Loss Compensation Research Articles

Finite-Time H∞ Robust Controller Design for a Class of Singular Discrete-Time Markov Jump Delay Systems With Packet Loss Compensation and Input Saturation

Finite-Time H_∞ Robust Controller Design for a Class of Singular Discrete-Time Markov Jump Delay Systems With Packet Loss Compensation and Input Saturation

ДЕРЖАВНЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ МОРСЬКИХ ПОРТІВ У СИСТЕМІ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ

The article defines Ukraine as an independent European country with the status of a maritime state, access to the Seas of Azov and the Black Sea, a long coastline, and a significant area of water space. Economic security in maritime transport is interpreted as a subsystem of economic security of the state, and its objects are defined as: security of port infrastructure, security of navigation, anti-terrorist security of transportation, man-made and ecological security of functioning of sea ports. The advantages, opportunities, weaknesses and threats of the port infrastructure of Ukraine are summarized. A conclusion was made about the low ratings of Ukraine in the Global Index of Competitiveness of Countries according to the indicator «Efficiency of Sea Ports» of the quality of transport infrastructure. It is shown that the criteria for the efficiency of the functioning of seaports are: the state of their material and technical base (quality), as well as quantitative indicators of the volume of export, import, transit, cargo turnover, the number of processed vessels, etc. An assessment of informational changes in the Register of Seaports of Ukraine has been provided. It is shown that at the moment only half of them are working due to the military aggression of Russia and the temporary loss of control over the seaports of the AR «Crimea» and the Sea of Azov, as well as the blocking of the Black Sea ports. The shift of business activity to the ports of the Danube region is shown. The measures of the state to reduce the danger of sea transportation in the conditions of martial law in terms of loss compensation, risk insurance, implementation of the multilateral agreement on the export of grain and food products from Ukrainian ports have been systematized. Organizational models of regulation of seaport activity are characterized. It is proved that their domestic form of state unitary enterprise of commercial type, managed by the Administration of Sea Ports of Ukraine, gravitates towards the «port-instrument» model. Reasonable expediency of transition to the «port-owner» model, which provides for the concession of port assets and infrastructure owned by the state, development of competition between sea ports, simplification of customs procedures when crossing borders, reduction of port dues rates, etc.

Secure Mobile Two-Factor Authentication Leveraging Active Sound Sensing

The two-factor authentication ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2$</tex-math></inline-formula> FA) has drawn increasingly attention as the mobile devices become more prevalent. For example, the user's possession of the enrolled phone could be used by the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2$</tex-math></inline-formula> FA system as the second proof to protect his/her online accounts. Existing <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2$</tex-math></inline-formula> FA solutions mainly require some form of user-device interaction, which may severely affect user experience and creates extra burdens to users. In this work, we propose a secure <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2$</tex-math></inline-formula> FA system utilizing the proximity of a user's enrolled phone and the login device as the second proof without requiring the user's interactions. The basic idea of our <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2$</tex-math></inline-formula> FA system is to derive location signatures based on acoustic beep signals emitted alternately by both devices and sensing the echoes with microphones, and compare the extracted signatures for proximity detection. Moreover, to further enhance the security of our system, we also design a device authentication scheme which derives the acoustic fingerprint between the login device and enrolled phone to verify the identity of two devices. Given the received beep signal, our system designs a period selection scheme to identify two sound segments accurately: the chirp period is the sound segment propagating directly from the speaker to the microphone whereas the echo period is the sound segment reflected back by surrounding objects. To achieve an accurate proximity detection, we develop a new energy loss compensation extraction scheme by utilizing the extracted chirp periods to estimate the intrinsic differences of energy loss between microphones of the enrolled phone and the login device. Our proximity detection component then conducts the similarity comparison between the identified two echo periods after the energy loss compensation to effectively determine whether the enrolled phone and the login device are in proximity for <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2$</tex-math></inline-formula> FA. Moreover, to provide higher security, our device fingerprint-assisted proximity detection further utilizes the overall energy loss between the login device and enrolled phone as their hardware fingerprint to authenticate the identity of two devices. Our experimental results show that our system is accurate in providing <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2$</tex-math></inline-formula> FA and robust to both man-in-the-middle (MiM) and co-located attacks across different scenarios and device models.

A Novel Aperture Extension Loss Compensation Scheme and Azimuth Ambiguity Suppression Method for Airborne Elevation DBF-SAR

Digital beamforming (DBF) is a state-of-the-art technique for high-resolution and wide-swath (HRWS) observation in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. Since azimuth high-resolution imaging will be a popular tendency in future SARs, DBF-SAR needs to become practical. A new problem arising in airborne DBF-SAR application is the aperture extension loss (AEL). Similar to the pulse extension loss, it is confirmed in our study that AEL will widen the point target responses and degrade the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement in airborne DBF-SAR. However, little work has been devoted to the compensation of the AEL effect. In this article, the effects of AEL are demonstrated and two compensation methods are proposed, discussed, and implemented for the processing of raw data. The above are demonstrated through simulations and an airborne experimental C-band azimuth high-resolution DBF-SAR. The results show that the AEL compensation removes the AEL effects and increases the SNR with the cost of higher impulse response sidelobes. Moreover, with this novel design scheme, it is demonstrated that azimuth ambiguity suppression can be implemented by elevation DBF.

Uprawnienia przysposobionego po śmierci rodzica poszkodowanego błędami organów ścigania lub wymiaru sprawiedliwości

In case of the death of a person injured by faulty operation of prosecution and jurisdictional authorities, the right to enforce claims for damages is acquired by persons legally or actually related to the deceased - also his or her children. In the event of death of the directly injured the entitled persons acquire independent rights to damages (persons receiving alimony from an accused person) or as the result of the so-called singular succession they acquire the right to enforce the claim of the deceased (relatives of 1944 - 1956 repression victims as also in the period of martial law, and perpetrators of offences). The independent rights of children are limited to compensation of own economic losses suffered in the consequence of deprivation of support by imposition of sentence, preventive measures or pre-trial arrest. Successors of claims of the accused or repressed acquire the right to claim for damages and compensation due to the transferor. The legal bond between parents and children is imitated by the relationship of adoption, therefore, the group of persons entitled to enforce claims for damages after death of a directly injured person includes those persons remaining with him or her in the relation of adoption, both through full and partial adoption. The claim of children of the repressed or accused person is divisible. Their potential joint participation in one trial does is not required joint participation. Therefore, each of the claimants may independently execute his or her part of deceased’s provision.

Plant communities in wetland mitigation banks surpass the quality of those in the most degraded, naturally occurring wetlands, but fall short of high-quality wetlands

The U.S. Clean Water Act requires that development projects causing negative impacts to wetlands must provide compensation for wetland losses through the wetland mitigation process. Compensation can be achieved through the purchase of credits from wetland mitigation banks, which are large wetland restoration projects constructed by third-party bank sponsors. To evaluate how effectively wetland mitigation banks have achieved the goal of “no net loss” of wetland resources, we compared mitigation banks to natural wetlands in the Chicago (Illinois, USA) region. We surveyed vegetation plots in 20 mitigation banks to compare vegetation metrics and composition between banks and 114 natural wetlands, representing a gradient of ecological quality, in northern Illinois. Based on metrics of species richness and floristic quality, mitigation banks possessed wetland plant communities of greater conservation value than the lowest quality, degraded, natural wetlands, but banks were not close to reaching equivalence with high-quality, reference, natural wetlands. Overall, the plant communities in banks were distinct from those of natural wetlands, a condition that appears to be driven by the abundance of the non-native species Typha angustifolia and Phragmites australis in mitigation banks. We found some evidence that dominance by native species may be lower in older banks, but otherwise did not find evidence for a relationship between vegetation metrics and bank age. These results will help those involved with wetland mitigation and similar offsetting programs assess whether compensation sites meet no-net-loss goals, informing goal setting, monitoring, and offsetting policies.

Corporate Wealth Over Public Health? Assessing the Resilience of Developing Countries' COVID-19 Responses Against Investment Claims and the Implications for Future Public Health Crises

In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, states around the world swiftly enacted a multitude of far-reaching emergency responses to contain the viruses’ spread and to cope with the economic repercussions of the ensuing crisis. However, these measures detrimentally impacted the operating conditions of many businesses or, at the least, decreased their profitability. As this inevitably affected foreign investments, investors could be tempted to invoke “Investor State Dispute Settlement” (“ISDS”) clauses in International Investment Agreements (IIAs) to initiate proceedings before arbitral tribunals and seek compensation for loss of profit caused by states’ Covid-19 responses. Due to the specific circumstances in most developing countries, they were hit particularly hard by the crisis and are especially vulnerable to the threat of investment claims. It is therefore important to enable developing countries to realistically anticipate the risk of investment arbitration by assessing the chances of success of foreign investment claims against those policies that were most frequently adopted by them amidst the crisis. Against this background, this paper assesses how likely developing countries’ Covid-19 responses breached substantive standards of investor treatment under typical IIAs and which defense strategies states may invoke to justify their regulatory action. Based on this analysis, this paper concludes by formulating policy recommendations on how developing countries may enhance the resilience of their emergency responses against foreign investors amidst future public health crises.

Neuronal Loss of the Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 Promotes Excitotoxic Injury in the Hippocampus.

GLT-1, the major glutamate transporter in the mammalian central nervous system, is expressed in presynaptic terminals that use glutamate as a neurotransmitter, in addition to astrocytes. It is widely assumed that glutamate homeostasis is regulated primarily by glutamate transporters expressed in astrocytes, leaving the function of GLT-1 in neurons relatively unexplored. We generated conditional GLT-1 knockout (KO) mouse lines to understand the cell-specific functions of GLT-1. We found that stimulus-evoked field extracellular postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) recorded in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were normal in the astrocytic GLT-1 KO but were reduced and often absent in the neuronal GLT-1 KO at 40 weeks. The failure of fEPSP generation in the neuronal GLT-1 KO was also observed in slices from 20 weeks old mice but not consistently from 10 weeks old mice. Using an extracellular FRET-based glutamate sensor, we found no difference in stimulus-evoked glutamate accumulation in the neuronal GLT-1 KO, suggesting a postsynaptic cause of the transmission failure. We hypothesized that excitotoxicity underlies the failure of functional recovery of slices from the neuronal GLT-1 KO. Consistent with this hypothesis, the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK801, when present in the ACSF during the recovery period following cutting of slices, promoted full restoration of fEPSP generation. The inclusion of an enzymatic glutamate scavenging system in the ACSF conferred partial protection. Excitotoxicity might be due to excess release or accumulation of excitatory amino acids, or to metabolic perturbation resulting in increased vulnerability to NMDA receptor activation. Previous studies have demonstrated a defect in the utilization of glutamate by synaptic mitochondria and aspartate production in the synGLT-1 KO in vivo, and we found evidence for similar metabolic perturbations in the slice preparation. In addition, mitochondrial cristae density was higher in synaptic mitochondria in the CA1 region in 20–25 weeks old synGLT-1 KO mice in the CA1 region, suggesting compensation for loss of axon terminal GLT-1 by increased mitochondrial efficiency. These data suggest that GLT-1 expressed in presynaptic terminals serves an important role in the regulation of vulnerability to excitotoxicity, and this regulation may be related to the metabolic role of GLT-1 expressed in glutamatergic axon terminals.

Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Urban Domestic Water Supply Inputs Based on VES Production Function

The Gompertz growth curve is used to describe the urban water population, the linear function is used to represent the per capita disposable income, and the domestic water demand is described combined with the factors of population, income, and the water-saving consciousness. The VES production function is used to describe the production function of the domestic water supply. Combined with system dynamics, the supply and demand management model of urban domestic water in Jiangsu province, China, is developed. The process of water supply investment and labor input in the urban domestic water system is studied with two depreciation methods: the straight-line depreciation method and the sum of years digits method. In the case that the water consumption population is expected to decline, four water demand scenarios composed of different per capita disposable income and the growth rate of water-saving consciousness are investigated. Investment and labor input are taken as control variables to conduct water supply and demand simulations for the four scenarios. The results show that the control schemes in all four scenarios reach a balance between water supply and demand. Moreover, the investment of the sum of years digits method is larger than that of the straight-line depreciation method in 2005–2019 but less than that of the straight-line depreciation method in 2020–2034. The sum of years digits method has the characteristics of more depreciation in the early stage and less depreciation in the later stage, which is conducive to timely compensation for the large loss of fixed assets in the early stage.

Functioning of commercial physical culture and sports organizations in the conditions of economic crisis

Relevance. The economic crisis has a significant impact on the reduction of potential and real consumers of physical culture and sports services, which in turn leads to a decrease in the profitability of sports organizations and, possibly, to their partial bankruptcy.Purpose. The article examines the impact of the economic crisis on the development and functioning of physical culture and sports organizations engaged in the provision of sports services and the purpose of making a profit.Methods and organization of research. The financial documents of several sports organizations (Degtyarsk), established in the organizational and legal forms of an individual entrepreneur and limited liability companies, were analyzed.The results of the research. The article analyzes the results of the financial activity of several sports organizations established in a small town over the past two years.Conclusions. The majority of commercial physical culture and sports organizations at the moment are not aimed at obtaining maximum profit, but are focused on compensation for losses incurred during the period of downtime and a gradual return to the normal process of their functioning. The possibility of increasing the profitability of the enterprises of the physical culture and sports industry is considered by them only in the future.

Analysis of Tax Management Through Corporate Loss Compensation Scheme

Analysis of Tax Management Through Corporate Loss Compensation Scheme

Shape and Measurement Monitoring of Inrush Current Characteristics of a Battery-Capacitive Energy Storage Device with Two-Channel Digital Oscilloscope

The main reason of voltage instability in stand-alone power supply systems is the electric drive motors inrush current, which are usually higher than their nominal value. The most reasonable way to solve this problem is using capacitive energy storage. The purpose of research is shape and measurement monitoring of battery-capacitive energy storage device inrush current characteristics. Parameters comparative analysis for lithium-ion battery (LIB) part and capacitive part of the energy storage device was holding with the twochannel digital oscilloscope.Measuring testing bench included parallel connected LIB part and capacitive part of the storage device and connected to the power source. The LIB part of the storage device is made on the basis of the ATOM 10 multifunctional motor drive device of the new generation, which contains 15 V lithium-ion battery and 9.4 A·h capacity. The capacitive part of the storage device is the INSPECTOR Booster supercapacitor with an 80 F electrostatic capacitance and 15.5 V voltage. A 12 V AC/DC step-down converter was used as a power source. An electric air automobile compressor M-14001 was used as a current drain. The testing bench measuring part consisted of a two-channel digital oscilloscope and two standard measuring shunts with 15000 μOm resistance serial attached to LIB part and capacitive part of the storage device. Shape and measurement monitoring of inrush current characteristics of LIB part and capacitive part of the energy storage device was held synchronously using a two-channel digital oscilloscope with recording data to FAT32 file system USB flash drive. Obtained data was transferred to a personal computer and analyzed.The measurement results showed that 82.3 % of the energy losses compensation of the motor start is taken over by the capacitive part of the energy storage device, what makes longer LIB’s life. By adjusting the oscilloscope sweep trace index you can analyze more detailed time response shape and its duration. The values of the inrush current amplitudes were calculated in proportion to the voltage drop on the shunts and their resistances.The developed method for monitoring shape and measurement inrush current characteristics can be used in various technical applications: smart stand-alone photovoltaic system, uninterruptible power supply devices, electric drive control systems, etc.

Polymer-based S-band waveguide amplifier using NaYF4:Yb,Tm-PMMA nanocomposite as gain medium.

Optical waveguide amplifiers are essential to improve the performance of integrated communication systems. Previous research has mainly focused on C- and L-bands amplification, but there are few reports on S-band waveguide amplifiers. Here, we introduce a polymer-based waveguide amplifier that uses a NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ nanoparticles-PMMA nanocomposite as gain medium, which can provide loss compensation in the S-band. To obtain the strongest emission luminescence at 1480 nm, we optimized the doping concentration of Yb3+ and Tm3+ to 20% and 1%, respectively. By copolymerizing the nanoparticles and methyl methacrylate monomers, the nanocomposite was synthesized and used as the gain medium to fabricate S-band waveguide amplifiers. A relative gain of 5.6 dB/cm was observed at 1480 nm under the excitation of a 980-nm pump laser. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that S-band amplification has been observed in a polymer-based waveguide amplifier. This result is expected to extend the waveband of polymer-based waveguide amplifiers to the S-band.

Conduction mechanism in excess Bismuth doped Strontium Bismuth Niobate ceramics

Strontium Bismuth Niobate ceramics with excess Bismuth doping (0%wt – 20%wt) were prepared using solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction studies reveal the decrease in c-axis orientation as bismuth content increases up to 5 ​wt%, beyond that it increases. The dielectric studies were carried out at room temperature as well as at higher temperatures. The ferroelectric properties were found to improve with excess bismuth doping to some extent (5%), indicating compensation for bismuth losses during heat treatment. Temperature dependent dc conductivity studies were done and attempts were made to explain extrinsic and intrinsic conduction mechanisms in Strontium Bismuth Niobate. In low temperature region, the activation energy was found to be very low (0.08eV–0.16eV), which increases (1.07eV–1.14eV) due to introduction of intrinsic defects. A detailed conduction mechanism is presented with excess bismuth doping in Strontium Bismuth Niobate.

Organization of work to counteract illegal withdrawal of funds and money laundering through microfinance organizations

The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the problems of ensuring the protection of personal rights when interacting with microfinance organizations, protection of personal data of citizens, fraudulent actions when entering into a loan agreement using copies of documents, personal data in the information telecommunications network Internet, as well as stolen or lost documents, protection of citizens rights when processing personal data by microfinance organizations to obtain a consumer loan. Ensuring the protection of society and the state by creating a legal mechanism to counteract the legalization (laundering) of income and funds withdrawal abroad. In the microfinance market, there are organizations that operate illegally; they do not belong to any state register, as a rule. You will never find any responsible persons at the legal address of such companies. Therefore, in case of damage, compensation for losses through civil mechanisms or appealing directly to the culprit or to the court is almost impossible. The average citizen is not able to ensure their own economic security and financial stability. Due to legal illiteracy and the specific features of this type of activity, the citizen is the vulnerable party of relationship. A growing social tension in connection with filing by creditors in the face of microfinance institutions is due to obviously overestimated obligations in the loan agreement in case they were not performed during a long period of default. Such practice was quite common prior to the amendments to the legislative acts regarding limitations on the accrual of interest on consumer credits (loans) for up to one year. The activities of microfinance organizations are directly related to financial transactions involving the transfer and provision of funds, which may be of interest to criminal circles or other persons engaged in money laundering and terrorist financing. The relevance of the research is also dictated by the lack of sufficient scientific recommendations to create the necessary legal mechanisms and train government agencies, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Prosecutors office and the courts, in order to prevent infringement of citizens rights when they deal with microfinance organizations in obtaining consumer loans. The lack of effective management of such relations is dangerous in terms of requirements set up in article 46 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the right to guaranteed judicial protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens. The novelty is related to the attempts to analyze the activities of microfinance organizations not from the position of presenting this type of activity as an economic tool for providing financial assistance to vulnerable segments of the population, but as a potential threat to society, since uncontrolled monetary relations will lead to criminalization of the activity and further worsening of the financial situation of citizens. Practices of foreign countries show that these tools are implemented only in countries with a low level of economic development. In Western Europe, microfinance is practically not used; instead, other tools are applied, such as raising household incomes through the creation of highly qualified jobs, which is a contradictory practice. The purpose of the research is to study public relations in the field of microfinance organizations, identify gaps and contradictions in this area, develop and justify possible legal proposals to eliminate them. Based on the analysis of international agreements in the field of countering the legalization (laundering) of income and withdrawal of funds, mechanisms of interdepartmental interaction in the Russian Federation, it is advisable to develop measures aimed at improving Russian legislation on microfinance activities.

A comparison of endotracheal tube compensation techniques for the measurement of respiratory mechanical impedance at low frequencies.

Measurement of respiratory impedance ([Formula: see text]) in intubated patients requires accurate compensation for pressure losses across the endotracheal tube (ETT). In this study, we compared time-domain (TD), frequency-domain (FD) and combined time-/frequency-domain (FT) methods for ETT compensation. We measured total impedance ([Formula: see text]) of a test lung in series with three different ETT sizes, as well as in three intubated porcine subjects. Pressure measurement at the distal end of the ETT was used to determine the true [Formula: see text]. For TD compensation, pressure distal to the ETT was obtained based on its resistive and inertial properties, and the corresponding [Formula: see text] was estimated. For FD compensation, impedance of the isolated ETT was obtained from oscillatory flow and pressure waveforms, and then subtracted from [Formula: see text]. For TF compensation, the nonlinear resistive properties of the ETT were subtracted from the proximal pressure measurement, from which the linear resistive and inertial ETT properties were removed in the frequency-domain to obtain [Formula: see text]. The relative root mean square error between the actual and estimated [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) showed that TD compensation yielded the least accurate estimates of [Formula: see text] for the in vitro experiments, with small deviations observed at higher frequencies. The FD and TF compensations yielded estimates of [Formula: see text] with similar accuracies. For the porcine subjects, no significant differences were observed in [Formula: see text] across compensation methods. FD and TF compensation of the ETT may allow for accurate oscillometric estimates of [Formula: see text] in intubated subjects, while avoiding the difficulties associated with direct tracheal pressure measurement.

Compensation for Delays and Losses of Packages in Dynamic Online Games

A couple of decades ago, data rates on the network were measured in kilobytes per second, and even then, online game developers had some problems with the packet loss and transmission delays. Now the transfer rate is hundreds of times higher, and the problem of delay compensation is even more relevant.For many dynamic online games, a transmission delay of as little as 20 ms can be quite noticeable, negatively affecting the gameplay and emotions of the game, which can repel players.The problem is exacerbated by the fact that along with the need to compensate for the time of delivery of packets, on the client side there are other non-network factors that are beyond the control of developers, which make the total delay 5-10 ms longer. Because of this, the desire to get rid of network delays as much and as well as possible becomes a necessity, and developers are forced to look for optimal ways to solve this problem.The problem statement is as follows: to review the causes of delays in online games and possible solu- tions, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of certain approaches. The problem is considered at the 4 levels of the TCP / IP network model, as well as at the application level. The approaches are given for the most commonly used protocols for each layer, but basic ideas can be easily transferred to other implementations.The main causes of delays under consideration: propagation delay, router queue delay, transmission delay, and processing delays.This article shows the impact of network delays on the online games and the ways to compensate for them, along with the theory of data transmission protocols in the network and the ways to solve the problems that arise in the development of algorithms.Recommendations for solving the compensation problem can be taken into account when designing and launching online shooters, strategies, etc. Thanks to the given receptions it is possible to minimize the general delay on the transfer of packets in a network, thanks to which the game on the client looks as if the player plays in the Single Player mode.

Effects of the „Polish Deal” Programme on Local Government Units

The aim of this paper is to present the „Polish Deal” program in the context of its influence on budget management of local government units. The paper puts forward a thesis that changes in the tax system, as specified in the „Polish Deal” programme, will have a negative impact on the finances of local government units. The study was based on selected literature, documents on the financial perspective for 2021–2027, the „Polish Deal” programme, financial information on the state of finances of local government units in 2018–2020 and opinions of the Union of Polish Metropolises and the Association of Polish Cities to the draft Polish Deal programme. The period of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic coincided with the beginning of the next financial perspective in the European Union for the years 2021–2027. EU institutions have prepared a number of instruments relevant to the post-pandemic era, including the Next Generation EU. At the same time, they imposed on Member States the obligation to prepare their own post-pandemic plans. Poland prepared the National Recovery Plan. This was followed by the government’s presentation of the „Polish Deal” program, which is a promise of socio-economic reforms. The projects included in the „Polish Deal”, in many areas will require the activity and involvement of local authorities. The effects of these activities will be not only financial but also organizational, which will translate into increased spending. Changes in the tax system, especially in the personal income tax, will considerably affect revenues from PIT shares, which will disturb the stability of territorial self-government units’ financial system. Therefore, it is necessary that the government and self-government representatives jointly work out solutions, which will guarantee the compensation of losses for the self-governments in a long-term, and a stable way to restore the principle of adequacy.

Improvement of technology of production of compensation copper and copper steel current ducts

The article describes the technology of manufacturing conductors for power supply systems for cranes, railway vehicles, powerful critical electric motors and power systems. The results of studies for copper-steel samples are shown; in these systems there is a decrease in material losses due to an increase in the strength and durability of products. The proposed technology can be used to use steel-copper wires in power supply loss compensation systems.

Are the compensations given to mining enterprises due to the overlapping with other investments in Turkey enough? Expectations of compensation for profit deprivation

Generally, there can be very high differences among the alternative investment costs of the other activity which overlaps with mining. This situation can oblige the overlapping of the alternative investments of these activities that overlap with mining in the available location with mining sites due to not being able to be preferred. There is no mistake in shutting down mining activities completely or partially in these kinds of investment overlaps. However, are mining operations, whose activities have been finalized due to not being foreseen beforehand and who experience investment loss, given compensation for profit deprivation and investment losses? Are the investment costs of mining operations covered precisely? In these kinds of investment overlaps in Turkey, particularly license and land use fees of mining enterprises are not paid, compensation for profit deprivation are not paid by considering proved mineral reserve, and investment costs are given only to a limited extent. This situation occurred e.g. in Izmir as a result of the overlapping of 15 mining operations with a highway investment project route. The expectation of mining enterprises in Turkey and the opinion of doctrine considering Turkish Constitution and legislative provisions are that all mining investment losses to met completely and compensation for profit deprivation to met to a certain extent. In the answers given to the question asked for mining enterprises through SurveyMonkey program in 2018, most of the enterprises request that compensation for lost profit is given from the proved reserved to a certain extent due to mineral reserve losses. Along with the available investment costs foreseen in Turkish Mining Regulation, several times more of six-month operating costs determined as profit deprivation in nationalizations can be given to all mining enterprises whose activities are terminated in these investment overlaps. Or, a different method can be applied in the calculation of compensation for profit deprivation. In this method, it is suggested that a new calculation for compensation for profit deprivation shall be made by considering pit sale prices and proved reserves. There are distinctions made as the operations -whose proved reserves are determined according to UMREK, The operations whose proved reserves are not determined according to UMREK (or whose proved reserves determined in mining operating projects), “mining enterprise whose proved mineral reserve is determined according to UMREK (congruent with CRIRSCO), or not determined according to UMREK (considered mining operating project in Turkey), “open-pit or underground mining operation” and “mining operation providing or not providing additional added value by processing the minerals in their country and facilities.” Considering these differences, it was suggested to apply different compensation rates.