regarding postpartum discomforts. RecommendationsHealth educational package on postpartum discomforts should be given on discharge should be written in clear and comprehensive explanation supported by drawing pamphlets especially for illiterate one.

FORMATION OF SUBJECT-SUBJECT INTERACTION OF UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW UKRAINIAN SCHOOL

The article deals with trends of the subject-subject interaction between the participants of education activity, analysis of conceptual grounds of the development of the subject-subject interaction in the systemof complete general secondary education in view of the implementation of the key reforms of the new Ukrainian school. The integration of key and general professional competencies in education activity, which is aimed at developing pupils’ ability to apply knowledge and skills in real life situations, is emphasized. Much attention is paid to the teacher’s role in the development of the subject-subject interaction of upper secondary schoolchildren. The potential of educational branches in the process of development of the subject-subject interaction in the systemof complete general secondary education is characterized.

Sanitary conditions and inmates' knowledge and attitude towards hygiene practices in a maximum-security prison in Oyo State, Southwest Nigeria

Context: The study was conducted in a maximum-security prison in southwest Nigeria, where inmates were held in lawful custody by a court of competent jurisdiction. The inmates are vulnerable, and their health is conditioned not only on their nutrition and health-care services but also on available water and sanitation services, personal and collective hygiene behaviour, within the prison environment. Aim: The study assessed the living and sanitary conditions and hygiene practices of inmates in a maximum-security prison in Nigeria. Settings and Design: The study was descriptive, cross-sectional in design and elicited information on knowledge, attitude and hygiene practice of consented prison inmates. Methods: The questionnaire response was 94.8% and was identified through a multistage sampling technique and inmates were stratified by detention status with the minimum sample allocated by the proportional to size method. Systematic sampling was used for serial recruitment without replacement. The data collection tool was a validated, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Used: Knowledge and attitudes were measured on a 24- and 55-point scales and rated as poor (≤11) and good (>11); negative (≤33) and positive (>33), respectively. Summary data were presented by descriptive, Chi-square and logistic regression at P Results: Inmates mean age was 31.6 ± 8.2 years and mostly, males (98.3%) with 47.2% and 50.8% respectively married and completed secondary education. The main water source to inmates was hand-dug wells, while all-male conveniences were dirty. The major illnesses were malaria, ringworm and diarrhoea. In addition, sanitary knowledge was a significant predictor of attitude towards hygiene practices (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.298-0.905). Conclusions: The good knowledge and positive attitudes of inmates contrast poor sanitary conditions, perhaps due to poor sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and overcrowding conditions.

The Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis-Stigma Paradox: Learning from Canada's First Wave of PrEP Users.

With the emergence of daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use in Canada, questions have emerged concerning the impacts of this HIV prevention tool on gay men's social and sexual lives. We conducted small focus groups and individual qualitative interviews with 16 gay men in Toronto who were part of the ‘first wave’ of Canadian PrEP users. Participants were on PrEP for at least one year as part of a demonstration project (November 2014–June 2016). These participants accessed PrEP before regulatory approval by Health Canada in February 2016. The mean age of participants was 37.6 years (SD 11.02); 94% completed secondary education, and 69% were white. Sex-stigma emerged as a complex theme in men's accounts of PrEP use across three overlapping domains: (1) PrEP-related stigma, including discussions of concealment and stigma from friends, family, and sexual partners, (2) PrEP as a perceived tool for combating HIV-related stigma, where some men said that they no longer discussed HIV status with sexual partners, and (3) PrEP as illuminating structural stigma, where it was attributed to unmasking stigma related to sex and sexuality. For some participants, PrEP has allowed for liberating sex and a self-described return to normalcy—normal, exciting, pleasurable sex that was no longer reliant on condom use. Paradoxically, some men said that PrEP use both led them to experience stigmatizing reactions within their social and sexual networks, while also helping to remove stigma, shame, and fear related to HIV, sexuality, and sex with gay men living with HIV.

Early-Life Nutrition Is Associated Positively with Schooling and Labor Market Outcomes and Negatively with Marriage Rates at Age 20–25 Years: Evidence from the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study (APCAPS) in India

India's Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is among the world's largest public nutritional programs, providing daily nutritional supplements and other public health and educational services to pregnant and nursing women, children aged <6 y, and adolescent girls. We estimated the long-term association between early-childhood ICDS nutrition and adult outcomes. We used follow-up data from a controlled nutritional trial conducted during 1987-1990 in 29 villages near the city of Hyderabad. In 15 intervention villages, a balanced protein-calorie supplement-made from locally available corn-soya ingredients and called upma-was offered to pregnant women and to children <6 y old. No supplement was offered in the 14 control villages. During 2010-2012, adults born during the trial were re-surveyed (n = 715 in the intervention arm and n = 645 in the control arm). We used probit regression and propensity score-matching methods to estimate the association between birth in an intervention village and rates of secondary and graduate education completion, marriage, and employment or enrollment in higher education of these adults. Adults born in the intervention group during the trial, compared with the control group, were 9% (95% CI: 0.04, 0.14; P < 0.01) more likely to complete secondary school and 11% (95% CI: 0.06, 0.15; P < 0.01) more likely to complete graduate education, were 6% (95% CI: -0.11, -0.01; P < 0.05) less likely to be ever-married at age 20-25 y, and were 5% (95% CI: 0, 0.11; P < 0.05) more likely to be employed or enrolled in higher education. The estimated associations for graduate education completion and employment-study rates were greater for men, whereas the associations for secondary education and ever-married rates were greater for women. Exposure to nutritional supplement in utero or during the first 3 y of life was associated with improved adult educational and employment outcomes and lower marriage rates in India.