Question Of Compatibility Research Articles

On the Significance of Assumptions about Divine Goodness and Divine Ontology for ‘Logical’ Arguments from Evil

Sterba’s Is a Good God Logically Possible? (2019) draws attention to the importance of ethical assumptions in ‘logical’ arguments from evil (LAfEs) to the effect that the existence of (certain types) of evil is incompatible with the existence of a God who is all-powerful and morally perfect. I argue, first, that such arguments are likely to succeed only when ‘normatively relativized’—that is, when based on assumptions about divine goodness that may be subject to deep disagreement. I then argue that these arguments for atheism are also, and more fundamentally, conditioned by assumptions about the ontology of the divine. I criticise Sterba’s consideration of the implications for his own novel LAfE of the possibility that God is not a moral agent, arguing that Sterba fails to recognize the radical nature of this claim. I argue that, if we accept the ‘classical theist’ account that Brian Davies provides (interpreting Aquinas), then God does not count as ‘an’ agent at all, and the usual contemporary formulation of ‘the problem of evil’ falls away. I conclude by noting that the question of the logical compatibility of evil’s existence with divine goodness is settled in the affirmative by classical theism by appeal to its doctrine that evil is always the privation in something that exists of the good that ought to be.

The Prejudice of Freedom: an Application of Kripke’s Notion of a Prejudice to our Understanding of Free Will

This essay reframes salient issues in discussions of free will using conceptual apparatus developed in the works of Saul Kripke, with particular attention paid to his little-discussed technical notion of a prejudice. I begin by focusing on how various forms of modality (metaphysical, epistemic, and conceptual) underlie alternate forms of compatibilism and discuss why it is important to avoid conflating these forms of compatibilism. The concept of a prejudice is then introduced. We consider the semantic role of prejudices, in particular conditions in which prejudices turn out to express metaphysically necessary truths. With that as background, I discuss a set of prejudices involving the notion of choice. We consider the role these prejudices might play, should they turn out to be true, in determining the answer to various compatibility questions concerning the nature of moral responsibility and choice.

Foreign Investment Screening Beyond the COVID-19 Challenge: Overcoming the Emergency

The spread of COVID-19 is severely testing the economic systems of most advanced countries, posing new important challenges for the States involved. These include the decision taken by several European countries to offer support and protection to companies deemed strategic. The late 20th century was characterized by the progressive reduction of the public sphere as a result of increased privatization processes in most European countries, while the 21st century appears to be fueling a re-expansion of public interventions in the economy to support companies hit by the recent economic crises. This reversal of economic policy is also closely related to the political evolution and development of the countries’ social systems, linked to the relevance of particular economic activities for the satisfaction of specific public interests and needs. The provision of special powers for the State is back in vogue nowadays as a tool for defending the national economy and companies of national interest from potential external aggressions, regardless of the State’s share in the equity structure of such companies. However, this issue raises questions of compatibility with the European discipline: what is the rationale for multiple Foreign Direct Investments Screening policies within a European common market ruled by a single competition policy? Is this compliant with the perimeter of legitimacy identified by the European Commission? Is there room for a new European common strategy to guarantee that of Foreign Direct Investment Screening policies will be effectively tailored to the need of protecting safety and essential community interests?

The Inflation Technique Completely Solves the Causal Compatibility Problem

AbstractThe causal compatibility question asks whether a given causal structure graph — possibly involving latent variables — constitutes a genuinely plausible causal explanation for a given probability distribution over the graph’s observed categorical variables. Algorithms predicated on merely necessary constraints for causal compatibility typically suffer from false negatives, i.e. they admit incompatible distributions as apparently compatible with the given graph. In 10.1515/jci-2017-0020, one of us introduced the inflation technique for formulating useful relaxations of the causal compatibility problem in terms of linear programming. In this work, we develop a formal hierarchy of such causal compatibility relaxations. We prove that inflation is asymptotically tight, i.e., that the hierarchy converges to a zero-error test for causal compatibility. In this sense, the inflation technique fulfills a longstanding desideratum in the field of causal inference. We quantify the rate of convergence by showing that any distribution which passes the nth-order inflation test must be $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle {O}{\left(n^{{{-}{1}}/{2}}\right)} \end{array}$-close in Euclidean norm to some distribution genuinely compatible with the given causal structure. Furthermore, we show that for many causal structures, the (unrelaxed) causal compatibility problem is faithfully formulated already by either the first or second order inflation test.

How the type of working day affects work–life balance and mealtime balance: A study based on the time use survey

How people balance work and personal or family life has been widely examined, showing gender inequalities that put women at a disadvantage relative to men. However, although this is a question of time compatibility, there has been no research on whether the type of working day (continuous or split) has different effects on this balance for men and women. The Time Use Survey enables us to examine this balance in two areas that are key to understanding the difficulty of reconciling timetables. On the one hand, there is the relationship between the type of working day and housework or family care (balance between paid and unpaid work). On the other hand, there is the relationship between the type of working day and eating (mealtime balance). The data indicate that the type of working day affects the balance between paid and unpaid work less than might be expected, since in all cases, it is women who do more unpaid work, while men’s involvement in housework changes little, whether they have a continuous or a split working day. However, the continuous working day is more favourable to balancing work and family life. In contrast, work–mealtime balance is a cultural feature that equalises both sexes in relation to an established habit that encourages sharing time outside work. We can thus speak of shared (non-work) time and unshared (unpaid) work.

Gauge-invariant observables in gravity and electromagnetism: Black hole backgrounds and null dressings

We address questions regarding construction and implications of gauge-invariant "dressed" observables in nontrivial background geometries such as that of a black hole. Formally, such observables can be constructed, e.g. by locating points with geodesics launched from infinity. However, practical complications arise in non-trivial geometries, and in particular for observables behind black hole horizons. Greater simplicity can be achieved by considering null constructions where the dressing lies along a null geodesic, or null surface such as a cone. We first investigate basic properties of these null dressings in the simpler context of electromagnetism. Since null constructions provide simple dressings for gauge-invariant observables inside black holes, they also allow us to investigate the question of compatibility of observables inside and outside black holes, and in particular the idea of black hole complementarity. While such observables in general have non-vanishing state-dependent commutators, the failure to commute does not appear particularly enhanced by the presence of the horizon.

The place of project management in the implementation of the strategy of a municipality

The author conducted a review of research on the subject of implementation of project management in the activities of the Executive authorities, both at Federal and regional levels. The question of compatibility and its impact on traditional process and software management is raised. The opinion is expressed that one of the most important priorities for the implementation of the development directions set for our state in the near future should be the establishment of interdepartmental and intersectoral cooperation, which will minimize possible duplication of activities in the framework of state policy implementation. The importance of implementing project management not only at the Federal and regional levels, but also at the municipal level as part of the creation of municipal project offices was noted. It is revealed that at the moment, most municipalities do not have their own structural divisions for implementing project activities and corresponding documentation for creating and managing these activities independently. The experience of municipalities where project offices have been established is reviewed and two options for implementing such structures are identified. It is proposed to focus primarily on the development of organizational support for relevant activities in municipalities, taking into account the recommendations developed by the Ministry of economic development of the Russian Federation.There is no conflict of interests.

Double elevation: Autonomous weapons and the search for an irreducible law of war

AbstractWhat should be the role of law in response to the spread of artificial intelligence in war? Fuelled by both public and private investment, military technology is accelerating towards increasingly autonomous weapons, as well as the merging of humans and machines. Contrary to much of the contemporary debate, this is not a paradigm change; it is the intensification of a central feature in the relationship between technology and war: double elevation, above one’s enemy and above oneself. Elevation above one’s enemy aspires to spatial, moral, and civilizational distance. Elevation above oneself reflects a belief in rational improvement that sees humanity as the cause of inhumanity and de-humanization as our best chance for humanization. The distance of double elevation is served by the mechanization of judgement. To the extent that judgement is seen as reducible to algorithm, law becomes the handmaiden of mechanization. In response, neither a focus on questions of compatibility nor a call for a ‘ban on killer robots’ help in articulating a meaningful role for law. Instead, I argue that we should turn to a long-standing philosophical critique of artificial intelligence, which highlights not the threat of omniscience, but that of impoverished intelligence. Therefore, if there is to be a meaningful role for law in resisting double elevation, it should be law encompassing subjectivity, emotion and imagination, law irreducible to algorithm, a law of war that appreciates situated judgement in the wielding of violence for the collective.

Flourishing through Leisure Practice Model, Capabilities Approach, and MacIntyre’s Theory of Flourishing: Compatible and Interrelated

Flourishing is a burgeoning concept in therapeutic recreation (TR) with some authors arguing for it to be a principal goal of the profession. However, there are three conceptualizations in the literature raising questions of compatibility and interrelationship. Are the Capabilities Approach (Nussbaum, 2006), MacIntyre’s (2007) theory of flourishing, and the Flourishing through Leisure: An Ecological Extension of the Leisure and Well-Being Model (FTL; Anderson & Heyne, 2012a) compatible, and if so, how are they interrelated? An investigation revealed the conceptualizations are harmonious and nested according to level of generality. The Capabilities Approach is the most abstract and serves as a foundation that accommodates MacIntyre’s theory which, in turn, details multiple capabilities and their contributions to flourishing. The FTL model links both to service recipients by transforming theoretical rhetoric into specific actions professionals take to facilitate flourishing. Considered jointly, the complementary entities serve at least two functions. They mutually support flourishing as a principal goal and supply clear guidelines on how to help people live well. Subscribe to TRJ

European Databases on Stability and Compatibility of Injectable Medicinal Products in Europe

AbstractIn hospitals, the majority of medication therapy is administered intravenously. Especially, in intensive care units, simultaneous of various injectable drugs is a common practice Drug incompatibilities have been reported to be associated with up to 60 % of all serious and life-threatening adverse drug events. Several databases are used by hospital pharmacists to answer the questions of (in)compatibility of co-administered injectable drugs. The objective of this article is to present the European databases on compatibility and stability of injectable drugs. According to a questionnaire which was sent to the National Hospital Pharmacy Associations of the 28 countries of European Community there are three national databases available in EU countries which are in alphabetical order, Belgium, France and Germany. The Belgian database is dedicated to injectable medications, is updated and distributed annually in French language on a USB key. STABILIS® is an international database giving information with pictograms translated into 29 languages. This database contains also monographs of non-injectable drugs. The internet-based ADKA STABIL-Datenbank is focused on anticancer drug therapy, listing detailed datasets in German language on stability and compatibility including the references.

Genetic background and transplantation outcomes: insights from genome-wide association studies.

The current review summarizes recent advances in the genetic studies of transplantation outcomes, including new genome-wide association studies for acute rejection, allograft survival, pharmacogenomics, and common transplant comorbidities. Genetic studies of kidney transplantation outcomes have begun to address the question of genetic compatibility beyond human leukocyte antigens, including the role of genome-wide mismatches in missense variants, and the 'genomic collision' hypothesis under which the risk of rejection may be increased in recipients homozygous for loss-of-function variants with grafts from nonhomozygous donors. In recent pilot studies, missense mismatch scores for transmembrane and secreted proteins were associated with antibodies against the mismatched peptides and reduced allograft survival. A 'genomic collision' at the LIMS1 locus involving a common deletion near LIMS1 gene was associated with anti-LIMS1 antibody response and increased risk of rejection. Additional genetic factors under active investigation include genome-wide polygenic risk scores for renal function and apolipoprotein L1 risk genotypes in African-American kidney donors. Due to the heterogeneity and complexity of clinical outcomes, new genome-wide association studies for rejection, allograft survival, and specific transplant comorbidities will require larger multicenter meta-analyses. Genetic compatibilities between donor and recipient represent an important determinant of rejection and long-term allograft survival. Genetic background of transplant donors may be additionally predictive of allograft function, while recipient's genomes are likely determinant of a wide range of transplantation outcomes, from rejection susceptibility to pharmacogenetics and various comorbidities related to prolonged immunosuppression.

The C.J.E.U. Case Law Relevant to the General Anti-Avoidance Rule (G.A.A.R.) Under the Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (A.T.A.D.)

This study concentrates on the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) case law in order to reconstruct from it an interpretative guidance for the proper understanding and thus application of general anti-abuse rule included in Article 6 ATAD (the ATAD’s GAAR). Although Article 6 aims to harmonises general anti-abuse rule in the domain of tax law among all MSs, its wide scope and its phraseology raises a plethora of issues, in particular in respect of its proper – EU compatible – understating and thus application. The analysis of the relevant CJEU case law, as undertaken in this paper, will set a scene for the question of compatibility of the ATAD’s GAAR with the concept of abuse developed by the CJEU in cases regarding abusive practices of taxpayers. This piece aims to contribute in determining the reasonable understanding of the core elements of the ATAD’s GAAR in accordance with the EU primary law, as interpreted by the CJEU. This may provide the readers with a useful interpretative guideline to the ATAD’s GAAR, which could be of an assistance not only for tax authorities, but by all stakeholders, including taxpayers, courts, and MSs’ legislative bodies.

Local Langlands correspondence, local factors, and zeta integrals in analytic families

We study the variation of the local Langlands correspondence for GL n in characteristic-zero families. We establish an existence and uniqueness theorem for a correspondence in families, as well as a recognition theorem for when a given pair of Galois- and reductive-group-representations can be identified as local Langlands correspondents. The results, which can be used to study local–global compatibility questions along eigenvarieties, are largely analogous to those of Emerton, Helm, and Moss on the local Langlands correspondence over local rings of mixed characteristic. We apply the theory to the interpolation of local zeta integrals and of L- and ε-factors.

The Steel and Aluminium Quota Agreements: A Question of Compatibility with WTO Disciplines and Their Impact on the World Trading System

In March 2018, the United States adopted measures to increase tariffs on a range of imported steel and aluminium products, justifying the tariffs with its national security concerns under GATT Article XXI. The United States also exempted certain exporting countries, such as South Korea, Brazil, and Argentina, from these tariffs in exchange for quota agreements limiting exports of the steel and aluminium products from these countries. These steel and aluminium quota agreements arguably violate the provisions of Article 11 of the WTO Agreement on Safeguards prohibiting such agreements (‘gray-area measures’). This article reviews the compatibility of the steel and aluminium quota agreements with the Agreement on Safeguards and examines the impact of these agreements on the world trading system.

Changing the Rules Mid-Game: The Compliance of the Amended EU Basic Anti-Dumping Regulation with WTO Law

Giving effect to the expiration of section 15 of China’s Accession Protocol, the European Union amended the basic Anti-Dumping Regulation and removed the non-market economy treatment previously included in Article 2(7) of the Regulation. Instead, the EU introduced the new concept of ‘significant distortions’. In short, when a market is characterized by significant distortions as listed in Article 2(6) of the basic Regulation, the EU finds it inappropriate to base the calculation of the normal value on the prices resulting from such market. Accordingly, in that situation, the Commission will calculate the normal value on the basis of the prices or costs of a representative country, undistorted international prices, costs or benchmarks or domestic costs but only to the extent that they are not distorted. This new anti-dumping method gives rise to compatibility questions with WTO law, more specifically with Article 2.2, 2.2.1.1 and 2.4 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement. This article examines whether the amended basic Anti-Dumping Regulation violates the Anti-Dumping Agreement or whether the Anti-Dumping Agreement can be interpreted in accordance with the basic Regulation.

HTTP SECURITY HEADERS

Nowadays security becomes more important than the content and the SEO of a web application. Due to a lack of protection, the number of attacked websites augments in the past few years. In most of the cases, developers are either uninformed or unqualified to implement security during the application development, which causes a huge amount of data flaws. Supporting the developers and easily managing the workflow, some organizations have developed different kind of guidelines for security integration. Such guide helps handling the security from the outset of the development process, which influence over the protection of the entire application. The one used in this article is a project developed by Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Foundation named OWASP Secure Headers Project. Its aim is to show the developers the balance between usability and security implemented through http headers. By giving general data and examples of HTTP response headers usability it is a platform which help increasing the security of the application. In this article, we explain the necessity of HTTP Security Headers and how they can help in preventing a cyber invasion in our web application! We will give details on the most important HTTP headers and will retrieve a basic information for some with a lower need. We will give examples for their implementation in one ASP.NET web application to provide more descriptive perspective of their use! In the recent years, browsers have integrated certain security header controls to support the web application security. Those headers give instructions to the browser how to behave when handling sensitive content and data of the application. If developers enable them in the application, browser will prevent attacks automatically. But not all browsers support them, which brings a compatibility question: what are the alternatives in a case of deprecated header on a specific browser. As a part of the research we will provide an analyze of the use of the HTTP headers in some of the most common sites used in Bulgaria with the help of ALEXA Top 1 Million sites. There have already been developed a lot of applications to show if a certain website has HTTP security headers implemented. Most of them are freely to use and gives detailed information on what was done and what should be done in case that specific layer of security is missing from the web application. The need of security in the web applications become more and more necessary. Along with other security implementations on a programming and on a server level the ones described in the article bring another layer of security management that mitigates certain types of cyberattacks and vulnerabilities.

Free and Open Source Software and FRAND‐based patent licenses

In the context of digital transformation, both standards and Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) can be seen as key to success for innovation. However, the increasing role of FOSS in the ICT sector has provoked the question of interplay and compatibility between FOSS and standardization processes. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the different licensing regimes, FOSS licenses and fair, reasonable, and non‐discriminatory (FRAND)‐based licenses, and to shed some light on the current debate by analyzing possible tensions between some of the most prominent FOSS licenses and their interaction with FRAND‐based patent licenses. The article will begin with an overview of the history and context of FOSS licenses and FRAND‐based licensing regimes, continue with a legal review of the actual language of prominent FOSS licenses, and provide further thoughts on future opportunities and challenges for the interaction between FOSS projects and standard processes, with a particular view on FOSS implementations of standards.

The Impact of Religious Motivation in the Emergence of Arabic Rhetoric A Reading in the Era of Composition to Independent Authorship (English Abstract)

The roots of the rhetorical lesson grew in a fertile religious land. They characterized its rhetoric from the rhetoric of the rest of the nations as it was connected with the Qur’anic text. However, the religious stream did not have only one subject and one goal. It produced multiple contexts that refined the teachings of the rhetorical lesson later on. This diversity was a fertile tool for Arabic eloquence. The research sought to discuss the details of the roots, to extract the courses of religious influence in the emergence of Arabic rhetoric. The research has gone beyond the oral news and stories to begin with the written diaries, in search of the author’s motivations and his aims, and of the milestones that contributed to the reading of the rhetorical lesson. It emanated from the signs of the composition, so the limits of the research stopped at the beginning of the independent composition of Arabic rhetoric and moved to a stage approaching the methodology. The research revealed three courses that stemmed from the religious influence which were related to language. These three courses are analysis, interpretation and explanation. They were tools that were used in the analysis that aimed to understand the Qura’nic text in order to transfer it from language to practice. The interpretation, on the other hand, raised the question of compatibility between language and belief. The explanation tried to deal with the issue of miracles and clarifying its features. The re-reading of the history of science is an area that can research, re-ask the question, and disassociate its relations, to understand the process of science, and the impact of their tributaries on their concepts. This is what researchers can examine in the rest of the tributaries that have fueled the rhetorical lesson.

L’elezione di un prete cattolico a Rettore dell’Università di Strasburgo: “une tempête dans un verre d’eau”?

SOMMARIO: 1. La vicenda - 2. Gli argomenti pro e contro l’elezione di un sacerdote a Rettore di una universita pubblica - 3. Le incompatibilita dei ministri di culto - 4. La possibile incidenza dei principi riguardanti la c.d. “ laicite d’apparence ” - 5. L’intervento dei giudici amministrativi - 6. Conclusioni: l’irrilevanza dell’ordinazione non accompagnata dall’esercizio di funzioni ministeriali. The election of a Catholic priest as Rector of the University of Strasbourg: “Much ado about nothing”? ABSTRACT: This study examines the question of compatibility between the principle of neutrality of public services in force in French law and the election of a minister of the Catholic religion as Rector of a public university. The Author rules out the existence of any form of incapacity. However, since the duty of discretion of the public official (“devoir de reserve”) operates even outside the exercise of his functions, it may limit the freedom to exercise pastoral ministry in specific cases, as well as the performance of the most typical tasks that are inherent in the status of minister of worship, due to the inevitable repercussions on the image of the university.

Considerações sobre a in/compatibilidade entre os precedentes do CPC 2015 e o common law

O presente artigo busca discutira existência de convergência do processo civil brasileiro com ocommon law, que vem sendo aceita sem muitasreservasportribunais e doutrinadores, em razão de o CPC/2015 ter dado maior destaque aos precedentes como técnica apta a fundamentar os julgados.O estudo recorrerá à tradição jurídica anglo-saxônica, por meiode revisão bibliográfica, para formar uma base de compreensão sobre as noções de utilização dos precedentes de força vinculante, com o escopo de enfrentar a questão referente à compatibilidade entre astradiçõesjurídicas brasileira e inglesa, da qual derivou a cultura de respeito aos precedentes, resultando no princípio do staredecisis. Isto, para compreender a distância e os equívocos que podem ser percebidos em razão de uma aparente importação de conceitos do common law pelo Código de Processo Civil de 2015 e Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil.