Company Size Research Articles

Pengaruh Insentif Pajak terhadap Inovasi dan Kinerja Perusahaan: Tinjauan Literatur

In the era of globalization, many countries have introduced tax incentives designed to promote technological innovation and economic growth. This paper aims to examine global tax incentive policies in-depth, with a particular emphasis on their effectiveness in enhancing corporate innovation capabilities and performance. The findings indicate that the impact of such strategies on innovation and performance varies across different types and sizes of companies. While incentives provide a positive stimulus for participants, several challenges in policy design and implementation were identified, including a lack of adequate motivational measures and the complexity of policy execution. By comparing various approaches, this review highlights key elements of an effective tax incentive policy, such as policy flexibility, clear objectives, and support for strong internal management within companies. These insights offer new perspectives for theoretical research and practical recommendations for policymakers and business leaders to refine their tax strategies. Ultimately, these approaches are aimed at establishing conditions that foster technological advancement and economic growth.

The Influence of Capital Structure, Company Size, and Liquidity on Firm Value with Profitability as an Intervening Variable

The research aims to examine the influence of capital structure, company size and liquidity on company value and profitability as intervening variables in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2018-2022 period. A population of 54 companies was sampled using a purposive sampling technique, a sample of 26 companies. The results of the partial analysis of capital structure have no effect on profitability with a prob value of 0.8319, company size has an effect on profitability with a prob value of 0.0256, liquidity has no effect on profitability, a prob value of 0.5181 capital structure has no effect on company value with a prob value of 0.2165, company size has an effect on company value with a prob value of 0.000 liquidity has no effect on company value with a prob value of 0.3862 profitability has an effect on company value with a prob value of 0.000. Simultaneously, capital structure, company size, liquidity have no effect on profitability with a prob value of 0.153343, while capital structure, company size, liquidity and profitability have an effect on company value with a prob value of 0.0000.

Profitability’s impact on firm value in Indonesia’s real estate firms: a panel data investigation

PurposeProfitability is crucial for a company’s sustainability. This study aims to examine the influence of profitability and specific variables on the value of real estate companies in Indonesia.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a sample of 42 real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2023. A static panel regression approach was adopted, with the best model being the fixed effect model, verified through a robustness test.FindingsThe results indicate that the fixed effect model is the most effective in explaining firm value. Profitability, proxied by return on assets (ROAs), does not significantly impact firm value. This finding is confirmed by robustness tests using another profitability measure, return on equity (ROE). Additionally, company size negatively and significantly impacts firm value, while activity ratio and leverage have a positive and significant effect. Liquidity and company growth do not significantly affect firm value.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited to Indonesian real estate firms, cautioning against broad generalization to other countries or industries. The study could not demonstrate the influence of profitability on the value of real estate companies. Instead, firm value is influenced by company size, activity ratio and leverage.Practical implicationsReal estate firms should increase their activity, optimize funding and consider company size to enhance firm value.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the Indonesian real estate sector by revealing that profitability does not enhance firm value. Indonesian real estate companies generally have low profitability and firm value.

Audit Quality, Auditor Specialization, and Sustainability Reporting: Their Impact on Cost of Capital Moderated by Company Size of the Kompas 100 Index in the Indonesia Stock Exchange Market

The capital market has become an attractive instrument for both local and foreign investors. This study aims to analyze and provide empirical evidence regarding the influence of audit quality, auditor specialization, and sustainability reporting on the cost of capital. Additionally, it investigates how company size moderates the relationship between these variables and the cost of capital. The study focuses on companies listed in the Kompas 100 Index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018 to 2022. A quantitative approach is employed, utilizing secondary data available from the IDX (www.idx.go.id), specifically from company annual reports. Data collection involved recording relevant information from the annual reports of each company. The population of the study comprises companies included in the Kompas 100 Index, with a sample selected through non-probability sampling (purposive) with the criteria of being listed in the Kompas 100 Index for the consecutive periods of 2018 to 2022, sample resulted 54 companies. The data analysis method applied is Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results reveal that audit quality has a negative effect on the cost of capital, while auditor specialization shows no significant effect. Furthermore, sustainability reporting also has a negative effect on the cost of capital. As for the moderating variable, company size successfully moderates the relationship between audit quality and the cost of capital, but it does not moderate the effect of auditor specialization or sustainability reporting on the cost of capital.

Promoting a Sustainable Workplace with the “Shortened Working Week” (SWW): Empirical Insights from 1,000 White-Collar Workers in Poland.

This paper explores the effectiveness of the Shortened Working Week (SWW) as a mechanism for advancing Sustainable Human Resource Management (SHRM). It begins by reviewing various SWW models implemented in pilot studies across the UK, Sweden, Japan, and the US. Next, the paper employs the Triple Bottom Line theoretical framework to assess the impact of SWW on SHRM. Furthermore, it presents empirical data from a survey of 1,000 white-collar employees in Polish organisations, examining their attitudes towards SWW. The findings suggest that a reduction in work hours can positively influence the social, economic, and environmental pillars of SHRM. Considering the varied preferences for SWW based on factors such as gender, family status, and company size, the paper recommends that managers consider flexible scheduling alternatives to the conventional Free Fridays model.

Does Company Size and Profitability Matter? Investigating the Moderating Effects of Growth in Cash Flow on Stock Performance

This research examines the intricate relationships between company size, growth in cash flow, and stock performance, revealing complexities that challenge traditional financial analysis. While company size is often associated with stable stock performance due to advantages such as economies of scale and market power, the findings indicate that size alone does not positively impact stock performance. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that growth in cash flow does not significantly moderate the relationship between company size and stock performance. This suggests that external factors, such as regulatory changes or market sentiment, may play a more decisive role. The results underscore that cash flow, while an important indicator of financial health, does not enhance the influence of company size on stock performance, particularly in certain industries where external conditions prevail. This underscores the need for a more comprehensive evaluation approach that considers a broader range of factors when assessing stock performance. It's time to move beyond traditional metrics like profitability and cash flow growth and equip ourselves with a more robust set of tools for analysis. Ultimately, this research advocates for a multifactorial approach to stock performance evaluation, emphasizing the importance of understanding the interplay between various variables, including industry trends and macroeconomic conditions. By adopting this comprehensive perspective, investors and analysts can make more informed decisions and strategies, enhancing their ability to navigate the complexities of the financial markets.

Implementing data-driven financial management systems in SMEs: A case review approach

The adoption of data-driven financial management systems has become increasingly vital for the growth and sustainability of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This review explores the implementation of such systems through a case review approach, analyzing their impact on financial decision-making, operational efficiency, and overall business performance. SMEs often face challenges in managing their financial processes due to limited resources, inefficient manual methods, and a lack of real-time data insights. Data-driven financial systems, leveraging automation, artificial intelligence (AI), and analytics, offer a solution by streamlining these processes, enhancing accuracy, and improving decision-making. The review examines three SMEs from different sectors manufacturing, retail, and services that have implemented data-driven financial systems. Through qualitative interviews, financial data analysis, and performance assessments before and after system implementation, the research identifies key improvements in cash flow management, profitability, and financial reporting. Each case highlights how automation and real-time data access have led to more strategic financial decisions, reduced costs, and operational efficiency. The findings suggest that data-driven financial systems not only increase financial transparency but also provide a competitive advantage by enabling SMEs to make informed decisions quickly. However, the review also identifies barriers to implementation, such as technical expertise, costs, and employee training, emphasizing the need for tailored solutions based on company size and sector. The review concludes by discussing future trends in financial technology adoption among SMEs and offers recommendations for facilitating successful integration. This research contributes to the understanding of how data-driven financial management can drive sustainable growth in SMEs. Keywords: Data-Driven, Financial Management, SMEs, Review.

Pengaruh Karakteristik Perusahaan Terhadap Financial Distress Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sub Sektor Industri Barang Konsumsi Di BEI

Financial distress is a situation where a company experiences consecutive financial declines over several years which can lead to bankruptcy. Financial distress usually results from the failure of an entity to repay its debtors because it does not have sufficient funds to continue its operations. This research aims to determine the effect of leverage and company size on financial distress in manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sub-sector listed on the IDX for the 2019-2022 period. Where the leverage variable uses the Debt to equity ratio (DER) formula, the company size variable uses the LN Total Assets formula and the financial distress variable uses the Springate Scores (S-Scrores) formula. This type of research is quantitative with a sampling method based on purposive sampling, obtaining 33 companies which were used as research samples multiplied over 4 years for a total of 132 research data. By using secondary data obtained from the official IDX website during the research period. And processed using the SPSS version 26 program. The results of this research show that leverage has a negative effect on financial distress and company size has no effect on financial distress

Pengaruh corporate social responsibility disclosure terhadap kinerja keuangan dengan reputasi sebagai variabel moderasi

This study aims to determine the effect of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) on firm financial performance with corporate reputation as a moderation variable. It focuses on primary and secondary sector companies listed on the IDX in 2014-2022. The dependent variable is firm financial performance, measured using return on assets (ROA). The independent variable, corporate social responsibility disclosure, is measured using the GRI G4. The corporate reputation as moderation variable is measured using the number of awards obtained by the company. The control variables used are company size, leverage, and cash flow. The sampling technique used purposive sampling and obtained as many as 143 companies. This research uses quantitative data, and the method used is regression analysis using the STATA application. The results of this study show that CSRD has a significant positive effect on firm financial performance. These findings provide practical guidelines for companies, stating that it is essential for a company to implement CSRD practices and have a good impact on the company's financial performance, thereby guiding companies in their CSR initiatives.

CSR as a framework for sustainability in SMEs: The relationship between company size, industrial sector, and triple bottom line activities

Theoretical backgroundCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a very topical issue for companies around the world. In the European context, CSR is especially significant due to legislative demands for its reporting. CSR can positively impact organisations in terms of competitiveness, employer branding, and financial performance. The theoretical background of this study is based on the CSR pillars, which are social, economic, and environmental CSR activities. PurposeThe research aimed to investigate the awareness of CSR among Czech companies and to report the frequency of CSR activities. The purpose of the investigation was to analyse the relationship between the characteristics of companies and the realisation of CSR activities. Research methodologyA quantitative study among 1703 Czech companies focused on their knowledge of CSR, its implementation in corporate strategy, and the realisation of individual CSR activities. Analysis of variance and logistic regression were used with predictors: company size, industry in which it operates, and differences in time between data collection rounds. Main resultsThe results showed the effect of company size and industry sector on both the knowledge of CSR issues and the number of activities realized in the individual CSR pillars. The results further describe in detail the relationship between company characteristics and specific CSR activities. Originality/valueCSR practices in Czech SMEs have not been adequately covered in existing studies. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the frequency of implementation of CSR activities among Czech companies. Research limitationsThe present study provides a large sample of companies selected proportionally to their representation in the Czech Republic, which resulted in an imbalance in the individual characteristics of the companies in the sample. The study is also limited by three main independent variables and cannot provide extensive insight into all influences. Practical implicationsThe results can be used by companies to benefit from comparing themselves with other market participants or with the average situation in the monitored markers. They are also useful for further comparison between countries and for analysing the development of CSR activities over time.© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the College of Management, National Cheng Kung University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

THE INFLUENCE OF PROFITABILITY, LEVERAGE, AND COMPANY SIZE ON TAX AVOIDANCE

This research aims to determine the effect of profitability, leverage and company size on tax avoidance. This study uses a causal quantitative research with descriptive statistical analysis. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling was canducted on property and real estate companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021-2022 with a sample of 54 companies. The analysis method was processed using SPSS with data analysis techniques wich include normality test, multicolinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, autocorrelation test, coefficient of determination test (R²), and partial influence test (t test). The research results show that profitability and leverage influence tax avoidance. Meanwhile, company size has no effect on tax avoidance

Unveiling risk factors influencing the selection of the Northern Sea Route: A conjoint analysis approach for Japanese shippers

This paper explores how Japanese corporations assess risks associated with using the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as a new maritime transport route in Asia and identifies measures to promote its usage. We address two key questions: (1) What risks influence shippers' route choices in maritime transport? (2) Does risk evaluation vary by cargo type and company size? Using choice-based conjoint analysis and a conditional logit model with online survey data, we identified five main risk factors influencing shippers: route unavailability rate, delay probability, piracy probability, transport costs, and war conditions, ranked in importance from highest to lowest as war conditions, delay probability, transport costs, route unavailability rate, and piracy probability. Additionally, the risk factors significantly influencing route selection were found to be robust, showing minimal variation across company size, type of trade (import/export), and the nature of the goods transported. Our findings suggest several policy implications. Diplomatic efforts are crucial for safe vessel navigation on the NSR. Government initiatives should focus on reducing transport delays through technology investments and implementing strategies to decrease NSR delay rates without increasing shippers' costs. Additionally, emphasizing the lower piracy risks on the NSR compared to Suez Canal Route could boost its attractiveness.

Pengaruh Profitabilitas dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan

The aim of this research is to examine the influence of profitability (X1) and company size (X2) on company value (Y). This research is a type of quantitative research. The data source used is secondary data. The sample in this research is food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange. The samples for this company were 20 sample companies with an observation period of three years (2020-2022), namely 60 sample units. The results obtained show that profitability has a positive effect on company value. This is because profitability is effective in a company so that it can generate profits from its operational activities, and company size has a negative effect on company value. It is because of the size of the company that large companies cannot guarantee high company value because they do not dare to make new investments before they pay their debts

Determination of financial performance and transfer pricing aggressiveness: Analysis of sales growth, leverage, company size and intangible assets (literature review)

Previous research or relevant research is very important in a research or scientific article. Previous research or relevant research serves to strengthen the theory and phenomena of the relationship or influence between variables. This article reviews the Determination of Financial Performance and Transfer Pricing Aggressiveness: Analysis of Sales Growth, Leverage, Company Size and Intangible Assets, A Study of the Transfer Pricing Literature. The purpose of writing this article is to build a hypothesis of the influence between variables to be used in further research. The results of this research library are that: 1) The Effect of Sales Growth on Financial Performance; 2) The Effect of Leverage on Financial Performance; 3) Effect of Company Size on Financial Performance; 4) The Effect of Intangible Assets on Financial Performance; 5) The Influence of Sales Growth on Transfer Pricing Aggressiveness; 6) The Influence of Leverage on Transfer Pricing Aggressiveness; 7) The Influence of Company Size on Transfer Pricing Aggressiveness; 8) The Influence of Intangible Assets on Transfer Pricing Aggressiveness; and 9) The Influence of Financial Performance on Transfer Pricing Aggressiveness.

Struktur Modal, Rasio Aktivitas, dan Ukuran Perusahaan terhadap Harga Saham Sektor Pertambangan yang Terdaftar di Jakarta Islamic Index

Purpose: This study aims to determine the influence of capital structure, activity ratio, and firm size on the stock prices of the mining sector listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII). Methodology: The population of this study comprises mining sector companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index in 2019-2023. A purposive sampling technique was used. Results: The results of this study show that capital structure has no effect on stock prices, activity ratio has a positive and significant effect on stock prices, and company size has a negative and significant effect on stock prices. Limitations: This study used limited data for the 2019-2023 period, the results may not apply for different periods. The research sample is focused on mining sector companies; therefore, the results cannot be generalized to all companies or industries. This study does not consider macroeconomic or other factors. Contribution: This research is expected to provide a clear view of how mining sector companies can optimize stock prices in the capital market.

The Effect of Profitability, Audit Opinion, Audit Committee and Company Size on Audit Delay (Study of Property and Real Estate Sector Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021-2023)

The Effect of Profitability, Audit Opinion, Audit Committee and Company Size on Audit Delay (Study of Property and Real Estate Sector Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021-2023)

Capital Structure And Earnings Per Share: An Empirical Analysis Of Selected Companies Listed On The Nigerian Exchange Group

Focussing on the moderating influence of company size, this study analyses the implication of capital structure on earnings per share (EPS) for a subset of businesses listed on the Nigeria Exchange Group. The research examines data from fifteen publicly listed food and drink firms over a certain time frame using a random effects model. According to the results, some parts of the capital structure, like LDTA and EQTA, significantly boost earnings per share (EPS), while others, like TPTA, have the opposite effect. Including company size as a moderating variable significantly improves the model's explanatory power. The modified R-squared value goes up from 7.5% to 55.8%. Firm-specific features heavily influence capital structure decisions and their influence on financial viability. Firm size should be a major aspect in financing decisions, according to the report, since larger organisations are better able to optimise their capital structure to boost profitability. Corporate managers, lawmakers, and investors can benefit from the study's new findings, which add to the current literature by demonstrating how business size affects the correlation between capital structure and profitability

WHAT AUDIT FEATURES IMPACT VALUE RELEVANCE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION?

Research Purposes. The objective of this research is to ascertain how audit quality affects the value and relevancy of accounting data, where audit quality is proxied by audit company size, audit partner gender, audit fees, audit reporting delays, and auditor opinion. Research Methods The study examining the relationship between variables using a fixed-effects model focuses on 780 non-financial corporations registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2020 and 2021, chosen through non-probability-purposive-judgment sampling techniques. Research Results and Findings. The study's conclusions indicate that while audit fees and latency in reporting can decrease the value relevance of accounting information, public accounting firms associated with the Big Four and the presence of female audit partners can enhance it. Additionally, the auditor's opinion section yields some intriguing results, as it increases the relevance of book value while decreasing that of profit value.

Motivations for ESG Investment Among Leaders in the MICE Industry

The Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions (MICE) industry faces mounting pressure to address environmental, social, and governance (ESG) concerns over its environmental impact. This research investigates the driving forces behind ESG investment decisions among MICE industry leaders. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study begins with an exploratory expert interview, followed by targeted questions for focus groups involving senior industry figures. Insights from the focus group discussions inform the development of a comprehensive questionnaire, capturing key motivators identified by participants. The survey was subsequently distributed to a broader cohort of MICE industry leaders, resulting in responses from 76 individuals. The findings highlight that leadership responsibility and the desire to inspire others are pivotal motivators for ESG investment, transcending company size and revenue. Simultaneously, external pressures—such as talent attraction and reputation enhancement—also play a significant role. However, the presence of opaque and localized regulations poses a formidable obstacle, hindering genuine commitment from all MICE industry leaders. This research contributes unique insights to this industry, and further investigation is warranted to understand motivators for ESG investment not only in the MICE industry but also in comparable growing sectors. Keywords: Sustainability, MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Conferences, Exhibition) Industry, ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance), Motivation, Responsible Leadership, Attracting Talent, Sustainable Reporting, Client expectation,

Influence of profitability, company size, and the audit committee on earnings quality

This study aims to provide an empirical explanation of the effect of profitability, company size and audit committee on earnings quality. This study uses quantitative descriptive research with secondary data in the form of annual financial reports of food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018-2022. The sample selection used purposive sampling, and the number of samples used was 115 samples, and the analysis tool used was Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 26. The analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the research indicate that profitability has no effect on earnings quality; 2) company size has no effect on earnings quality; 3) audit committee has a positive and significant effect on earnings quality; and 4) profitability, company size and audit committee simultaneously affect earnings quality.