Loss Compensation Research Articles

Voting Right Rotation, Behavior of Committee Members and Financial Market Reactions: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Open Market Committee

Which Federal Reserve Bank presidents vote on the U.S. monetary policy committee depends on a mechanical, yearly rotation scheme. Rotation is without exclusion: nonvoting presidents do attend and participate in the meetings of the committee. We test two hypotheses about the dependence of presidents' behavior on voting status. (i) Loss compensation: presidents compensate the loss of the right to vote with an increased use of speeches and contributions. (ii) Motivation: presidents complement the right to vote with an increased use of speeches and contributions. The evidence favors the motivation hypothesis. Also, in years that presidents vote, their speeches move financial markets less than in years they do not vote. We argue that this vote discount is consistent with presidents’ communication behavior.

Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE) Isoforms Predict Changes in Resting Energy Expenditure in Adults with Obesity during Weight Loss

BackgroundAccruing evidence indicates that accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and activation of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) play a significant role in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The concentrations of circulating RAGE isoforms, such as soluble RAGE (sRAGE), cleaved RAGE (cRAGE), and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE), collectively sRAGE isoforms, may be implicit in weight loss and energy compensation resulting from caloric restriction. ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate whether baseline concentrations of sRAGE isoforms predicted changes (∆) in body composition [fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM)], resting energy expenditure (REE), and adaptive thermogenesis (AT) during weight loss. MethodsData were collected during a behavioral weight loss intervention in adults with obesity. At baseline and 3 mo, participants were assessed for body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis) and REE (indirect calorimetry), and plasma was assayed for concentrations of sRAGE isoforms (sRAGE, esRAGE, cRAGE). AT was calculated using various mathematical models that included measured and predicted REE. A linear regression model that adjusted for age, sex, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and randomization arm was used to test the associations between sRAGE isoforms and metabolic outcomes. ResultsParticipants (n = 41; 70% female; mean ± SD age: 57 ± 11 y; BMI: 38.7 ± 3.4 kg/m2) experienced modest and variable weight loss over 3 mo. Although baseline sRAGE isoforms did not predict changes in ∆FM or ∆FFM, all baseline sRAGE isoforms were positively associated with ∆REE at 3 mo. Baseline esRAGE was positively associated with AT in some, but not all, AT models. The association between sRAGE isoforms and energy expenditure was independent of HbA1c, suggesting that the relation was unrelated to glycemia. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates a novel link between RAGE and energy expenditure in human participants undergoing weight loss.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03336411.

Law on Compensation for Loss of Life and Health in the Field of Road Traffic

The article focuses on researching theoretical issues, and legal provisions on compensation for loss of life and health due to infringement in the field of road traffic. Besides, the article also studies the practical application of the law and the court's trial with some typical cases in recent times. Since then, providing solutions to improve the provisions of the law on compensation for loss of life and health due to infringement in the field of road traffic. To achieve those goals, the project must deal with specific issues such as a General overview of compensation for loss of life and health due to abuse in the field of road traffic; Analysis, assessment, and regulations on compensation for loss of life and health due to abuse in the field of road traffic according to current legal regulations; Analyze the current situation of applying regulations on compensation for loss of life and health due to abuse in the field of road traffic by the law with some recent typical cases. On that basis, propose solutions and proposals to improve the provisions of Vietnamese law on compensation for loss of life and health due to abuse in the field of road traffic.

PENGARUH LEVERAGE, INTENSITAS MODAL, KOMPENSASI RUGI FISKAL, FAMILY CONTROL, FAMILY MANAGEMENT TERHADAP TAX AVOIDANCE (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sub Sektor Industri Dasar dan Kimia Periode 2017 – 2020)

This study aims to determine the effect of Leverage, Capital Intensity, Fiscal Loss Compensation, Family Control, Family Management on Tax Avoidance. The method used in this study is a quantitative method, while data collection is taken from the Annual Report in this study using purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear analysis. The sample used in this study were 23 basic and chemical manufacturing industry sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2017 – 2020. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this research analysis that Leverage has no effect on Tax Avoidance, Capital Intensity has a negative effect on Tax Avoidance, Fiscal Loss Compensation has no effect on Tax Avoidance, Family Control cannot be analyzed because it has no data variance, and Family Management has no effect on Tax Avoidance.
 Keywords: Tax Avoidance, Leverage,Fiscal Loss Compensation, Family Control, Family Management on Tax Avoidance.

Penggunaan Aplikasi Transportasi Online dengan Kode Promo Oleh Grab Ditinjau dari Hukum Persaingan Bisnis

The modern age is currently using a lot of communication technology to make profits, especially in business, including online transportation developed by Grab. However, business actors should not engage in unhealthy business, especially the practice of setting prices lower than other competitors. Predatory pricing is a business strategy in which business actors undercut prices for a period of time with the intention of closing or disposing of competitors' businesses in the relevant market, thus creating monopolistic practices and unfair business competition, predatory pricing is regulated in Article 20 of the Law No. 5 of 1999 on the prohibition of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition. The Commission for the Surveillance of Business Competition (KPPU) has indicated to the practice of predatory pricing after the implementation of this online fare. If left unchecked, this practice is expected to harm the online transportation industry in a sustainable way. This type of research can be classified as empirical legal research, another term used is sociological because in this research, the author conducts research directly at the research site or place to get a complete and clear picture of the problem being studied. The nature of this research is descriptive qualitative with primary data sources, secondary data and tertiary data while the population and samples are online transport partners (Grab, Gojek, Maxim), consumers and KPPU. Data collection techniques are interviews, questionnaires and literature research. Two main things can be concluded from the results of the research problem. First, based on the author's research, the promo implemented by Grab is a program of Grab in the form of special short-term offers designed to attract consumers and the promo does not comply with Article 20 of the Business Competition Law and article 1365 of the Civil Code. Meanwhile, the legal consequences arising from these predatory activities are that competing companies will incur losses with the promos implemented by Grab and that the Grab company will be subject to criminal penalties in accordance with Article 48 paragraph 2 and 49 letters a, b and c if Grab has been proven to have used predatory pricing and civil penalties in the form of compensation for both material and immaterial losses to the injured parties.

ADVANTAGES AND RISKS OF ACCOUNTING OUTSOURCING

The purpose of the article is to study the advantages and risks of accounting outsourcing and justify the feasibility of its use as a method of modern accounting at enterprises of Ukraine. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach to the study of practical tools for the implementation and institutional support of the development of accounting outsourcing. In the process of research and systematization of the obtained results, general scientific and special methods wereused: abstract-theoretical; historical; dialectical; induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis; formalization and comparison. Results. One of the ways to solve this complex problem is the transfer of accounting of the enterprise to specialized firms on the terms of application of accounting outsourcing. This form of accounting allows enterprises to focus on the most profitable activities and reduce the cost of maintaining their own accounting structure. According to the results of the study of the legislative framework of Ukraine, literary sources and practical application, a generalized characteristic of the essence of outsourcing has been formed. The analysis of advantages and risks of alternative accounting options is carried out and factors that encourage enterprises to switch to accounting outsourcing are identified. It is established that accounting services on the terms of outsourcing in Ukraine are provided both directly for accounting and financial reporting, and for the performance of works that are not related to the current accounting. The main factors that prompt enterprises to the need to switch to accounting outsourcing are: a high level of loading from the processing of accounting information, a significant amount of overhead costs; frequent changes in legislation; lack of highly qualified accounting staff. Customers of protein outsourcing services are: large companies and banks that are able to ensure transparency of information; foreign companies, banks and their branches accustomed to transparency of information; state organizations with legal information; young enterprises for which outsourcing is necessary at the stage of outsourcing; private entrepreneurs and small businesses. It is confirmed that outsourcing, as a form in the organization of accounting at the enterprise, is an object of increased risk. To minimize their risks, the customer may fix in the contract the level of liability of the parties and the conditions for compensation of possible losses. Practical implications. The development of the outsourcing services market in Ukraine requires a modern accountant not only to know accounting and tax legislation, but also the ability to navigate business processes and own software. Modern achievements of automation of accounting processes and information processing affect the form of record keeping and the organization of accounting, allowing you to choose external accounting entities in order to reduce costs. According to the results of the study, the stages of the sequence of the process of outsourcing the accounting process of the customer enterprise are proposed. Value/originality. Accounting outsourcing, with proper regulatory and high-quality methodological support, has every opportunity to become a promising direction in the organization of accounting work at the enterprise. Well-built and implemented outsourcing services should ensure an increase in labor productivity and efficiency of customer information systems, reduce risks during the modernization of existing systems and the introduction of new ones.

Ebbs and Flows of Securities Fraud Litigation: Empirical Examination of Post-PSLRA Frequency & Severity Trends

The separation of ownership and management that characterizes modern business corporations frequently gives rise to a conflict of interest known as agency dilemma. A manifestation of information asymmetry between organizational decision-makers – i.e., corporate directors and officers – and organizational owners/investors, that discord can spur formal allegations of incorrect, incomplete, misleading, or untimely management disclosures, ultimately leading to securities fraud litigation or simply shareholder litigation. For companies with distributed ownership spread across thousands of individual and institutional investors, securities lawsuits commonly encompass large pools or ‘classes’ of shareholders jointly pursuing their claims seeking financial compensation for management misinformation-caused losses; not surprisingly, those class actions stand out as one of the most economically and reputationally damaging manifestations of organizational risk. The research summarized here offers empirical assessment of the 25 years of securities class action filings and settlements that followed the passage of the seminal legislative act, the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, yielding a number of unexpected shareholder litigation incidence and cost related conclusions.

A Survey Study Impact of Mergers on Indian Banking Industry

Indian economy is growing and developing at rapid pace. Big corporate and industrial houses perceive the Indian market as hub for investment. Mergers and acquisitions activities have increased substantially. Mergers in India as a rule have encountered an expanded number in banking division. Therefore, this study has been proposed in which survey and personal interviews are conducted to study the impact of mergers on Indian public sector banks. A structured questionnaire has prepared and, on this account, the key opinions and suggestions of senior bank employees are reported. Further, data analysis and interpretation has been considered. The results revealed that the reasons behind mergers in banking industry are robust banking systems, compensation of losses, and enhancing the capital capacity. 40% of the banks believe that mergers help in achieving economies of scale. 74% of the respondents asserted that to increase capital without any difficulties, merger is the best strategy.

The management of forming and assignment profit on the company with aid factor analysis

The purpose of the article is research a management process of forming and assignment profit of the company that allow implement and perfected its activities by ways saving and allocation. The methodological basis of the research are to factor analysis is possible to reveal sources of increasing profitable, that in further these additional cash amount to refer on the enterprises activity that provide efficiency and stability of its financial condition. The scientific novelty of received results is substantiation, that before the company to attend out several tasks in the process of production-economy activity, where efficient decision, which determine it stability of him financial condition that witness perfection of executed operations, financial independence and solvency. Financial-economic condition of the enterprises activity constantly is in center of attention high leadership of the company, as much as monitored all positives and negatives impacts of take him decisions into efficiency and results. And profit of the company measure results of the him activity by totals during realization of commodity production, at the time amount of increasing of this profit achieved out by means of growth income and lowering expenses. In the final of report period profit which received and fully belong the company, that is net profit, to separated according its owner interest, and also indicated in statutes purposes. Conclusion. Therefore namely profit of the company is basis source for compensation debts and liabilities, dividends pay of stockholders and cash share founders, replenishment of owner stockholders capital, use of sourses for improving the continuous economy activity, compensation of present losses, to creation of special funds (by purpose). And proportions of assignment profit of these directions the company to determine him strategical aims, plans and the production program. And after assignment profits, it in mandatory to invest and place a share of cash pledge in specialize funds to continue the further production process, purchase raw matherials, components, timely fulfill payment liabilities with all counterparties, participate in the stock exchange. Key words: profit, profitable, factor analysis, good production, company

Civil liability for breach of contract

The article reveals the role and issues of civil liability for breach of contract. It is determined that without the possibility of bringing the violator to justice, the performance of a civil obligation itself loses the quality of obligation and gives the debtor contempt for performance. Responsibility can take many forms. The most important of these are damages and damages by the debtor to the creditor. The main and universal form of liability is compensation for damages caused by breach of obligation. Conditions different from those provided for in the Civil Code may be established by law or contract for the implementation of a specific form of liability. The essence of liability for breach is that it, first, reimburses the creditor for property losses caused by breach of obligation by the debtor; secondly, encourages the debtor to properly fulfill the obligation; third, punishes the debtor for non-performance or improper performance; fourth, to some extent, it encourages the creditor to enter into an obligation, as it provides compensation for possible losses caused by the failure of the counterparty; fifth, it confirms in the eyes of others the facts of the debtor's indiscipline. It is important in determining the civil liability for breach of contract to comply with the principles of good faith and reasonableness of the parties to civil relations, which should be applied in assessing the actions of the debtor. Prosecution is the implementation of the sanction of the legal norm established in the case of a civil violation. That is, the liability to which a violator of a civil obligation can be held is one of the most important institutions of civil law. The issue of civil liability for breach of contract is a very important element of protection of the human right to civil protection.

Agricultural Drought Monitoring System in Poland—Farmers’ Assessments vs. Monitoring Results (2021)

The aim of this study is to compare the farmers’ viewpoint on agricultural drought with the results generated by the national Agricultural Drought Monitoring System (ADMS) in 2021. The authors attempted also to indicate effective methods of validating these results, which could serve as an objective tool of appeal made available to farmers as a part of an administrative procedure or directly included in the drought monitoring system, which, apart from soil and meteorological conditions, would take into account the actual condition of crops in the field. An analysis comparing farmers’ assessments with the ADMS results was presented for all (27,580 parcels) claims for compensation for losses in winter wheat crops submitted in the country. A detailed assessment of the impact of drought on yields was carried out for two pilot regions in the area most affected by agricultural drought in Poland (West Pomeranian Voivodeship, NUTS-2 PL42 region). The paper demonstrates a subjective assessment of incurred losses, performed by the farmers themselves. The difference between the “potential drought”—resulting from the meteorological and soil conditions—and the actual losses, which are also influenced by agro-technical factors, was indicated. The grounds for further development of the Agricultural Drought Monitoring System were the need to establish a method of estimating the impact of drought on crops, which will be based on unambiguous criteria and using high-resolution (temporal and spatial) remote sensing data.

Urine-Derived Kidney Progenitor Cells in Cystinosis.

Nephropathic cystinosis is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the cystinosin (CTNS) gene and is characterized by the excessive shedding of proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) and podocytes into urine, development of the renal Fanconi syndrome and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). We hypothesized that in compensation for epithelial cell losses, cystinosis kidneys undertake a regenerative effort, and searched for the presence of kidney progenitor cells (KPCs) in the urine of cystinosis patients. Urine was cultured in a specific progenitor medium to isolate undifferentiated cells. Of these, clones were characterized by qPCR, subjected to a differentiation protocol to PTECs and podocytes and assessed by qPCR, Western blot, immunostainings and functional assays. Cystinosis patients voided high numbers of undifferentiated cells in urine, of which various clonal cell lines showed a high capacity for self-renewal and expressed kidney progenitor markers, which therefore were assigned as cystinosis urine-derived KPCs (Cys-uKPCs). Cys-uKPC clones showed the capacity to differentiate between functional PTECs and/or podocytes. Gene addition with wild-type CTNS using lentiviral vector technology resulted in significant reductions in cystine levels. We conclude that KPCs present in the urine of cystinosis patients can be isolated, differentiated and complemented with CTNS in vitro, serving as a novel tool for disease modeling.

Scientific fundamentals of economic regulation of rational agricultural land use

The article has highlighted methodological approaches to the economic regulation of ecologically safe agricultural land use, taking into account the requirements of the state system, regardless of the social system. The understanding of rational land use to achieve ecologically balanced nature use has formulated. The most important methodical approaches to the economic regulation of land use, which are based on conceptual provisions in solving environmental and organizational problems taking into account market transformations, have proposed. This allows us to state that land use contributes to the development of positive ecological processes and is economically expedient. The determining the amount of compensation for losses associated with management on agricultural land of poorer soil quality has substantiated.

‘Incremental and cumulative’: Griffiths and the limitations of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) in dealing with compensation for cultural loss

ABSTRACT Coming more than 25 years after Mabo v Queensland [No 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, the landmark decision in Northern Territory v Griffiths (‘Griffiths’) (2019) 269 CLR 1 is the first judicially determined award of compensation for both economic and non-economic, or cultural loss under the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). Although some attention has been given to the economic loss component of the decision, very little has been written about the most important aspect of the decision, cultural loss, and what this aspect means for First Nations Australians in reality. This article examines the legal and practical implications of the decision in Griffiths as it pertains to cultural loss and in the broader context of colonialism, native title law and First Nations’ law. I argue that these implications demonstrate how compensation for cultural loss under the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) perpetuates colonialism and will fail many First Nations Australians in properly compensating for the loss of connection to country.

Invalidation of a Notarial Certificate of the Right to Inheritance and Cancellation of Ownership Rights: Actual Problems of Theory and Judicial Practice

Introduction. In Russia, the right to inherit is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation (part 4, article 35). This right includes both the right of the testator to dispose of his property in the event of death, and the right of the heirs to receive it. Art. 1162 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes the right of the heir who has accepted the inheritance to receive a certificate of the right to inheritance, which can be realized by him at any time after the expiration of the six-month period for accepting the inheritance. However, if the inheritance includes real estate, then a certificate of the right to inheritance is necessary for state registration of the heir's property right. The purpose of this article was to study the issues of recognition of certificates of the right to inheritance, both from the point of view of legislative regulation and from the standpoint of existing judicial practice. The legal consequences of the invalidation of certificates of the right to inheritance, including in relation to the registered ownership of inherited real estate, have also been studied.Materials and methods. This study is based on a combination of such methods of scientifi knowledge as: the dialectical method, which made it possible to connect the theory of inheritance law and judicial practice; the formal legal method made it possible to analyze legislative norms; The systematic method made it possible to consider the certifi of the right to inheritance as a system with internal unity and interconnections with other institutions of law.The results of the study. The study made it possible to analyze the provisions of Section V "Inheritance Law" of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Notaries, which regulate the procedure for issuing certificates of the right to inheritance to heirs (by law, by will), as well as the existing judicial practice on recognizing them as invalid in the force of disputability or nullity, including from the personal practice of the author. It was stated that the contestation of notarial certificates of the right to inheritance expands the range of judicial practice to invalidate notarized transactions, which, in turn, does not contribute to the proper protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens (in 2019, there were 18 cases of compensation for losses incurred through the fault of a notary, in 2020 -15). Today, questions remain open about the responsibility of notaries for errors, as a result of which material damage was not caused to citizens or if the damage cannot be calculated and expressed in monetary terms. A number of gaps in the legislation in the studied area were also identified.Discussion and conclusions. The absence in civil law of a clear correlation between the certificate of the right to inheritance and transactions is a legislative gap and does not contribute to the uniformity of judicial practice in inheritance disputes. It is advisable to make appropriate changes to Art. 35 Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on notaries, as well as a number of articles of Section V "Inheritance Law" of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation based on the prevailing trends in judicial practice in inheritance cases.

Means of mitigating the risks assigned to the contractor in the EPC contract: the experience of the International Federation of Consulting Engineers and Russian civil legislation

The subject of the study is the legal conditions of mitigation (mitigation) of project risks, the bearing of which is assigned to the contractor by the terms of the EPC contract. One of the key features of the EPC contract, an agreement concluded for the implementation of an investment and construction project on a turnkey basis, is the maximum assignment to the contractor of risks associated with the failure to achieve the goals of the project. It is believed that the EPC contractor, as a professional and highly qualified representative of the construction industry, is able to manage project risks more effectively than the customer. The assignment of risk by the terms of the contract proforma to one of the parties implies the need to use organizational, economic and legal means to mitigate (mitigate) the burden of risk. This work is aimed at identifying civil legal means used by the contractor to mitigate the harmful effects of events and actions, the risk of which is assigned to him by the terms of the EPC contract and establishing the possibility of using these means in the conditions of the Russian legal system. Its achievement involves a comparative analysis of the model EPC contract - a model contract of the International Federation of Consulting Engineers for turnkey projects (FIDIC Silver Book 2017) and the norms of Russian civil legislation. В В В В В The results of the study indicate that it is possible in principle to apply the conditions of the 2017 FIDIC Silver Book, which establish means of mitigating the contractor's burden of bearing risks, in the conditions of Russian legislation, taking into account the following exceptions: (1) a security payment cannot be used as a means of mitigating the consequences of non-fulfillment by the contractor of a natural obligation; (2) compensation for property losses cannot be applied in the event of an unlawful claim by the customer for a guarantee of performance of contractual obligations provided by the contractor. The interrelated application of several civil legal means is aimed, ultimately, their application contributes to the achievement of the project goals, which is in the sphere of interests of both parties to the contract.

PENGARUH KUALITAS AUDIT, KOMPENSASI RUGI FISKAL, DAN PERTUMBUHAN ASET TERHADAP TAX AVOIDANCE

This study was made with the aim of knowing the effect of audit quality, fiscal loss compensation, and asset growth on tax avoidance. What is analyzed is the mining sector with 12 samples of mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2016 to 2020 period, using the purposive sampling method, obtained as many as 60 samples after outlier data. The data source used is secondary data which can be obtained officially on the Indonesia Stock Exchange www.idx.co.id. Data analysis uses panel data regression with E-views 12 software. The results of this study indicate that audit quality has no significant effect on tax avoidance, Fiscal loss compensation has a significant positive effect on tax avoidance, and asset growth has a significant negative effect on tax avoidance.

Development of a computational and experimental method for assessment of the interference effects of lightning discharge radio emissions on the functioning of ground-based receiving stations of high-altitude satellite networks using domestic geoinformation systems

Problem statement . In the spring/summer season, operation of high-altitude satellite systems (HASS) is periodically hindered by disturbances in reception of information from space vehicles (SV), resulting from the interference effects produced by the electromagnetic emissions of lightning discharges (LD) on the receiving channels of ground-based stations (GBS), occurring due to thunderstorm activity. It is necessary to reliably assess the degree of influence such natural phenomena have upon functioning of HASS according to their intended purpose, with quantitative estimates made, and determine practicable ways to parry those phenomena. Objective . To develop a method for assessing LD radio emission effects, resulting from thunderstorm activity, for the purpose of making qualitative and quantitative estimates of the degree of their interference effect on the functioning of HASS’s GBS. Results . The paper proposes a computational and experimental method for assessing LD radio emission effects on the functioning of HASS’s GBS using a software complex for computation of electromagnetic field (EMF) and EMC parameters of communications electronics, developed on the basis of a domestic geoinformation system (GIS). Practical usefulness . A qualitative and quantitative estimate is drawn up as to the degree of interference effect produced by LD on the receiving lines of HASS’s GBS, and a method is proposed for compensation of losses in information reception by using spatially diverse GBS.

A Literature Review of Networking Research in Insurance

The role of insurance institutions in the economic network is no longer only that of a loss compensator, but also of a risk transfer intermediary and supervisor of payer. In this process, insurance institutions gradually established their status as credit centre. Numerous theoretical studies and practices show that with the development of society, insurance has increasingly become an important factor and even one of the driving forces for economic development. Insurance reflects its value and status in many ways, whether it is the basic social security function or the indispensable importance of ensuring the smooth operation of business. It is worth noting that in recent years, the reform of the medical system has aroused the attention to the phenomenon of "narrow network", which is just for further study of insurance institutions (companies, institutions) and economic individuals (natural persons, The interaction between institutions) provides an opportunity. This paper strives to summarize and reflect the frontiers and dynamics of insurance network research in recent years, and expects to lead to the focus and direction of future insurance research at one time, and expects to provide new ideas and new paths.

Photonic synaptic system for MAC operations by interconnected vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

We report experimentally on high-speed, tuneable photonic synaptic architectures realized with vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) connected in series and in parallel configurations. These are able to perform the controlled weighting of fast (150 ps long) and low energy (µW peak power) optical pulses (or spikes), and permit high-speed (0.5 GHz) dynamic weight tunability, for the implementation of important spike processing functionalities. These include, for the in-series VCSEL synaptic architecture, the performance of accumulative weighting and, due to amplification, the compensation of losses in sequential neural network layers. Additionally, for the in-parallel VCSEL synaptic architecture, we show the system’s ability to perform key multiply and accumulate operations using fast, low-power optical spiking signals as inputs. Moreover, this work uses off-the-shelf VCSELs operating at key telecom wavelengths (1300 and 1550 nm) thus making our technique fully compatible with optical telecommunication networks and data centre technologies. These results therefore highlight the suitability of our approach for hardware-friendly, low power, high-speed and fast tuning VCSEL-based photonic synaptic architectures with excellent scalability prospects for use in future neuromorphic photonic computing systems.