Modern business conditions indicate the need to use the services of logistics providers. An important aspect of logistics providers’ business is sustainability, which can be viewed from different aspects. Sustainability is viewed through economic, ecological and social aspects, not only within the scope of business and cooperation between providers and users of services, but also in a wider social context because it contributes to improving the quality of life of individuals and society as a whole. The aim of the work is to develop a new approach for measuring and improving the sustainability of logistics providers, but also to define a reward system for providers who recognize the importance of sustainability and stand out as leaders in that field. The initially defined criteria for the evaluation of providers included: company size, price of services, number of delays, average delay time, environmental impact, labor and human rights, ethics, sustainable procurement, number of realized transactions, number of registered vehicles, SDS and application of ISO standards, as well as the level of innovation. In the later stages of the analysis, the focus was narrowed to two basic criteria — price and size of the company, and new ones were added, such as: Social responsibility, expanding the fleet of environmentally-powered vehicles, opportunities for young people, resource sharing, provider reputation, profitability and international presence, which made the analysis more precise and comprehensive. In the initial phase of the application of the method, six efficient providers were selected, and in the later analysis, the provider that was evaluated as the most efficient — provider “three” — was selected. A reward system was defined for the providers who took the first three places. The contribution of the work is reflected in the development of a unique approach for assessing the various dimensions of provider sustainability, but also in defining a system for the support and empowerment of providers. The results show a high degree of applicability of this approach, highlighting its importance for improving sustainability in the logistics sector.

Purpose This study aims to investigate audit fees for nonfinancial listed companies under mandatory joint audit regimes, comparing the effects of different joint audit pair compositions in France (EU) and Morocco (MENA region). Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of 397 nonfinancial listed companies (349 French, 48 Moroccan) from 2014 to 2023 (3,970 firm-year observations), this study uses multivariate regressions in Stata to examine audit fee variations across six joint audit pair types: B4B4 (two Big Four firms), B4S1 (one Big Four with one non-Big Four international), B4S2 (one Big Four with one local), S1S1 (two non-Big Four international), S1S2 (one non-Big Four international with one local) and S2S2 (two local). Findings Results reveal significant differences in audit fees across joint audit pairs in both France and Morocco, regardless of pair type or firm size. Notably, fees are consistently higher in France, which has stronger investor protection, than in Morocco. In terms of pair ranking in France, B4B4FR commands the highest fees, followed by B4S1FR and B4S2FR. There is no significant fee difference between B4B4FR and B4S1FR, supporting the preference for joint Big Four pairs among large companies. By contrast, in Morocco, B4B4MO has the highest fees, followed by B4S2MO; B4S1MO has the lowest. Non-Big Four pairs (S1S1, S1S2 and S2S2) show no significant fee differences in either country, suggesting that medium-sized companies rationally select two non-Big Four international auditors. Further analysis shows that, in France, Big Four premiums and interpair fee gaps narrow as firm size increases. Conversely, in Morocco, B4B4MO and S1S1MO are more competitively priced for small firms, while B4S1MO targets larger firms. Regarding industry specialization, it generally raises fees – except in B4S2 and S1S1 pairs (no effect) and in B4S1FR, where it reduces fees. Practical implications This study offers significant insights for investors, policymakers and companies involved in joint audit frameworks, as well as those considering implementing joint audits, through an in-depth analysis of a crucial issue in joint auditing. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first comparative study of joint audit fees for nonfinancial companies in mandatory regimes across developed (France) and emerging (Morocco) markets. It classifies joint audit pairs into six categories and investigates the effects of company size and auditor industry specialization on these fees.

This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of Return on Assets, Debt to Equity Ratio, Price to Book Value, and Company Size on Tax Avoidance. The data used in this study are secondary, sourced from company fact sheets from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and company financial reports. The population in this study uses companies included in the LQ45 index during the 2020-2024 period. The research sample used was obtained through purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used was panel data regression in EViews 12. The study's results indicate that Return on Assets, Debt to Equity Ratio, Price to Book Value, and Company Size do not significantly affect Tax Avoidance.

A company's financial performance is a key indicator in assessing management's success in managing company resources and creating shareholder value. This study aims to analyze the influence of Good Corporate Governance mechanisms, as proxied by the size of the board of commissioners, the board of directors, the audit committee, and institutional ownership, on company financial performance, and to examine the role of company size as a moderating variable. The population in this study was mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2021–2024 period. Based on purposive sampling criteria, a sample of 36 companies was obtained, with a total of 112 observations. The data used were secondary data, and the analytical method employed was panel data regression with a fixed effects model and moderation analysis. The results showed that the size of the board of commissioners had a positive and significant effect on financial performance, while the size of the board of directors, the audit committee, and institutional ownership did not significantly influence financial performance. Furthermore, company size did not moderate the effect of the size of the board of commissioners, the board of directors, the audit committee, and institutional ownership on financial performance.

This study aims to examine the effect of profitability, leverage, and company size on corporate social responsibility, with audit quality as a moderating variable, in energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2019–2023 period. This study uses a quantitative approach with secondary data obtained from annual financial reports and corporate sustainability reports. The study sample consisted of 18 energy sector companies listed on the IDX, with a total sample size of 95 company financial reports. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that (1) profitability has a significant positive effect on CSR disclosure, (2) leverage has no effect on CSR disclosure, (3) company size has a significant positive effect on CSR disclosure, and (4) audit quality weakens the relationship between profitability, leverage, and company size on CSR disclosure.

This study aims to analyze the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), profitability, and company size on firm value in primary goods retail trading companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The study is conducted to obtain empirical evidence about the factors influencing firm value as well as to explain the differences in previous research findings regarding the relationships among these variables. This research uses a quantitative approach with an associative research type. The data used are secondary data in the form of annual financial statements of companies obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique employed is purposive sampling, resulting in a sample of 6 (six) companies. The data analysis method used is panel data regression assisted by Stata 17 software. The research results indicate that, partially, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has a positive and significant effect on firm value, whereas profitability has a negative and significant effect on firm value. Meanwhile, firm size has a negative and insignificant effect on firm value. Simultaneously, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), profitability, and firm size have a significant effect on firm value in primary goods retail trading companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.

The aim of this study is to understand why brands use micro-influencers, content creators with up to 100,000 followers, and how they manage the relationship, either directly or through third parties, what objectives they aim to achieve with them and how they remunerate them. Methodology. A qualitative study was conducted in Spain, consisting of 19 semi-structured in-depth interviews with brands that use micro-influencers. A snowball sample was created, including brands with different profiles, belonging to a variety of sectors and company sizes, and considering both international and national companies. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. A mixed coding method was applied, combining deductive and inductive approaches. Results and conclusions. Three distinct groups were identified among the brands: the “Obligated” forced to use micro-influencers for budgetary reasons, the “Duals” who perceive different benefits in macro and micro-influencers, and the “Believers” who prefer micro-influencers for their greater engagement, credibility and better transmission of brand values to consumers. Original contributions. The study's contribution lies in shedding light on why advertisers choose to work with micro-influencers and what the process of working with them is like from the advertisers' perspective.

This study aims to analyze the effect of company size and profitability on tax avoidance in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2022–2024 period. The research uses secondary data obtained from published financial statements, with a sample of 333 companies selected through a purposive sampling technique. Panel data regression is employed as the main analytical method to examine the relationship between the independent variables and tax avoidance practices. The results of the analysis indicate that profitability has a positive and significant effect on tax avoidance, suggesting that more profitable companies tend to engage more actively in tax planning strategies to reduce tax burdens. In contrast, company size is found to have no significant effect on tax avoidance, indicating that large and small manufacturing firms exhibit similar tax behavior. Overall, this study provides empirical evidence regarding the determinants of corporate tax avoidance and contributes to the literature by offering insights for policymakers, regulators, and stakeholders in understanding tax avoidance behavior in the manufacturing sector.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are a cornerstone of the Albanian economy, contributing substantially to employment and output. This paper explores the main challenges SMEs face in accessing finance and evaluates the effectiveness of public and European Union (EU)-supported financial instruments, with a particular focus on credit guarantee schemes (CGS) (Bennett et al., 2005). Despite their economic significance, SMEs continue to face financing constraints due to high interest rates, stringent collateral requirements, limited start-up lending, and low trust in financial institutions. The analysis combines descriptive and comparative methods using both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through a survey of 300 SMEs — 50 from each of six key sectors (trade, production, agriculture, services, handicrafts, and others) — across six regions with high SME concentrations. Results reveal that 92 percent of SMEs are unaware or poorly informed about CGS, and only 1 percent have received support. Statistical testing shows that company age significantly affects financing choices (χ² significance = 0.025 < 0.05), while company size does not (χ² significance = 0.378 > 0.05), although smaller firms exhibit greater financing needs. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to enhance SME access to finance through improved awareness and more inclusive support mechanisms of CGS.

Research Motivation: Readiness for Change (RfC) is a key success factor for navigating organizational transformation. However, most existing models either focus exclusively on organizational or individual levels, lack empirical grounding, or fail to provide business-relevant decision support. This study addresses these limitations by developing and empirically validating an integrated, business-oriented framework for assessing RfC. Methodology: A structured questionnaire was designed based on 19 antecedents identified through systematic literature review. A total of 118 professionals across various industries evaluated the relevance, influence, and effectiveness of these antecedents. The analysis included internal consistency checks (Cronbach’s alpha), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and one-way ANOVA and Welch’s ANOVA to test group differences. Findings: EFA confirmed a three-factor structure: Relational and Cultural Readiness, Contextual and External Readiness, and Psychological Readiness. Internal consistency was excellent (α = 0.946). While ANOVA results showed no significant differences in RfC across company size or change experience (p>0.05), medium-sized firms showed a descriptive trend toward higher readiness. Practitioner feedback identified leadership, communication, and motivation as the most critical and controllable antecedents. Implications: This study delivers a practical and empirically supported RfC measurement model applicable across industries. It enables businesses to systematically assess change readiness, identify specific gaps, and implement targeted interventions. As such, the tool contributes to more informed decision-making and strengthens organizational agility and resilience in dynamic markets.

This research analyzed the factors influencing financial statement integrity among companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2022 fiscal year. The study examined the roles of the audit committee, company size, and leverage as primary determinants of reporting honesty. It integrated the alignment between financial data and non-financial disclosures in sustainability reports to identify potential greenwashing practices that could mislead stakeholders. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing multiple linear regression analysis to evaluate the relationships between the variables. The researcher selected the sample through purposive sampling, focusing on issuers that provided complete annual and sustainability reports. The results indicated that the audit committee and company size exerted a positive and significant influence on financial statement integrity. These findings suggested that independent oversight and reputational risks associated with large organizations effectively reduced information asymmetry. Conversely, leverage demonstrated a negative and significant impact, which implied that high debt burdens encouraged opportunistic managerial behavior through earnings management. This study offered practical contributions for regulators and investors in evaluating corporate information credibility during an era of increasing environmental, social, and governance transparency and digital reporting integration.

We investigate agency costs of equity reduction (proxied inversely via excessive executive remuneration) in Malaysian companies. We contribute to the literature on family companies and executive remuneration. We hypothesize that Nanyang companies (ethnic Chinese companies managed according to Confucian tenets) are superior at reducing agency costs of equity. We estimate Ordinary Least Squares regressions, using a sample of 2614 company-years over the period 2013–2019. Our research design reflects adaptations to the Malaysian setting. Data are collected from Bloomberg and annual reports. The results do not support our hypothesis, suggesting that non-Nanyang companies are improving the efficacy of mechanisms that arrest excessive executive remuneration. Our findings indicate that company performance, company size and industry membership are the key determinants of equilibrium executive remuneration in Malaysia. The results also suggest that Malaysian Chief Executive Officers do not abuse their structural power.

The financial industry in Indonesia continues to grow through the provision of increasingly competitive investment services, opening up opportunities for companies to attract investors. This study aims to analyze the effect of leverage and liquidity on stock returns, as well as to assess whether company size strengthens this relationship. The research was conducted on non- bank financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2020–2023. A quantitative approach was used with secondary data taken from annual financial reports. The sample was determined purposively according to specific criteria, resulting in 40 observations. Data processing was performed using Eviews-13 software. Data analysis included descriptive tests, panel data regression, and moderation interaction tests (MRA). Independent variables included leverage (Debt to Equity Ratio) and liquidity (Current Ratio), with stock returns (price return) as the dependent variable, and company size (ln total assets) as the moderating variable. The results show that, both before and after MRA, leverage does not have a significant effect on stock returns (probability 0.86 & 0.56 > 0.05), and liquidity does not have a significant effect on stock returns (probability 0.12 & 0.90 > 0.05). Simultaneously, both before and after the MRA, leverage and liquidity do not have a significant effect on stock returns (probability 0.26 & 0.44 > 0.05). Furthermore, firm size does not function as a moderator in this research model, in the interaction between leverage and stock returns (probability 0.82 > 0.05), and in the interaction between liquidity and stock returns (probability 0.60 > 0.05). The coefficient of determination before MRA was 1.8% with an epsilon of 98.2%, and the coefficient of determination after MRA was 0%, indicating that the addition of moderation worsened the previous model.

Sustainability is increasingly viewed as a crucial element shaping contemporary transport policies and operational strategies. This article presents a comprehensive economic evaluation of Polish international road freight carriers in 2024 compared with the results from previous years. It introduces an original and innovative method for assessing the economic condition of transport companies, based on real-time operational data and an integrated demand–supply diagnosis of the road freight market, which also supports macroeconomic forecasting. The study covers carriers operating in Eastern and European Union (EU) markets and spans an exceptionally long period (2009–2024), enabling the identification of long-term trends across four business cycles. Unlike existing research, which typically analyses isolated profitability or efficiency indicators, the proposed method offers a universal and contextual framework linking economic outcomes with detailed company characteristics. It provides a structured assessment of cost components across eight categories and reveals relationships between economic performance and factors such as transport directions, fleet utilisation, company size, diversification strategies, and region of origin. The analysis includes a comparison of two carrier groups, statistical profiling of companies, and average vehicle kilometre costs by company size and transport direction. This contextual analysis, including a comparison between the Polish and Lithuanian markets, strengthens the credibility of the results by situating them within a broader comparative framework and supporting a more accurate interpretation of the observed patterns. The pilot nature of this cross contextual approach constitutes an additional contribution of the study, providing a basis for future comparative research on the functioning of transport enterprises across the EU and the Eastern markets. In addition, the assessment incorporates a pilot comparative study of external factors influencing the transport market, conducted among Polish and Lithuanian companies. This multifaceted and internationally unprecedented approach strengthens the interpretability of the results and offers a robust foundation for strategic decision-making and organisational adaptation in an increasingly competitive and uncertain transport market.

Tax avoidance is an important issue that impacts state revenue, particularly in the manufacturing sector, which contributes significantly to the national economy. This study aims to verify the influence of company size and capital intensity on tax avoidance among manufacturing firms for the period of 2021-2024 at Indonesian Stock Exchange. The research employs a quantitative verifiable method with a panel data approach. Sampling is conducted using purposive sampling techniques targeting manufacturing companies that meet the research criteria. Data analysis is performed using panel data model testing, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression. The findings reveal that company size does not have a notable impact, while capital intensity demonstrates a significant positive effect on tax avoidance. This suggests that as the ratio of fixed assets rises, firms are presented with more opportunities to utilize tax avoidance tactics via effective management of depreciation. The results indicate that that as the proportion of fixed assets increases, companies have greater opportunities to employ tax avoidance strategies through depreciation management. These findings have implications for tax authorities and corporate management to consider internal factors influencing tax compliance, promoting a fairer, more transparent, and sustainable tax system.

Recent studies revealed that more than half of French business leaders are at risk of burnout. They sacrifice sleep, physical activity and often work over 60 hours weekly. Poor sleep and lack of exercise contribute to major health issues in general population. To date, no study explored the variations in health status among business leaders across different types and sizes of companies. This study aims to assess health among French business leaders, focusing on sleep quality, physical activity, anxiety, and stress levels across their different organizational contexts. We hypothesized that hierarchical positions and level of responsibility was associated with severity of health issues. 361 business leaders (158 women/203 man) agreed to complete questionnaires including: Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, Perceived Stress Scale, Global Anxiety Disorder and International Physical Activity Questionnaire. RStudio software was utilized for descriptive statistics and analyses. Results revealed that 67.3% of them have poor sleep, 47.8% are highly stressed, and 22.5% have very low levels of physical activity. Women exhibit worse mental health and top leaders of small enterprise experience more stress, practice less physical activity and have poorer sleep The findings underscore the need for targeted health promotion strategies for leaders that take into consideration sex and organizational context.

Fluctuations in inflation, interest rates, and exchange rates are macroeconomic indicators that can affect the performance of issuers' shares on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, especially when linked to internal conditions that vary between sectors. The instability of these macroeconomic variables creates uncertainty for investors and necessitates a more comprehensive study. This study aims to analyze the effect of inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, and internal company factors on the performance of listed companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a literature review method of 20 national scientific articles and 1 accredited international scientific journal from the period 2022–2025. The data were analyzed through document analysis by comparing and synthesizing the findings of previous studies. The results show that the influence of inflation, interest rates, and exchange rates on stock performance is inconsistent across industry sectors and research periods. Internal company factors, particularly profitability and company size, play an important role in determining stock performance and strengthening issuers' resilience to macroeconomic pressures. Simultaneously, macroeconomic variables and internal company factors interact with each other in influencing the stock performance of issuers on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.

This study examines the influence of company size, audit committee meeting frequency, and public accounting firm size on Audit Report Lag. The research employs STATA Version 17 statistical tools with a purposive sampling method to select samples, obtaining 134 publicly listed companies from the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2021-2023 period, resulting in a total of 402 firm-year observations. The study's findings reveal :a negative effect of Company Size on Audit Report Lag, a negative influence of Audit Committee Meeting Frequency on Audit Report Lag, and) a negative impact of Public Accounting Firm Size on Audit Report Lag.Keywords: Audit Report Lag, Company Size, Audit Committee Meeting Frequency, and Public Accounting Firm Size

Audit delay is a period of time between the end of the fiscal year and the publication date of audit report. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of company size, CPA firm reputation, profitability, solvency, and firm age on audit delay in customer cyclical companies recorded on the IDX during 2021 until 2024 period. A quantitative approach is employed by using purposive sampling to select companies that meet the predetermined observed criteria. The data is analyzed by utilizing panel data regression. The result indicate that company age effect audit delay in a negative way, which demonstrates as the company’s longvity increases, the quicker the time needed to finish the audit process. Concurrently, company scale, CPA reputation, profitability, and solvency doesn’t make a difference to audit delay.

The decision on the dividend policy is one of the most important decisions that need to be made, and it may affect the future position and development of the company. A large number of authors conducted research that showed the influence of various factors on dividend policy. The results of that body of research showed different impacts, depending on the company on which the analysis was performed. The empirical analysis in this paper was performed on the case of financial institutions in the Republic of Serbia, and the basis for their selection was the importance of these institutions for the functioning of all segments of the economy. The subject of the paper is the dividend policy applied by financial institutions in the Republic of Serbia. In accordance with the subject of the research, the aim of the work is to determine the impact of profitability, liquidity, leverage, company size and dividends in the previous year on the current year’s dividend policy. A correlation analysis, panel regression analysis, and Mann-Whitney U test were performed, and the results of these analyses show the existence of a statistically significant negative impact of the the previous year’s dividend on the current year’s dividend policy, expressed by the dividend payout rate. The results of the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test show the existence of a statistically significant difference in the distribution of the dividend policy variable between insurance companies and banks.