Communal Reform Research Articles

Analysis of the impact of communal reform movements on Indian Nationalism

Reform movements had a very deep connection with Indian nationalism. Since Indian leaders believed that social and religious renaissance was necessary before political independence, they initiated religious and social movements. These reform movements had a decisive impact on Indian nationalism and national consciousness and these movements proved to be the forerunners of India's political awakening. The religious reformers of India knowingly or unknowingly linked religion with politics and national ideology. In fact, social, religious and political activities cannot be separated from the national stream. This is the reason why the second half of the nineteenth century is considered the most important period in the history of the rise of Indian nationalism. Abstract in Hindi Language: सुधार आन्दोलनों का भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद से अत्यन्त गहरा सम्बन्ध था। चूंकि भारतीय नेताओं का यह विचार था कि राजनीतिक स्वतन्त्रता से पूर्व सामाजिक व धार्मिक पुनर्जागरण आवश्यक था, इसलिए उन्होंने धार्मिक व सामाजिक आन्दोलनों का सूत्रपात किया। भारतीय राष्ट्रीयता एवं राष्ट्रीयता चेतना पर इन सुधार आन्दोलनों का निर्णायक प्रभाव पड़ा तथा ये आन्दोलन भारत की राजनीतिक जागृति के पूर्वगामी सिद्ध हुए भारत के धर्म सुधारकों ने जाने अनजाने में धर्म को राजनीति व राष्ट्रीय विचारधारा से सम्बद्ध कर दिया था। वस्तुत सामाजिक, धार्मिक और राजनीतिक क्रियाकलापों को राष्ट्रीय धारा से पृथक नहीं किया जा सकता। यही कारण है कि उन्नीसवीं सदी के उत्तरार्द्ध को भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद के उदय के इतिहास में सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण काल माना जाता है। Keywords: भारत, राष्ट्रवाद, सुधार आन्दोलन, पुनर्जागरण।

The Emergence of Global Maoism: China's Red Evangelism and the Cambodian Communist Movement, 1949–1979 by Matthew Galway

<i>The Emergence of Global Maoism: China's Red Evangelism and the Cambodian Communist Movement, 1949–1979</i> by Matthew Galway

Социокультурные факторы реформирования ЖКХ и реализации программы капитального ремонта в России

Introduction. The housing and communal reform in Russia and the ongoing overhaul program, aimed at decentralization and minimizing state participation in the housing economy, involves the formation of mass layer of active homeowners who are able to negotiate with each other and financially manage the personal and common property of apartment buildings. In reality, numerous difficulties and problems are recorded in the processes of institutionalization of effective homeowners in Russia. Based on the analysis of research literature, the proposition is verified that, in addition to factors of a regulatory, legal and socio-economic nature, a significant role in the process of reforming the housing and communal sector is played by socio-cultural features of the development of Russian society. Theoretical justification. Based on the comparative method, macro-level factors in the organization and regulation of the housing and public utilities in Russian, analyzed in the context of socio-cultural and institutional approaches. Results and discussion. The analysis of the research literature makes it possible to see the historical, cultural and societal complexes of causes that affect the effectiveness of housing and public utilities reform. Researchers most often refer to the historical and cultural factors as the previous Soviet practice of organizing the housing economy, which formed and consolidated the passivity of the population and diversified the experience of collective action in the maintenance and modernization of the housing stock. In the institutional approach, the societal determinants include the following factors: the communitarian nature of the material and technological environment, paternalism and centralization of power, institutional inertia and the «path-dependence».

СТАН УПРАВЛІННЯ БАГАТОКВАРТИРНИМИ БУДИНКАМИ В УКРАЇНІ

The subject of the article is the situation of housing and communal services of Ukraine – an apartment building management services. There legislative base on the given question, its dynamics and prospects of development are analyzed. These are the main problems that have been going on since the beginning of the housing and communal reform. The main characteristics of the entities that can manage apartment buildings in Ukraine are given. Also studied their influence on the development of competition in this market. The number and dynamics of apartment buildings that have chosen certain forms of management are determined. The statistical data which show indicators of management of apartment houses in Ukraine in the context of regions of Ukraine are resulted. In general, the share of apartment buildings in Ukraine, the co-owners of which have not chosen any of the forms of management, is decreasing, but the share of such buildings in the overall structure is too large. The current trends in the industry in the coming years are indicated. Peculiarities of the manager's appointment based on the results of competitive selection are considered. The main indicators of payment discipline for apartment building management services in Ukraine are analyzed. The payment discipline is also a negative factor on the management of apartment buildings in Ukraine. In particular, it is worth noting the increase in 2020 in the amount of indebtedness of the population for all types of utility payments, except for payments for the management of apartment buildings. It should be noted that previously the problem of registration of ownership and maintenance of adjacent territories was significant - many condominiums, having a significant adjacent territory, could not register the ownership of it, because it was owned by local governments. Therefore, the maintenance of these territories and their development, despite the needs of co-owners, were carried out on a final basis. However, a significant problem with the implementation of housing and communal reform in Ukraine is that the vast majority of apartment buildings have not chosen any form of management, so in the face of changes in legislation on a competitive basis, local self-government will appoint managers.

Problems and Challenges of the Modern Historiography of the Zwinglian Reformation

Abstract Critical research into the Zwinglian Reformation arose in the period of historicism and liberalism in the 19th century. The pioneers of this research accomplished important achievements, especially by publishing critical editions of Zwingli’s works. At the same time, they interpreted Zwingli as a liberator and educator of the people rather than as a theologian. In the twentieth century, research perspectives multiplied. Zwingli has been taken more seriously as a theologian, and the tight alliance between the Reformation and politics has been emphasized. The intricate political structure and the Republican mentality of the Confederation deeply shaped the character of the Swiss Reformation. Zwingli was its central figure, but the Swiss Reformation should be called a Communal Reformation (Gemeindereformation). Having many similarities to the Wittenberg Reformation, it is nevertheless an independent variety within the pan-European Reformation movements. We must, therefore, study the Swiss Reformation with its own distinct development and dynamics, as well as within its interconnected European-wide network.

SOURCES OF HOMEOWNERS' ASSOCIATION (HOA) FUNDING IN UKRAINE

The Strategy for Stable Development «Ukraine – 2020» refers to the implementation of the housing and communal reform as one of the defining vectors for the development of the country, its regions and cities. The housing and communal sector, as an important socio-economic activity, provides the population with much-needed housing and public utilities. The provision of high-quality housing and communal services is linked to the need for a comprehensive transformation of the defining principles of the housing and communal sector functioning in Ukraine [1] and the improvement of budgeting technology in this area, reforming its State regulatory system. Political factors, loss of macroeconomic stability, lack of a clear forecasting methodology, inadequate State Management of budgetary resources hamper the development of the domestic housing and communal services market. All this leads not only to an overestimation of the housing and communal services cost, but also to a gradual deterioration in their quality. For this reason, it is relevant and useful to find out the theoretical and practical bases for the operation of enterprises and organizations that provide housing and communal services, taking into account the problems of their transformation to an open economy. One of the prerequisites for a qualitatively new transformation of the housing and communal sector in Ukraine is the establishment of a competitive environment [2] in the housing and communal services market, as an effective mechanism for overcoming the crisis in the sector, development of new forms of housing management (HOA, single-customer services, involvement of private enterprises), competitive selection of enterprises (management companies) for training in the provision of housing and communal services. The reform of the housing and communal services market in Ukraine is impossible without a detailed study of the experience of countries that have achieved significant progress or are in the process of transforming the housing and communal services market.

Outside of the Law: Khomeini’s Legacy of Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in the Islamic Republic

This article explores the legacy of Khomeini’s declarations on amr bi ma‘rūf va nahī az munkar (commanding right and forbidding wrong). Focusing particularly on Khomeini’s Taḥrīr al-wasīla, in which his most detailed exploration of the duty to command and forbid is found, I argue that a number of the Islamic Republic’s institutions and political factions have been unable to legislate on this duty because its most effective role is in the social sphere. By attempting to codify commanding and forbidding in law, these institutions and factions eschew the duty’s esoteric and ambiguous qualities that make it both applicable and complete. The duty is instead most effective as a tool for self-governance and communal reform. Khomeini’s innovative vision of commanding and forbidding provides a certain degree of autonomy in social space for those who perform or sanction the duty.

PROBLEM QUESTIONS IN THE METHODOLOGICAL PROVISION OF THE LOCAL MARKETS OF HOUSING AND COMMUNAL HOUSEHOLDS IN UKRAINE

Topicality. The urgency of the problem of stimulating the development of local markets of housing and communal services today is growing due to the need for additional resources involved in the socio-economic development of Ukraine, as well as through the progress of housing and communal reform, which creates new opportunities for the development of housing conditions of Ukrainian citizens. Aim and tasks.The purpose of the article is to analyze problematic issues in the methodological maintenance of the functioning of local markets of housing and communal services, to develop theoretical, methodological provisions and practical and applied proposals, which should justify the tools for improving the regulatory framework for housing and communal services markets in Ukraine. Research results.After analyzing the latest laws in the sphere of housing and communal services, we can conclude that, despite the issuance of laws, the legal way of their implementation is still absent. It is also worth noting that, in our view, the transfer of all communal ownership buildings to the ownership of the inhabitants will not give the desired result. Lack of qualified management companies can lead to even more depreciation of the housing stock, which now is in a large proportion already in a worn condition. Lack of legal regulation of housing stock management by private management companies may lead to non-compliance with state norms in the field of repair and operation of engineering networks of residential buildings. It can lead to accidents, the consequences of which can be not only unpleasant for the inhabitants, but also life threatening. For example, untimely inspection of the smoke and ventilation ducts of the building often leads to their litter and poor ventilation of the living space, which can lead to poisoning with carbon monoxide, an explosion of gas equipment, etc. Conclusions.The strategic directions of implementation of the conceptual idea of reforming the housing and communal services of Ukraine include the introduction of amendments to laws and regulations regulating the procedure for providing housing and communal services to the end user. The prospects for future research in the sphere of housing and communal services are related to the effective structure of the formation of the institutional environment.

Die deutsche Reformationsforschung seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg

The end of the Second World War marks no caesura in discussions of historical research on the Reformation. Rather, existing tendencies, grounded in the anti-historistic debates of the early twentieth century continue on. In the post-war discussion the competition for significance between West- and East-German Reformation research played a stimulating and focusing role. Debates on the urban Reformation, the communal Reformation, the relationship of Peasants' War and Reformation, etc., can only be interpreted against the social and political background of German double statehood. Reformation research's loss of significance and the success of the confessionalization paradigm after 1989 stand in close connection with social and political developments.

The Early Reformation on the Continent (review)

Early Modern European The Early Reformation on the Continent. By Owen Chadwick. [Oxford History of the Christian Church.] (New York: University Press. 2001. Pp. vi, 446. $95.00.) Unlike most such works, this volume has no introduction or conclusion to guide readers as to the author's purpose, but the dust-jacket supplies an essential bit of information: The Early Reformation on the Continent is part of a valuable series ongoing since 1977, the Oxford History of the Christian of which Professor Chadwick and his brother, Henry Chadwick, have been the general editors. The University Press website lists thirteen volumes to date; many represent the best broad coverage available for important topics like The Prankish Church, or German and Scandinavian Protestantism 1700-1918, and the series as a whole is more ambitious in scope than previous multi-volume works, like the old Fliche-Martin Histoire de l'Eglise, or Hubert Jedin's Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte. Since the present volume deals almost exclusively with Lutheran Germany and German-speaking Switzerland, and leaves theology to one side, one must assume that separate volumes are planned for such topics as Calvinism, Reformation theology, and the Catholic Reformation. The author writes as a church historian, not as a historian of European society or European politics who happens to be interested in the Reformation. This means that debates that have been very much to the fore among social and political historians receive scant notice here-for example, the question of whether, or in what sense, the Protestant movement in Germany's free imperial cities might be characterized as a communal Reformation. But the author's ecclesial perspective is also the book's strength: for each topic Professor Chadwick has chosen for a chapter, the reader is treated to a lively and learned review of how earlier Christian communities dealt with the issue (e.g., the use of organ-music in worship, or the rite of confirmation), and what was novel in the solutions wrought by Luther and his contemporaries. That Chadwick often illustrates his themes with examples from Germany's North Sea and Baltic regions, neglected in German and especially English-language scholarship, is all the better. This book is the product of a wide erudition, lightly worn, woven into fresh insights for the reader, even for one who, like myself, has taught the German Reformation for over thirty years. Absent an introduction or a conclusion, there are also no ready clues as to the author's interpretative stance. One notes, however, that Professor Chadwick's treatment of Erasmus is sensitive, usually well-informed, and frequent; the Rotterdam humanist merits nearly as many mentions in the Index (86) as Martin Luther (95). …

Rerooting the Faith: The Reformation as Re-Christianization

Over the last twenty-five years it has become common to speak of reformation in the plural instead of the singular. Historians isolate and write about the communal reformation, the urban reformation, the people's or the princes' reformations, and the national reformations of Europe. Some scholars doubt whether these different movements had enough in common to warrant speaking of the Reformation of the sixteenth century. A recent textbook, entitledThe European Reformations, justifies its title with the following statement: “In more recent scholarship this ‘conventional sense’ of the Reformation [the traditional unified view] has given way to recognition that there was a plurality of Reformations which interacted with each other: Lutheran, Catholic, Reformed, and dissident movements.”1

:Communal Reformation. The Quest for Salvation in Sixteenth-Century Germany

:<i>Communal Reformation. The Quest for Salvation in Sixteenth-Century Germany</i>

Communal reformation: the quest for salvation in sixteenth-century Germany

Communal reformation: the quest for salvation in sixteenth-century Germany

The Leadership and Structure of the Tauber Band during the Peasants' War in Franconia

The historiography of the Peasants' War is currently dominated by Peter Blickle'sThe Revolution of 1525. Blickle builds upon Günther Franz'sDer deutsche Bauernkrieg, long the standard history of the Peasants' War. Blickle uses the concept of “the Revolution of the Common Man” to describe the Peasants' War. The common men in both the towns and villages were united in a revolutionary effort to establish the “communal Reformation.” Blickle writes: “Evangelical doctrine gripped urban and rural communities alike, and the lay community claimed the right to decide right doctrine.… Thus, the Reformation's dependence on community erased the barriers between urban and rural communities, between burghers and peasants.”

Communal Reformation and Peasant Piety: The Peasant Reformation and Its Late Medieval Origins

Communal Reformation and Peasant Piety: The Peasant Reformation and Its Late Medieval Origins

Coptic communal reform: 1860–1914

A complete account of Coptic communal reform has still to be written. However, observers of the Coptic scene, whether foreigners or native Egyptians, are unanimous in ascribing the commencement of reform to the Patriarch Cyril IV, 1854-61, known as the father of reform-abui al-islhg-as early as 1892. But reform, understood as an attempt at raising the education level of a generally ignorant Coptic clergy, had its origin at an earlier period. In 1843 the few missionaries of the Church Missionary Society active in Egypt transformed an educational seminary, founded in 1833, into a Coptic Institution. Designed to accommodate Coptic students set apart for the clergy, it sought to provide them with a working knowledge of Coptic, Arabic and English, and an acquaintance with Church and Bible history and doctrine.' The hope was that the Institution would be