Common Effluent Treatment Plant Research Articles

Experimental analysis on consumption of manufacturing waste in road construction and its environmental effects

All over the world, there has been a crisis of exploiting the natural resources for the development of surrounding environment in aid of construction industry. Also, it has been noted that, due to the technological boom, the waste accumulation has also been in a very huge proportion which is capable of causing serious environmental effects. Hence, an attempt is made to utilize the dumped waste has a replacement in road industry, which has made a greater impact0 with high prospects. The waste material that we have considered is copper slag from the unit situated at Tuticorin, Tamil Nādu, India, which generates 2600 tons of copper slag per day. In this industry, the copper slag waste after the treatment has been dumped in and around the land premises available at the industry itself due to insufficient utilization and also 10 to 20 tons of dry sludge is produced per day from the existing common effluent treatment plant. Hence in this research work, we recommend to use these waste materials over the construction of road through the evaluation of their required properties such as Physical and Chemical. The waste sample materials are tested for the determination of geotechnical characteristics by mixing them with the local clayey soils in the range of 25% to 75%. The probability of using these mixes in the sub grade of road pavement was studied in a detailed manner by conducting laboratory tests. The possibility of replacing the fine aggregate with copper slag in bituminous slag has been investigated. It was concluded that copper slag cannot be individually used as a sub base material. By means of conducting the necessary laboratory test, due to the dumping of slag around the premises causing environmental effects are evaluated and from which it has been identified that heavy metal concentration were in lower ratio than the pollution limits. The detailed technical specification over the design of utilizing the expected waste at the road pavement are discussed along with their data generated through the tests.

Persistence of Heavy Metals in River Sirsa Around Industrial Hub Baddi, India.

The Indian riverine system has become dumping site for toxic industrial pollutants. For assessing the flow of pollutants at various trophic levels, it is primarily important to do elemental profiling first so as to detect their load in Sirsa tributary of river Sutlej flowing through foothills of Shivalik in Himachal Pradesh, around the industrial hub Baddi, Solan. The study area includes three observation sites (S1, S2, and S3) on river Sirsa and drainage system of Baddi industrial units; the Effluent Nallah as demarcated in figure1. Heavy metal concentrations in water samples were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy of elements (Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, As, Li, Cd, Cs, Pt, Pb, Hg) as these were found to be very common in effluents of chemical, cement, textile dyeing, electronics and pharmaceutical industries. Statistical analysis showed that the concentrations (ppb) of elements found to be within permissible limits of WHO at sites under study for seven metals (Hg, Li, Ti, V, Co, Cs, Pt) but it was higher for five toxic heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Cd) at S2 only, streamlined in order Cr >Ni > Pb> As >Cd >Hg >Li >Ti >V >Co > Cs > Pt. It may be due to improper installation of common effluent treatment plant (CETP) on the bank of river Sirsa or due to leakage by tanker carrying waste water from various industrial set ups as these units were not directly linked to CETP. These sites were committed to act as ultimate gutter to receive all types of industrial pollutants as part of mismanagement. The load of Arsenic and Lead is increasing in lotic region and its impact on aquatic ecosystem at trophic level can be explored to combat toxicant pollution.

Assessment of Wastewater Quality Discharged from Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) and its Impact on Irrigated Soil around Jajmau, Kanpur, India

Assessment of Wastewater Quality Discharged from Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) and its Impact on Irrigated Soil around Jajmau, Kanpur, India

Failure mode and effects analysis of common effluent treatment plants of humid sub-tropical regions using fuzzy based MCDM methods

Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) are used to collectively treat the effluents generated from different types of manufacturing industries of an industrial cluster before discharge so as to prevent the environment from the harmful effects of the effluents. There are several failure modes (FMs) that may lead to the failure of the CETP which may result in discontinuation of its operation. Thus, it is imperative to identify and estimate the criticality of the various FMs using failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) in order to minimize the risk of failure of the CETP. This study identifies 24 potential FMs of the CETP, installed in humid subtropical regions, with the help of consensus among 5 experts who are the managers of CETPs installed at five different industrial regions of Delhi, the capital town of India. Subsequently, it applies a combined fuzzy based multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods i.e. fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS) to derive rank of FMs. FAHP is applied to calculate the weights of three risk factors (RFs) i.e. occurrence (O) which refers to the chance of a failure cause occurring; severity (S) which measures the extent of effect of a failure cause on the system and the detection (D) which represents the chance of detecting the failure cause before the failure actually occurs. Then FTOPSIS is employed to determine rank of the FMs which signifies their criticality. The data required to implement FAHP and FTOPSIS are gathered from the experts in linguistic terms which are subsequently converted into equivalent triangular fuzzy numbers. Finally, sensitivity analysis is carried to ensure robustness of the ranking results produced by the combined FAHP and FTOPSIS method.

Microcosmic plant and fungi synergism-based filter to remediate the pollutants from industrial wastewater

Plants release compounds that signal microbes to engage in interactions. This interaction results in increased germination efficiency and root elongation, resulting in improved pollutant breakdown in both the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere. Most plants are symbiotic with fungi and these fungi play important roles in the structure, function, and health of plant communities. This study focuses on the potential of Syngonium podophyllum and Trichoderma harzianum fungi synergism to uptake the pollutants from the pretreated industrial wastewater collected from CETP common inlet point characterized by high COD (401 mg/l), BOD (159 mg/l), Nitrate (10.6 mg/l), and Lead (0.3 mg/l). Three setups S1 (Syngonium with Industrial wastewater water), S2 (Immobilized Trichoderma with Industrial wastewater), and S3 (Syngonium with Trichoderma & Industrial wastewater) were installed to treat pretreated industrial wastewater before entering CETP (Common effluent treatment plant). Compared to other treatments, the S3 setup was found more efficient to reduce the pollutants COD, BOD, NO3-N, and Pb by 82 %, 75.4 %, 70.7 %, and 80 % respectively in 6 days while S1 could reduce only 59.6 % COD, 63.1 % BOD, 42.4 % Nitrate and 80 % Lead and S2 setup reduced the COD, BOD, Nitrate, and Lead by 55.1 %, 40.8 % 33.9 % and 63.3 % respectively. The BCF (Bio Concentration Factor) and TF (Translocation Factor) of Syngonium were also improved in setup S3 (0.66 and 0.04 respectively) as compared to treatment setups S1 and S2. Based on the findings, it is feasible to conclude that using plant-immobilized fungal cell synergism for increased remediation of pollutants from wastewater is an environmentally benign and cost-effective strategy.

Treated tannery effluent and its impact on the receiving stream water: physicochemical characterization and cytogenotoxic evaluation using the Allium cepa test.

Tanneries are considered some of the most polluting industries due to the heavy use of toxic compounds, most of which are released into water bodies, thus exerting adverse effects on aquatic biota. However, the effects on organisms of treated effluents when released into the natural environment are rarely evaluated. This study aims to assess the physicochemical parameters of a tannery effluent after treatment (TE) at a Common Effluent Treatment Plant as well as the water of the receiving stream and to evaluate cytogenotoxic effects in Allium cepa. Three sampling sites (A: TE discharge point; B: 100m downstream from site A along the receiving stream; C: 100m upstream from site A along the stream) were selected. Onion bulbs were exposed to TE (100%, 80%, 60% v/v), water samples from sites B and C, and tap water for 72h. Chromosomal aberration and mitotic index were analyzed on the root cells of A. cepa. The TE was above the standard limits for ammoniacal nitrogen, COD, and total nitrogen. No cytogenotoxicity was observed in A. cepa exposed to samples from sites A and C. However, the stream water sampled downstream from the TE discharge site significantly reduced the mitotic index, indicating a cytotoxic effect. Therefore, this demonstrates the effects of interactions between the receiving water and the complex chemical mixtures in the TE. The findings thus showed that the toxicity assessment of treated effluents along with the receiving water body would provide valuable and more realistic information about the joint toxicity of chemical pollutants in aquatic environments.

Occurrence of Phthalates in common effluent treatment plants and removal by using Nano Titania-Graphene based photo-catalyst for tertiary treated effluent

The occurrence and effectiveness of common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) for the removal of phthalates, as well as the fate of DEHP, are demonstrated in this study using a nano TiO2-Graphene-based photo-catalyst and photolytic system. Full-scale CETPs were selected at SIDCUL, Haridwar, and Unnao, Uttar Pradesh, along with installing a lab-scale photocatalytic reactor. Solid phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used to extract and quantify four phthalates, namely DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP, and byproducts.The average concentration of DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP in the mixed industrial effluent of CETP Haridwar exceeded by around ten folds than the literature value. Still, it was removed significantly by 77.9%, 32.8%, 97.5%, and 41.8%, respectively.The average influent concentration was eventually lower than the treated effluent at CETP Unnao, and phthalates were not removed during the process. During process optimization, the distinct ability of each method to remove DEHP during photolysis and photo-catalysis was discovered. The UV-TiO2-GO had removal effectiveness of 98% in 30 min at pH-6. However, at a dose of 500 mg, UV and UV-TiO2-GO had removal efficacy of 73% and 86%, respectively, for 180 min. After de-esterification, the UV system only cleaved the aliphatic chain, leaving the aromatic ring intact and producing a variety of byproducts. The superoxide ions (O2°−) and hydroxyl radicals produced in the photocatalytic process attacked not only the aliphatic chain but also the benzene ring.

A novel synergistic effect of TiO2 and ZnO incorporation in PES-based thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membrane for treatment of textile wastewater.

A novel synergistic effect of TiO2 and ZnO incorporation in the PES-based thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes was developed for the treatment of common effluent treatment plant (CETP) textile wastewater. PES@TiO2 membranes were developed by phase inversion via the immersion precipitation method followed by the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared by the rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal process via interfacial polymerization. p-Phenylenediamine was used as a monomer for the IP process that was coated on the PES@TiO2 support layer. Various techniques have been applied to characterize the developed thin-film nanocomposite membranes such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and contact angle measurement to examine the presence of vibrational modes, surface morphology, the crystal structure of nanoparticles, and hydrophilicity of the membrane, respectively. Membrane properties include porosity, salt rejection, mean pore radius, pure water flux, and industrial effluent rejection efficiency that were studied. The thin-film nanocomposite membrane T5-PES@TiO2(2%)-ZnO(0.3%) was prepared with a combination of 17 wt% PES, 78 wt% DMF, 3 wt% PVP K30, 2% TiO2, 2.5 wt% PPD, 0.3 wt% ZnO, and 1.0 wt% TMC that exhibited high water permeability, porosity, higher industrial effluent rejection, and salt rejection efficiency compared to the neat PES membrane.

Microbial fuel cell performance for aromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation and common effluent treatment plant wastewater treatment with bioelectricity generation through series-parallel connection.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an emerging technology which has been immensely investigated for wastewater treatment along with electricity generation. In the present study, the treatment efficiency of MFC was investigated for hydrocarbon containing wastewater by optimizing various parameters of MFC. Mediator-less MFC (1·2 l) was constructed, and its performance was compared with mediated MFC with Escherichia coli as a biocatalyst. MFC with electrode having biofilm proved to be better compared with MFC inoculated with suspended cells. Analysis of increasing surface area of electrode by increasing their numbers indicated increase in COD reduction from 55 to 75%. Catholyte volume was optimized to be 750 ml. Sodium benzoate (0·721 g l-1 ) and actual common effluent treatment plant (CETP) wastewater as anolyte produced 0·8 and 0·6 V voltage and 89 and 50% COD reduction, respectively, when a novel consortium of four bacterial strains were used. Twenty MFC systems with the developed consortium when electrically connected in series-parallel connection were able to generate 2·3 V and 0·5 mA current. This is the first report demonstrating the application of CETP wastewater in the MFC system, which shows potential of the system towards degradation of complex organic components present in industrial wastewater.

Review: Wastewater Treatment in Different Industries

Abstract: Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation). The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at the appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater (also called municipal wastewater or sewage), the treatment plant is called a sewage treatment plant. For industrial wastewater, treatment either takes place in a separate industrial wastewater treatment plant, or in a sewage treatment plant (usually after some form of pre-treatment). Further types of wastewater treatment plants include agricultural wastewater treatment plants and leachate treatment plants. Processes commonly used in wastewater treatment include phase separation (such as sedimentation), biological and chemical processes (such as oxidation) or polishing. The main by-product from wastewater treatment plants is a type of sludge which is usually treated in the same or another wastewater treatment plant. Biogas can be another by-product if anaerobic treatment processes are used. Treated wastewater can be reused as reclaimed water. The main purpose of wastewater treatment is for the treated wastewater to be able to be disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct treatment process is used on the wastewater. Performance ofstate owned sewage treatment plants, for treating municipal waste water, and common effluent treatment plants, for treating effluent from small scale industries, is also not complying with prescribed standards. Thus, effluent from the treatment plants, often, not suitable for household purpose and reuse of the waste water is mostly restricted to agricultural and industrial purposes. The development of innovative technologies for treatment of wastewaters from various industries isa matter of alarming concern for us. Although many research papers have been reported on wastewater pollution control studies, but a very few research work is carried out for treatment of wastewater of steel industries, especially in reference to development ofdesign of industrial effluent Treatment Plants (ETP)system. Another beneficial aspect of this research work will be recycling, reuse of water and sludge from steel industry The whole technologies for treating industrial wastewater can be divided into four categories: - Chemical, Physical, Biological and mathematical approaches.

Acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation-based combined treatment techniques for the treatment of industrial real effluent containing mainly pharmaceutical compounds

The current work investigates the effectiveness of hybrid treatment techniques involving cavitation combined with AOPs for treating real industrial effluent obtained from common effluent treatment plant (CETP), which contains dominantly recalcitrant pharmaceutical pollutants. A laboratory scale study was performed initially using ultrasonic horn to optimize the operating parameters to be used for combination schemes as AC/H2O2, AC/Fe(II)/H2O2, AC/KPS and AC/O3. The maximum extent of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction was observed as 83.53% for AC/Fe(II)/H2O2 system at 1:5 ratio of Fe(II) and H2O2 under the best operating conditions of 125 W ultrasonic power, 22 kHz frequency, pH of 3 and time of 60 min. The scaleup possibility of AC has been explored by utilizing a novel US reactor for the treatment of 4000 mL of effluent at the optimized conditions. Large scale US reactor also showed the best results for AC/ Fe(II)/H2O2 system yielding 81.47% COD reduction. A comparison of the efficacy of HC and AC has also been established by performing a set of experiments using the combinations as HC/ H2O2, HC/Fe(II)/ H2O2, HC/KPS, and HC/O3 at same capacity. A maximum COD reduction of 87.4% was achieved for the HC/Fe(II)/ H2O2 system at pH 3 and inlet pressure of 4 bar. The study also established the comparison of kinetic rate constants and treatment costs for different approaches. Overall, the large scale potential for the treatment of real industrial effluent involving the pharmaceutical pollutants using combination of cavitation and AOPs has been demonstrated.

Metagenomics: An Approach for Unraveling the Community Structure and Functional Potential of Activated Sludge of a Common Effluent Treatment Plant

The common effluent treatment plant (CETP) located at Baddi treats the industrial effluent from various industries, leading to the pooling of a diverse range of substrates and metabolites. The nutrient loading and its availability decide the balance of the microbial community and its diversity. The samples thus collected from the activated sludge (BS14) of CETP and Sirsa river (SR1) from the vicinity of CETP effluent discharge were processed for the whole metagenome analysis to reveal the microbial community and its functional potential. The taxonomic classification of the BS14 sample showed the dominance of the bacterial community with 96% of abundance, whereas the SR1 was populated by eukaryotes representing 50.4% of the community of SR1. The bacterial community of SR1 was constituted of 47.2%. The functional analysis of BS14 and SR1 with GhostKOALA against the KEGG database assigned 43.7% and 27.8% of the open reading frames (ORFs) with functions. It revealed the xenobiotic degradation modules with complete pathways along with resistance against the beta-lactams. The analysis with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) revealed 33 and 32 unique types of antimicrobial resistance in BS14 and SR1, respectively. Both the samples were dominated by the beta-lactam resistance genes. The carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) database assigned a total of 6,611 and 2,941 active enzymes to BS14 and SR1, respectively. In contrast, the glycosyl hydrolases (GH) and glycosyltransferases (GT) class of enzymes were found to be abundant in both the samples as compared with polysaccharide lyases (PL), auxiliary activities (AA), carbohydrate esterases (CE), and carbohydrate-binding module (CBM).

Treatment of real time textile effluent containing azo reactive dyes via ozonation, modified pulsed low frequency ultrasound cavitation, and integrated reactor

The common effluent treatment plant (CETP) of Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (KINFRA) at Kannur (District), Kerala (State), India undertakes the treatment of textile effluents containing the azo reactive dyes by using the stage-1 and stage-2 facilities. In this investigation, the stand-alone ozonation (O3) and modified pulsed low frequency ultrasound (US) cavitation as well as their integrated reactor are studied for the possible replacement of stage-1 facility which generates large amount of sludge. The major criteria for the replacement are to achieve minimum 90% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, without the sludge formation, with the final COD level of less than 150 mg L − 1 as per the requirements of KINFRA, India. The stand-alone ozonation and modified pulsed low frequency US cavitation processes provide the COD removal of 90 and 65%; while, their integrated reactor provides 86% COD removal, without the sludge formation, with the final COD level less than 150 mg L − 1. Since all the conditions are satisfied only by the stand-alone O3 process, the latter is highly suitable for the replacement of stage-1 facility. The COD removal is possibly achieved via the generation and attack of ·OOH for the stand-alone O3 process; while, the same is achieved via the generation and attack of O2·- for the modified pulsed low frequency US cavitation process and their integrated reactor.

Transcriptome profiling reveals upregulation of benzoate degradation and related genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa D6 during textile dye degradation

An upsurge in textile dye pollution has demanded immediate efforts to develop an optimum technology for their bioremediation. However, the molecular mechanism underpinning aerobic decolorization of dyes is still in its infancy. Thus, in the current work, the intricacies of aerobic remediation of textile dyes by Pseudomonas aeruginosa D6 were understood via a transcriptomic approach. The bacterium isolated from the sludge sample of a common effluent treatment plant was able to decolorize 54.42, 57.66, 50.84 and 65.86% of 100 mg L−1 of four different dyes i.e., TD01, TD04, TD05, and TD06, respectively. The maximum decolorization was achieved within six days and thus, the first and sixth day of incubation were selected for transcriptome analysis at the early and late phase of the decolorization, respectively. The expression profiles of all samples were compared to gain insight into the dye-specific response of bacterium and it was found that it behaved most uniquely in the presence of the dye TD01. Several genes critical to core metabolic processes like the TCA cycle, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, translation, cell motility etc. Were found to be overexpressed in the presence of dyes. Interestingly, in response to dyes, the benzoate degradation pathway was significantly upregulated in the bacterium as compared to control (i.e., bacterium without dye). Thus, seven genes contributing to the induction of the same were further studied by RT-qPCR analysis. Overall, the involvement of the benzoate pathway implies the appearance of aromatic intermediates during decolorization, which in turn infers dye degradation.

Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Malachite Green Dye Removal using Activated Sludge from Common Effluent Treatment Plant

Disposal of industrial effluents containing synthetic dyes causes a potential hazard to the land and environment and therefore dyes need to be removed before disposal. In the present study, combined effluent treatment plant (CETP) sludge was activated at 200° C for 1 hour and used as an adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from wastewater. The adsorbent was characterized by XRF, SEM, XRD and FTIR. Batch studies were carried out under various experimental conditions by varying contact time, dye concentration, adsorption dose, pH and temperature to assess the potentiality of activated sludge for the removal of malachite green dye from wastewater. The results revealed that the removal of malachite green dye was strongly pH dependent and maximum dye removal was observed at equilibrium pH of 8.0. Optimum adsorbent dose and contact time were found to be 10 g/l and 180 minutes respectively. Thermodynamic studies showed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption. Adsorption data have also been correlated with different isotherm models. Hence activated sludge can be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from wastewater. It could be considered as good replacement of commercially available adsorbent like zeolites, activated carbon etc. due to its significant low cost and high sorption efficiency.

Comparative studies for the treatment of industrial effluents employing advanced processes: towards enhancement of environmental performance

The investigation was inspired by the declaration of critically polluted industrial zones in India. It was also reported that most of the Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) are non-compliant due to higher COD values in discharge than regulatory norms. Furthermore, most of the literature has not reported the efficacy of advanced wastewater technologies for real industrial effluent. Thus, this research focused on field trials of scalable advanced wastewater technologies in Vatva Industrial Estate (VIE), Ahmedabad. The potential of physico-chemical and advanced treatment processes are explored for applicability in industrial wastewater treatment. Thus, for this research, three industries from each sector, i.e., textile processing, dyes, and dye intermediates, a total of nine different industries were chosen. A sufficient volume of effluent was collected from each industry for detailed investigations. The initial COD loading observed was in the range of 68 to 7074, 30 to 896, and 100 to 1541 kg COD/day for textile processing, dyes, and dye intermediates, respectively, with significant variation in the qualitative profiles. The collected effluent was treated by electrocoagulation and Fenton's reagent in batch scale reactors. The batch scale reactors for both the technologies were of 1L size. The results of treatability studies represented that Fenton's reagent performed better than the electrocoagulation process for most of the industries selected in this study. This research provides insight for improvement in the environmental performance of the individual industries in general and CETPs in particular.

Sustainable cleaner production technologies and treatment of segregated effluent streams with recovery of quality salt, chromium & water

Conventional process and treatment system adopted by Indian and Global Tanneries consist of Segregation of Spent Chrome Stream and discharge of supernatant for combined treatment along with effluent from all sectional operations starting from soaking to finishing, Conventional physiochemical and biological treatment for reduction of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), etc., Ultra-filtration and Reverse Osmosis (RO) system for recovery of water and Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE) for the evaporation of RO reject stream and generation of mixed salt in case of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system and Storage of mixed salt recovered from the MEE system for which no viable disposal system is found. Establishment of treatment system for the mixed stream results in poor performance of biological treatment units, increases the Operation & Maintenance (O&M) cost and accumulation of recovered mixed salt in case of ZLD system. It is estimated that, more than 8-10 tones of mixed salt is generated during the treatment of 1.0 MLD effluent under ZLD system. To address this serious environmental problem, an innovative approach of segregation of saline streams such as soak liquor and chrome liquor are planned to be collected separately with the feasibility of recovering reusable quality salt and chromium in the form cake for regeneration and use in the form of Basic Chromium Sulphate (BCS) by the tanneries. This innovative treatment concept has been developed and is being implemented in many Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) in India. This will become the first of its kind in Global Leather World. This developmental scheme is in accordance with the guidelines and recommendations of UNIDO in terms of sustainability of ZLD system for leather sector. The technological developments on cleaner productions, centralized chrome recovery reuse system, segregation of saline soak water for separate treatment with recovery of water and quality salt are dealt in this technical paper.

Physicochemical and biological analysis of river Yamuna at Palla station from 2009 to 2019

Yamuna is one of the main tributaries of the river Ganga and passes through Delhi, the national capital of India. In the last few years, it is considered one of the most polluted rivers of India. We carried out the analysis for the physiochemical and biological conditions of the river Yamuna based on measurements acquired at Palla station, Delhi during 2009–19. For our analysis, we considered various physicochemical and biological parameters (Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Saturation, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Total Coliform. The water stats of river Yamuna at Palla station were matched with Water Standards of India, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), and World Health Organization (WHO). Maximum changes are observed in DO saturation and total coliform, while BOD and COD values are also seen higher than the upper limits. Total alkalinity rarely meets the minimum standards. TDS is found to be satisfactory as per the standard limit. The river quality falls under Class D or E (IS2296), Class III or IV (UNECE), and fails to fulfill WHO standards for water. After spending more than 130 million USD for the establishment of a large number of effluent treatment plants, sewage treatment plants, and common effluent treatment plants, increasing discharges of untreated sewage, partially treated industrial effluents and reduced discharge of freshwater from Hathnikund are causing deterioration in water quality and no major improvements are seen in water quality of river Yamuna.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TREATMENT OF CETP WASTEWATER USING SBR AND SBR-IFAS PROCESS

The wastewater generated from industries needs to be treated before discharge but ETPs are not affordable and hence the common effluent treatment plant was provided for collectively treating wastewater from various industries. The existing treatment methods used for such wastewater are costly and hence the present study focusses on using biological method for treating pre-treated mixed industrial wastewater from CETP using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with suspended biomass and an SBR-IFAS, a combined suspended and attached growth process at an HRT of 10 hours. After treatment with SBR technology, the maximum COD removal efficiency obtained was 68.69% at an MLSS concentration of 2756 mg/L. Similarly, for the SBR-IFAS reactor, the COD removal efficiency reached 75.51% at an MLSS concentration of 2846 mg/L. MLVSS obtained was 1395.00 mg/L in SBR and 1433.00 mg/L in SBR-IFAS. Chromium removal reached 62.85% and 66.67% in SBR and SBR-IFAS reactors, respectively. The study revealed that the attached growth media and suspended growth media combinedly resulted in a higher reduction in industrial wastewater treatment and can ultimately help reduce the volume of the secondary treatment at CETP by increasing the footprint of the treatment plant.

Remediation of Azure A Dye from Aqueous Solution by Using Surface-Modified Coal Fly Ash Extracted Ferrospheres by Mineral Acids and Toxicity Assessment

The Indian coal fly ash (CFA) is composed of 5-15% ferrous fractions. The variation in percentage depends on the source of coal and the operating conditions of the thermal power plants. The present research work reports the recovery of ferrous particles from CFA by the wet magnetic separation method. The morphological, elemental, and chemical properties of the extracted ferrous fractions were analyzed. In order to achieve surface-modified ferrospheres, the extracted ferrospheres were treated with concentrated HCl followed by sonication. The instrumental analysis reported the ferrous composition is around 16% by weight and belongs to class F. The toxicity of CFA was determined on normal human lung (BEAS-2B) cells using MTS assay. The results showed that CFA’s induced cell toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The ferrous particles were spherically shaped with various sizes ranging from 200 nm to 7000 nm. It was crystalline in nature and is a mixture of hematite and magnetite. The particles were found to be associated with alumina, silica, oxygen, and traces of Ca, Mg, Ti, and C. The surface-modified ferrospheres were used for the remediation of Azure A dye by batch adsorption study. The removal percentage of dye was 25.03%, within 30 minutes at neutral pH, i.e., 7.2. The surface-modified ferrospheres show potential as an alternate, more economical, and reusable adsorbent for the remediation of Azure A dye in the industries or in common effluent treatment plants. Moreover, the recovery of surface-modified ferrospheres using an external magnet and the reuse of the particles make the material much economical for dye removal at an industrial scale.