Common Terms Research Articles

Two problems or one? Climate engineering and conceptual disaggregation

The term “climate engineering” is an ambiguous label for two categories of technologies for mediating global warming, Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) and Solar Radiation Modification (SRM). Whether CDR and SRM should be grouped together under a common umbrella term, or whether they should be treated as two disparate problems in need of disparate solutions, has long been a matter of debate. This paper first provides an empirical analysis of disaggregation. Topic modelling the scientific literature on climate engineering, I highlight a trend towards disaggregation driven by growth in the specialized literature on CDR. Second, I explore inconsistencies in the theoretical rationale for disaggregation and challenges in its practical implications. Third, I elaborate on the theoretical and practical utility of maintaining an integrated concept of climate engineering for highlighting the challenges of governing large-scale, hypothetical technological interventions into the climate system subject to deep uncertainties and mitigation deterrence.

A Systematic Literature Review of Research Trends on Critical Thinking Skills

Human resources that can face the challenges of increasingly rapid and dynamic development must have high intellectual skills. High intellectual skills are characterized by critical thinking skills, creativity competitiveness, and the ability to communicate ideas and solve any problems. Intellectual skills, especially critical thinking skills, are the demands of human resources in the 21st century. In recent years, the development of critical thinking skills-based research has been rapid. Critical thinking skills research has produced many theoretical and empirical findings. Many trends and issues have emerged, proving the complexity and dynamics of critical thinking skills research. This study aims to provide an overview of the latest research on critical thinking skills. The development of recent research on critical thinking skills in recent years can be illustrated through a bibliometric approach. The bibliometric approach was applied to uncover the most common keywords and terms and their interactions through compound word analysis. The Scopus database was selected for the period 2011 to 2021; 2,855 documents were obtained, and then the publications each year, the most researched topics, and the development of interest in these topics were identified. The research results show that from 2011 to 2020, there was a significant increase in research on critical thinking skills, while there was a decline from 2020 to 2021. Research topics that are closely related to critical thinking skills are higher-order thinking skills. The topic of critical thinking has a close relationship with education, curriculum, and educational measurement. Research on critical thinking skills with innovative learning models, such as inquiry learning and discovery learning models, has not been widely studied. Even though a lot of research on critical thinking skills has been carried out, there is still a need to develop research on critical thinking skills in various frameworks.

Factors Affecting the Quality of Sexual Life in Iranian Elderly Men With Andropause

Objectives Andropause is the common term for menopause in older men, which is characterized by a decrease in testosterone levels. Many elderly men with andropause have difficulty or are embarrassed to talk about sexual topics, which causes a lack of information or wrong beliefs and attitudes towards this issue, especially among families. The existing studies in Iran have not had a deep and special attention on this issue. Therefore, this study aims to qualitatively investigate the factors affecting the quality of sexual life in Iranian elderly men with andropause. Methods & Materials This is a qualitative study conducted in 2022 using the content analysis method. Using a purposeful sampling method, 14 elderly men with andropause were selected from among those who visited five health centers in different areas of Mashhad city in Iran. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview. Data analysis was done at the same time as sampling by using the conventional content analysis method. MAXQD software was used for data management. Results The mean age of the participants was 70 years. Eight men had primary education, three had middle school education, one had a high school diploma, and two were illiterate. The findings included 290 codes, 19 subcategories, 9 categories, and 3 themes. The themes were perceived sexual impotence, non-sexual feelings and experiences, and the desire to have an active sexual life. Conclusion The result of in-depth interviews with the elderly with andropause showed the components that can be addressed by officials and researchers for facilitating appropriate planning in this area. The knowledge of the existing situation and how the affecting factors can be the basis of new studioes in this field.

Marking the source of information in language: a terminological aspect

Background. The analysis of terms related to the verbalization of information source in an utterance is not usually the subject of explicit discussion, although, in our opinion, it would help with a more effective differentiation between the concepts “verbalization of information source” (evidentiality) and “verbalization of the degree of information reliability” (epistemic modality), indistinction of which leads to confusion between two different (albeit related) linguistic phenomena.Contribution to the research field. Apart from potentially improving the level of terminological accuracy, these findings have important implications for exploring the semantic volume of the evidential category and developing an in-depth classification of evidentials as linguistic units with complex semantics.Purpose. To describe a number of terms for the verbalization of an information source in language, as well as to draw conclusions about the acceptability of their use for describing certain fragments of linguistic reality.Methods. The method of linguistic observation, component analysis and comparative method are used. The research results are presented using the descriptive method.Results. For classification of the terms under observation, it seems reasonable to employ the “‘pure’ evidentiality – epistemic modality” scale. In Ukrainian studies, the term “evidentiality” became widespread only at the beginning of the 21st century. In terms of frequency of use, it “competes” with the term “perepovidnist,” which (like the less common term “zaochnist”), however, is not equivalent to the term “evidentiality” (due to significant differences in the terms’ semantic volumes). Out of all the terms analysed, the term “zasvidchenist” is the only one which not just replicates the semantic volume of the term “evidentiality,” but also its internal form.Discussion. The appropriateness of the usage of the terms related to datasource marking in language depends on the semantic volume of this category, as well as the characteristics of the category’s functioning in a specific language. In the following studies, terminological systems of evidentiality in different national linguistics might be analysed.

System of hydrographic terms of the Zhambyl region

The article analyzes scientific approaches to the grouping of toponyms according to the geographical principles based on the materials of the Zhambyl region and comprehensively examines hydrographic terms. The importance of the study is due to insufficient work on the hydronymy of the Zhambyl region and the need to develop this direction in Kazakh science. The aim of the study is to group the hydronyms of the Zhambyl region based on geographical principles. The study used cartographic, statistical and GIS methods. Whilst analyzing hydrographic objects, 177 names of rivers were identified which were formed with the participation of indicator terms related to rivers. They were classified and grouped into the most common terms in the names of rivers such as the term sai 57%, the term su 25% and the term ozek 16%.

Bibliometric analysis of articles published in Cukurova Medical Journal between 2011 and 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis of the abstracts and keywords in articles published in the Cukurova Medical Journal from 2011 to 2022.
 Materials and Methods: We compiled and analyzed all articles published in the Cukurova Medical Journal between 2011 and 2022, totaling 1734 articles, using VOSviewer software (version 1.6.19). This analysis focused on the terms in the abstracts and the keywords of these articles.
 Results: The study identified 27,409 unique terms and 4,040 unique keywords in the abstracts of the 1734 articles. The most common terms were 'surgery' (333 occurrences), 'pain' (263), 'infection' (201), 'measurement' (192), 'rat' (185), 'tumor' (177), 'covid' (157), 'pregnancy' (148), 'questionnaire' (144), and 'drug' (142). The top keywords were 'children' (43 occurrences), 'quality of life' (37), 'covid-19' (34), 'nursing' (32), 'pregnancy' (28), 'depression' (27), 'mortality' (26), 'anxiety' (24), 'child' (22), and 'obesity' (17).
 Conclusion: This is the first bibliometric analysis of keywords and terms used in the Cukurova Medical Journal, offering insights into the evolving topics of interest in the journal's publications. It also provides valuable information for researchers looking to submit articles to the journal, highlighting prevalent themes and content areas.

Отношение представителей молодежи к смерти и феномену скулшутинга

<p style="text-align: justify;">An analysis of differences in psychological attitudes to the phenomenon of school shooting among young people who are knowledgeable and uninformed about school shootings was carried out through studying its relationship with attitudes towards death in a sample of 98 people (48 men and 50 women, the average age was 22.7 years). It is shown that there is a difference in the assessment and perception of the specific terminology of school shootings «natural selection», «reb’n’vodka», «trench coat mafia», «wrath» in groups knowledgeable and uninformed about school shootings: common terms are more positively evaluated by those who were previously familiar with the concept of «school shootings». It is concluded that for respondents familiar with school shootings, their own death and the death of another are close in meaning and emotional burden. The group of people who are knowledgeable on school shootings demonstrates the presence of a suicidal risk. Death is viewed by them approvingly and positively, since it entails a liberation from suffering, adversity and difficulties. The results obtained reflect the diagnostic possibilities of studying the implicit attitude towards school shootings by studying the attitude towards death. The promising task of this study is to analyze the differences in the psychological attitude towards the phenomenon of school shootings in people with autoaggressive behavior, who are knowledgeable and uninformed of school shootings, by studying the attitude towards death.</p>

Половозрастные названия лошади в монгольских языках (с привлечением тюркского материала

Goals. The study seeks to introduce into scientific circulation and analyze in comparative and comparative historical perspectives — horse age-sex terms in modern Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat, and Kalmyk. By way of comparison, the work employs some material from Classical Mongolian to identify common terms and establish their general Mongolian character; it also attempts to reveal and describe some Turkic lexical borrowings associated with horse breeding, since Mongolic and Turkic languages had long contacted and interacted all across Central Asia. Materials and methods. The paper examines dictionaries of the languages involved, as well as field notes recorded from informants during the summer 2022 expedition to the Oka Buryats (Republic of Buryatia, Russia). The key research methods are the descriptive, comparative, and comparative historical ones; that of lexical/semantic analysis proves most instrumental in describing horse age-sex terms proper. Results. The analysis identifies some breed names of horses and related age-sex designations in Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat, and Kalmyk. The insight into collected materials concludes the horse breed and age-sex terms in modern Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat and Kalmyk are of generally Mongolic origin, and thus attest to common roots and great antiquity of the economic culture of Mongol ethnic groups. However, despite the horse breed and age-sex terms are specifically Mongolic, a number of lexemes of Turkic origin in different phonetic variants have still been traced, namely: x-Mong. Kh. Mong. азарга(н), Bur. азарга, Kalm. аҗрh ‘stallion’; Kh. Mong. жороо, Bur. жороошо, Kalm. җора ‘pacer’; Kh. Mong. агт(ан), Bur. агта, Kalm. агт ‘courser’; Kh. Mong. хүлэг, Bur. хүлэг, Kalm. күлг ‘courser, war horse’; Kh. Mong. аргамаг, Bur. аргамаг, Kalm. аргамак ‘argamak’.

Improved Word Segmentation System for Chinese Criminal Judgment Documents

ABSTRACT In this paper, a system for automatic word segmentation of Chinese criminal judgment documents is proposed. The system uses a hybrid model composed of fine-tuned BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), BiLSTM (Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory) and CRF (Conditional Random Field) for named entity recognition, and introduces a custom dictionary that includes common professional terms in Chinese criminal trial documents, as well as a rule system based on judicial system and litigation procedure related regulations, to further improve the accuracy of word segmentation. BERT uses a deep bidirectional Transformer encoder to pre-train general language representations from large-scale unlabeled text corpora. BiLSTM uses two LSTM networks, one for the forward direction and one for the backward direction, to capture the context from both sides of the input sequence. CRF uses a set of features and weights to define a log-linear distribution over the output sequence. Experimental results show that the proposed system has significantly improved word segmentation accuracy compared to the current commonly used Chinese word segmentation models. In the results of the segmentation of the test data, the F1 scores for jieba, THULAC and the segmentation system proposed in this paper are 85.59%, 87.94% and 94.82%, respectively.

Beyond sentiment: an algorithmic strategy for identifying evaluations within large text corpora

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a new strategy for classifying evaluations in large text corpora, using supervised machine learning (SML). Departing from a conceptual and methodological critique of the use of sentiment measures to recognize object-specific evaluations, we argue that a key challenge consists in determining whether a semantic relationship exists between evaluative expressions and evaluated objects. Regarding sentiment terms as merely potentially evaluative expressions, we thus use a SML classifier to decide whether recognized terms have an evaluative function in relation to the evaluated object. We train and test our classifier on a corpus of 10,004 segments of election coverage from 16 major U.S. news outlets and Tweets by 10 prominent U.S. politicians and journalists. Specifically, we focus on evaluations of political predictions about the outcomes and implications of the 2016 and 2020 U.S. presidential elections. We show that our classifier consistently outperforms both off-the-shelf sentiment tools and a pre-trained transformer-based sentiment classifier. Critically, our classifier correctly discards numerous non-evaluative uses of common sentiment terms, whose inclusion in conventional analyses generates large amounts of false positives. We discuss contributions of our approach to the measurement of object-specific evaluations and highlight challenges for future research.

Formulas for Fundamental Natural Frequency of Plane Periodic Truss

This study considers a plane statically determinate truss with double lattice structure and without a lower chord. Well-known versions of this design are Fink and Bollman trusses. Two methods are used to derive the analytical relationship of the lower limit of the fundamental frequency with the number of panels in the periodic structure. It is assumed that mass of the truss is concentrated at its joints (nodes). The nodes vibrate vertically, and the number of degrees of freedom coincides with the number of nodes. The stiffness analysis of the truss is performed using the Maxwell - Mohr method. The forces in the elastic elements and the reactions of the roller and pin supports are calculated by the method of joints depending on the size of the truss and its order of periodicity. The system of linear equations is solved using the inverse matrix method. The Dunkerley method of partial frequencies is used to calculate the lower limit of the fundamental frequency. For a series of solutions obtained for trusses with different number of panels, the common term in the sequence of solution formulas is found by induction using Maple software. The solution coefficients have polynomial form in the number of panels of order not higher than the fifth. The solution is compared with an approximate version of the Dunkerley method, in which the sum of the terms corresponding to partial frequencies is calculated using the mean value theorem. The closeness of the frequency obtained by the two analytical methods to the numerical frequency spectrum solution is shown by particular examples. An approximate version of the Dunkerley method has a simpler form and an accuracy comparable to the original Dunkerley method.

Esotericism between Europe and East Asia: How the “Esoteric Distinction” Became a Structure in Cross-Cultural Interpretation

Abstract Different understandings of “esoteric” are the main subject and the demarcation line of several fields of study. However, the history of this term is either neglected or distorted by specific historiographical paradigms. Tracing European writings on China and Japan from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, this article demonstrates that “esoteric” language was central to scholarship on Asia, shaping common terms that remain in use today. By showing how the emergence and development of an “esoteric distinction” between teachings and practices was linked to cross-cultural interpretation and translingual practices, the article argues that this distinction was not a mere projection of European concepts, but rather the result of cultural exchanges that need to be carefully studied on a case-by-case basis within their concrete historical contexts. To better understand the negotiations of what many today would call “esotericism,” a decentered historiography is needed that considers the global history of general terms.

Niacin - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023.

Niacin is the precursor to pyridine nucleotides NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). Niacin (vitamin B3) is the common term for nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and derivatives that exhibit the biological activity of nicotinamide. Furthermore, the indispensable amino acid tryptophan is the substrate for de novo synthesis of NAD. Thus, the requirements and intake of niacin are expressed as niacin equivalents (NE). The focus of interest for niacin over the last decade has primarily been on pharmacological doses of nicotinic acid as a lipid-lowering agent and other NAD precursors as potential enhancers of cellular NAD+ concentrations. None of these studies, however, makes a useful contribution to understanding dietary requirements in healthy populations. The requirement for niacin is estimated based on the relationship between intake and biochemical indices of niacin status, primarily urinary excretion of nicotinamide metabolites.

Data harmonization across eight publicly available longitudinal studies of aging, neurodegeneration and dementia

AbstractBackgroundLarge‐scale multi‐study analyses are required to ensure reproducibility, reliability and generalizability in mapping neurodegeneration and risk for ADRD. However, the heterogeneity in data collection paradigms can complicate and confound data pooling; data harmonization is essential. Longitudinal studies add to the complexity of harmonization as a variety of follow‐up time points and time encoding schemes are used. Here, we pool data from 8 publicly available longitudinal neuroimaging studies on neurodegeneration and dementia to highlight differences in: 1) diagnostic categorization of controls, and people with mild cognitive impairment, and dementia; 2) the extent of follow‐up visits across neuroimaging and clinical assessments; and 3) encodings of various meta‐data elements including scanner manufacturer, sex, and handedness. To allow a systematic approach to multi‐study dementia research, we propose an initial ontological framework for longitudinal data archival and retrieval, capable of capturing similar data elements within given themes while ensuring that unique differences across studies are retained.MethodAIBL, ADNI‐1, ADNI2/GO, ADNI‐3, OASIS‐2, OASIS‐3, PREVENT‐AD, and MIRIAD, were accessed. Study designs, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and downloaded data elements were used to describe diagnostic criteria, imaging data, demographic features, and longitudinal data collection schemes. We create common terms to map data elements across studies, and a consistent naming scheme for longitudinal data.ResultFigure 1 shows the breakdown of diagnostic labels per cohort, and highlights how different cognitive labels may be assigned to people with the same performance scores, for example, on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Figure 2 highlights the differences in longitudinal data collection schemes across cohorts, and in labels of commonly collected elements. Using common terms provided an easy way to simultaneously query data across all studies, while retaining a map back to the original terms. Figure 3 showcases our proposed naming scheme for capturing longitudinal data elements using a relational ontological framework. This framework successfully harmonized data across study demographics, timepoints, and imaging properties.ConclusionMulti‐study data analyses are becoming common practice thanks to large scale efforts such as ENIGMA and GAAIN. Harmonization of meta‐data across studies will allow for efficient pooling of data for tracking disease progression and related risk over time.

Adaptation of English Borrowings in The Karakalpak Language

Modern linguistic phenomena in the Karakalpak language can be correlated with the rapid activation of borrowed vocabulary, this is determined primarily by those global fluctuations that occur in connection with the democratization of society, open to cooperation with other countries in various fields of activity, as well as the processes of information exchange. The article deals with the adaptation of borrowings, including anglicisms, in the Karakalpak language. Borrowings based on relations between the two peoples duly penetrated into the composition of the Karakalpak language. Based on the foregoing, we tried to systematize the most common terms used to nominate various types of groups of borrowed vocabulary

AD Biological Domains—an evolving computational resource for big data classification in AD from the TREAT‐AD Consortium

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a highly heterogenous disease with a multitude of subtypes and interacting biological systems emerging in a complex pattern of pathology, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In order to help organize large scale data analysis in AD in an unbiased manner, we developed a computational model of endophenotypes associated with AD. We call these models the AD Biological Domains.MethodThe Common Alzheimer’s Disease Research Ontology (CADRO) was leveraged in association with literature mining to identify 19 parent endophenotypes that are largely sufficient to cover AD related pathology. These endophenotypes are instantiated as large sets of manually curated gene ontology (GO) terms and linked genes. This framework enables researchers to unambiguously move from an identified gene to a larger disease‐associated biological phenotype.ResultWe defined 19 biological domains in terms of constitutive sets of GO terms. A gene‐set enrichment analysis has confirmed that these 19 biological domains cover almost all AD‐enriched GO terms, barring those that fall outside the reach of the biological domains due to lack of specificity in biological implication. The size of the biological domains ranges from over a thousand GO terms for ‘Proteostasis’ and ‘Synapse’, and just over a dozen for the terms ‘APP Metabolism’ and ‘Tau homeostasis’. There is a low level of cross‐domain utilization of common GO terms, as the biological domains are effectively siloed in their definition, however, at the level of gene annotation we see high levels of promiscuity across domains, potentially providing a molecular trail to find interdependencies between domains. These biological domains are currently being used across several NIA‐funded consortia, including TREAT‐AD, AMP‐AD, MODEL‐AD, and have been adopted by partnered resources such as the AD‐Atlas and Agora. The full list of biological domains and associated GO terms and genes are openly accessible through the AD Knowledge Portal.ConclusionThe biological domains are an open resource designed to provide a community driven definition of discrete areas of AD biology, allowing AD investigators to utilize a standard set of computationally accessible resources to define emerging transcriptomic and proteomic datasets in a unified manner, making cross study comparisons more informative.

Sex‐ and APOE‐Specific Transcriptomic Signatures in Alzheimer’s Disease: An AZ‐ADRC‐Research Education Scholars Team Science Project

AbstractBackgroundAge, female sex and APOEε4 allele are among the top risk factors for developing late‐onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). To enable Precision medicine for AD drug development, it is crucial targeting specific biological pathways driving AD pathology. While individual effects of sex or APOE have been studied, genes and biological pathways commonly or uniquely altered by these two factors are less understood.MethodROSMAP RNA‐Seq data were obtained from AMP‐AD including 369 frontal cortex samples from APOEε3/ε3 and APOEε3/ε4 individuals. Of these, 209 had an AD diagnosis and 160 were controls. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs, pvalue<.05) between LOAD and cognitively normal individuals were identified using a generalized linear regression model. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed using Gene Ontology Biological Processes (GOBP). Redundant GOBP enriched terms were removed computing semantic similarity measures (adjusted pvalue<.05). Comparison analyses were conducted to identify common and unique DEGs and enriched GOBPs across sex‐genotype conditions.ResultAPOEε3/ε3 female brains exhibited the greatest DEG number (n = 11,851) while APOEε3/ε3 males exhibited the least (n = 714). Nine DEGs were shared across all comparisons, which were involved in metabolic processes, synaptic function, myelination, and GPCR signaling. GSEA revealed comparable numbers of LOAD‐enriched pathways in all female groups and male APOEε3/ε4s (n = 144‐155 GOBP terms), whereas APOEε3/ε3 males exhibited the fewest enriched terms (n = 13). Identified GOBP terms included pathways related to metabolism, cellular responses and regulation, and immune response regulation. However, there were no common GOBP terms across all sex‐genotype conditions.ConclusionOur analyses provide evidence of sex‐ and APOE‐ specific transcriptomic signatures and biological processes altered in LOAD brains. The findings suggest significantly greater transcriptomic dysregulation in female APOEε3/ε3 brains despite the similar extent of affected biological pathways as other sex‐APOE conditions. In contrast, a significantly smaller number of affected biological processes were identified in male APOEε3/ε3s despite having comparable transcriptomic dysregulation as the male APOε4 carriers but less than the female groups. These analyses provide rationale to develop risk factor‐specific therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of LOAD by considering the interaction between biological sex and APOE genotype.

AD Biological Domains—an evolving computational resource for big data classification in AD from the TREAT‐AD Consortium

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a highly heterogenous disease with a multitude of subtypes and interacting biological systems emerging in a complex pattern of pathology, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In order to help organize large scale data analysis in AD in an unbiased manner, we developed a computational model of endophenotypes associated with AD. We call these models the AD Biological Domains.MethodThe Common Alzheimer’s Disease Research Ontology (CADRO) was leveraged in association with literature mining to identify 19 parent endophenotypes that are largely sufficient to cover AD related pathology. These endophenotypes are instantiated as large sets of manually curated gene ontology (GO) terms and linked genes. This framework enables researchers to unambiguously move from an identified gene to a larger disease‐associated biological phenotype.ResultWe defined 19 biological domains in terms of constitutive sets of GO terms. A gene‐set enrichment analysis has confirmed that these 19 biological domains cover almost all AD‐enriched GO terms, barring those that fall outside the reach of the biological domains due to lack of specificity in biological implication. The size of the biological domains ranges from over a thousand GO terms for ‘Proteostasis’ and ‘Synapse’, and just over a dozen for the terms ‘APP Metabolism’ and ‘Tau homeostasis’. There is a low level of cross‐domain utilization of common GO terms, as the biological domains are effectively siloed in their definition, however, at the level of gene annotation we see high levels of promiscuity across domains, potentially providing a molecular trail to find interdependencies between domains. These biological domains are currently being used across several NIA‐funded consortia, including TREAT‐AD, AMP‐AD, MODEL‐AD, and have been adopted by partnered resources such as the AD‐Atlas and Agora. The full list of biological domains and associated GO terms and genes are openly accessible through the AD Knowledge Portal.ConclusionThe biological domains are an open resource designed to provide a community driven definition of discrete areas of AD biology, allowing AD investigators to utilize a standard set of computationally accessible resources to define emerging transcriptomic and proteomic datasets in a unified manner, making cross study comparisons more informative.

Artificial Intelligence in Language Education: A Bibliometric Analysis

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) occupies a transforming role in education, including language teaching and learning. Using bibliometric analysis, this study aims to overview the most recent research related to the use of AI in language education. Specifically, it reviews the existing body of research, productivity in this field in terms of authors and countries, co-authorship, most cited references and most popular journals that publish on this topic. Furthermore, the study also analyses the most common keywords and extracts relevant terms that reveal trending topics. For the period between 2018 and 2022, 2,609 documents were retrieved from the Web of Science database. The results showed that each year a consistent number of publications on the application of AI in language education appears. Scholars from China and the USA have been revealed to be most productive. Computer Assisted Language Learning contains the highest number of publications. Within the research on the use of AI in language education, the most targeted language-learning aspects were acquisition, motivation, performance, vocabulary, instruction, feedback, and impact. The analysis of the most common keywords related to AI-based solutions showed that mobile-assisted language learning, virtual reality, augmented reality, elements of gamification, games, social robots, machine translation, intelligent tutoring systems, chatbots, machine learning, neural networks, automatic speech recognition, big data, and deep learning were most popular.

Механизмы влияния серотонина на физическую работоспособность: описательный обзор

It has been proven that both central and peripheral fatigue contributes to а decrease in physical performance. Physical activity causes biochemical changes in the body. One of the most important factors causing biochemical changes and leading to fatigue is the accumulation of extracellular serotonin in both the blood and the brain during exercise. It is a hormone whose concentration increases with physical activity. This paper describes the basic mechanisms of serotonin synthesis, its contradictory effects on motor neurons and its direct impact on the structure of muscle tissue. An extensive literature search was conducted among publications in the PubMed database for the period from its launch to 2022 using the query effects of serotonin on physical performance and the following keywords: serotonin, physical fatigue, physical performance, muscles. The subject search was expanded to obtain additional information and define common terms. As a result, 82 records were found, while additional 25 studies were selected manually, describing the effects of serotonin on physical performance both by the site of action and by the mechanisms of its formation. Selection was based on the healthy people and animals criterion, but was not limited by the language or type of publication. The results include article reviews, reports and abstracts of scientific papers. References to studies on the topic of interest in the works were considered to identify additional publications.