Common Dictionaries Research Articles

ЗАХІДНОПОЛІСЬКИЙ АРЕАЛ І СТАНДАРТ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРНОЇ МОВИ: ЧИННИКИ ТА МЕХАНІЗМИ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ

The article is devoted to the study of the interaction of two idioms: dialect language and literary standard. The typology of the interaction of dialects ↔ literary language is clarified on the example of one dialect – the West Polissian dialect; the factors that determine this interaction within one dialect micro-area are parameterized; the main mechanisms of such interaction are outlined. It is emphasized that the nature of contacts dialect ↔ literary language is two-sided. The first part of the study analyzes the influence of northern dialects on the formation of the literary standard in the diachronic aspect. The West Polissian dialect is characterized in view of its differentiation and peculiarities of functioning; the representation of dialectal elements and phenomena in texts of artistic style and common dictionaries in synchrony is studied and generalized. Several tendencies have been identified: the use of dialectal words in texts, which are not present in common dictionaries; partial semantization of dialecticisms in lexicographical works against the background of their wider semantic scope in dialectal speech; wider functional and stylistic load of dialectal vocabulary in speech compared to dictionaries of literary language. The second part of the article examines how the literary language can influence dialects – the repertoire of their elements, the functionality of individual units, the field of functioning of the dialect as a whole. It is noted that this trend may have varying degrees of manifestation. One of the first stages of influence was the assimilation of new language units, which are layered on dialect elements; the second stage is the neutralizing of some language features, and under condition of its systematic nature, as a consequence, the configuration of the ranges of individual phenomena changes; third stage is a complete transformation of dialectal speech under the influence of literary standard; the fourth is the disappearance of the locus where the dialect resides. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of intralinguistic and extralinguistic factors that affect the interaction of dialect ↔ literary language.

Lexicography Description of a Special Word in a Common Explanatory Dictionary: Labels, Remarks, Commentaries

The paper deals with various ways of presenting information about words of a terminological or professional nature in a common philological dictionary of the Russian language. Usually, either particular labels of general type such as "spec. (special)", "in professional speech", or specific labels for particular science or discipline such as "biol." (biology), "lingv."(linguistics), "mat." (mathematics), "arch." (architecture), "sport." (sports), etc. are used. In addition, in a common dictionaries of the Russian language, other types of explanations of a terminological and professional words are used (for example, remarks like "In football";, "In diplomacy", "In Buddhism";), commentaries (for example, like "In Soviet times", "In modern use", "According to spiritualistic ideas") and some others. At the same time, there is no strict distinction between labels, remarks and commentaries, not only in different dictionaries, but sometimes even in the same dictionary. In the work it is proposed to have in the arsenal of lexicography at least three different explanations – labels, and remarks, and commentaries – and to use them more consistently in various cases.

LANGUAGE AESTHETICS OF CONCEPT “CITY” IN POETIC TEXTS BY B.-I. ANTONYCH

The theme of the city is not the main one, but it is important for B.-I. Antonych’s lyrics. Author’s reflections on the theme of the city are important fragment of the individual artistic picture of the world. In view of this, the article offers an analysis of the means of linguistic and aesthetic representation of the concept of city in poetic texts by B.-I. Antonych. The specifics of the individual-author’s picture of the world in this thematic segment are demonstrated. It is emphasized that B.-I. Antonych’s individual style has already been sufficiently studied from the point of literary criticism. Instead, linguistic research on the peculiarities of author’s artistic language should be intensified. It was found that in B.-I. Antonych’s poetic interpretation concept of the city appears simultaneously in several dimensions: both as a geographical object with a characteristic set of realities, and as an industrial and socio-cultural environment. In these conditions a new socio-psychological type of personality is formed. The article identifies productive lexical and semantic models of city description. It has been established that the contextual uses of the nomination city and its poetic concretizers are mostly related to the direct lexical meaning “large settlement, administrative, industrial, trade and cultural center” recorded in common dictionaries. At the same time as a carrier of cultural and aesthetic information, the city nomination is also often reconsidered, forming new lexical and associative connections due to the individual experience of the author, his personal creative and aesthetic preferences. It was revealed that epithet phrases have text-forming significance in the creation of the linguistic image of the city. Around the concept of the city in the poetry of B.-I. Antonych grouped definitions that testify to his anthropomorphization, natural morphization, and also verbalize different types of evaluation – neutral, positive and negative. The development of the image of the city is often based on its logical and associative connections with the realities that detail its space, its social and cultural infrastructure – square, square, street, lane, park, square, town hall, lantern, limousine. In the structure of poetic expression, they realize the direct lexical meaning recorded in common dictionaries, and sometimes they are also expressions of occasional individual-author associations. A separate aspect of the author’s perception and display of the city is its opposition to the world nature. Nature in the poetic picture of B.-I. Antonych’s world is presented as a harmonious, living space, while the city has an unnatural, standardized, schematic nature. In general, the image in the poetry by B.-I. Antonych reflects the objective structure of the city, its social, architectural and cultural specifics. The perspective of the proposed study is the possibility of drawing parallels between the poetry by B.-I. Antonych and the lyrics of European modernist poets, in particular P. Verharn and R.-M. Rilke.

Abstract IA27: An innovative approach to improve clinical trials using adaptive in silico design

Abstract Cancer drug discovery and development is being throttled by high attrition rates and skyrocketing clinical trial costs as trials get increasingly more complex. The status quo is not sustainable, and new approaches to preclinical and clinical experimentation are urgently needed as we continue our quest to combat cancer. We have gained significant knowledge in cancer molecular biology in past decades, which has led to the discovery of new biomarkers and novel targeted therapies, yet the traditional clinical trial designs are lengthy and challenged by low patient enrollment due to the inability to identify patients eligible for trials. New paradigms for trial design and conduct must be developed in order to address unmet needs. In recent years, the use of adaptive design methods has gained support in clinical trials to improve study success rate, such as the I-SPY 2 trial. Adaptive clinical trial designs enable a study to address multiple questions concurrently such as appropriate patient population, dose, dosing regimen, and effective drug combinations. This adaptive approach uses accumulating data to modify the ongoing trial to improve the power of the study and treat more patients with more effective treatments. In parallel, computational, or in silico modeling, has also become increasingly useful in identifying patient populations who are phenotypically and genotypically eligible for target-based clinical trials. One of the major challenges we are facing now is integrating the vast amount of data often required to improve clinical trial design and matching patients to clinical trials. Here we present a framework that enables combining both approaches to enhance the discovery, development, and delivery of new therapies. This undertaking is made possible through a data-sharing network, the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN). ORIEN is comprised of numerous cancer centers that have agreed to use the same IRB-approved protocol and consent (Total Cancer Care Protocol) to follow patients throughout their lifetime. Importantly, consented patients also agree to be recontacted for future research and clinical trials. The ORIEN clinical data collection is harmonized through data standards and common data dictionaries among all sites. The acquisition, processing, storage, and release of human tissue are also uniform across all sites, as they follow the same policies and procedures. Collectively, this powerful platform enables prospective, current, and retrospective data analyses and in silico modeling that can be iteratively enhanced with the addition of raw and derived data to identify specific study cohort(s), termed “in silico communit(ies).” Significant effort is needed for updating data and models to keep pace with patient outcomes. Like all adaptive designs, the development and refinement of a robust statistical methodology is also critical for an unbiased evaluation of the data. The key to success for this approach requires devoted collaboration between patients, cancer research community, pharmaceutical industry, and the FDA. Citation Format: Judy Barkal, Ming Poi, William Dalton. An innovative approach to improve clinical trials using adaptive in silico design [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Modernizing Population Sciences in the Digital Age; 2019 Feb 19-22; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(9 Suppl):Abstract nr IA27.

Сакральність у мовотворчості М. Рильського

The article is devoted to the analysis of linguistic means of sacrality as a style category, covering the solemnly elevated, traditionally established register of expressive linguistic means that hold the dominant values of the figurative book syntagms of religious style. Particular attention is paid to the unveiling of the stylistic potential of biblical words and expressions in the early speech-making of Maksym Rylskyi. The linguistic mechanisms of sacrality as a means of creating linguistic color, solemn, sublime, aesthetic perfection, positively-valued sounding of a poetic word are revealed. Performing stylistic, compositional, pragmatic functions in the artistic text, the sacral units are expressions of the individual-authorial reception of the values. Traditional artistic means of expressing sacrality in Maksym Rylskyi’s language are biblical words and phraseologisms, which are included in the registers not only of dictionaries of biblical words and expressions, but also of common phraseological and interpretative dictionaries dominant in the figurative book syntagms of the religious style and at the same time the expression of the gravity of the spiritual memory of the nation. In poetic contexts biblical words and expressions often acquire a metaphorical, lyrical sound, attesting to the sacral desemantization of lexemes, but instead actualizing implicit linguistic semantics.

Deep Transfer Low-Rank Coding for Cross-Domain Learning.

Transfer learning has attracted great attention to facilitate the sparsely labeled or unlabeled target learning by leveraging previously well-established source domain through knowledge transfer. Recent activities on transfer learning attempt to build deep architectures to better fight off cross-domain divergences by extracting more effective features. However, its generalizability would decrease greatly due to the domain mismatch enlarges, particularly at the top layers. In this paper, we develop a novel deep transfer low-rank coding based on deep convolutional neural networks, where we investigate multilayer low-rank coding at the top task-specific layers. Specifically, multilayer common dictionaries shared across two domains are obtained to bridge the domain gap such that more enriched domain-invariant knowledge can be captured through a layerwise fashion. With rank minimization on the new codings, our model manages to preserve the global structures across source and target, and thus, similar samples of two domains tend to gather together for effective knowledge transfer. Furthermore, domain/classwise adaption terms are integrated to guide the effective coding optimization in a semisupervised manner, so the marginal and conditional disparities of two domains will be alleviated. Experimental results on three visual domain adaptation benchmarks verify the effectiveness of our proposed approach on boosting the recognition performance for the target domain, by comparing it with other state-of-the-art deep transfer learning.

The Definition of 'Emolument' in English Language and Legal Dictionaries, 1523-1806

In its motion to dismiss in CREW et al. v. Trump, the Department of Justice (DOJ) defines the word “emolument” as “profit arising from office or employ.” DOJ claims that this “original understanding” of “emolument” is both grounded in “contemporaneous dictionary definitions” and justifies an “office-and-employment-specific construction” of that term. On this basis, it argues that the Emoluments Clauses of the Constitution “do not prohibit any company in which the President has any financial interest from doing business with any foreign, federal, or state instrumentality.” Unfortunately, DOJ’s historical definition of “emolument” is inaccurate, unrepresentative, and misleading. Particularly because the government may seek to utilize its flawed definition in subsequent court filings, this Article seeks to correct the historical record. It does so based on a comprehensive study of how “emolument” is defined in English language dictionaries published from 1604 to 1806, as well as in common law dictionaries published between 1523 and 1792. Among other things, the Article demonstrates that every English dictionary definition of “emolument” from 1604 to 1806 relies on one or more of the elements of the broad definition DOJ rejects in its brief: “profit,” “advantage,” “gain,” or “benefit.” Furthermore, over 92% of these dictionaries define “emolument” exclusively in these terms, with no reference to “office” or “employment.” By contrast, DOJ’s preferred definition — “profit arising from office or employ” — appears in less than 8% of these dictionaries. Moreover, even these outlier dictionaries always include “gain, or advantage” in their definitions, a fact obscured by DOJ’s selective quotation of only one part of its favored definition from Barclay (1774). The impression DOJ creates in its brief by contrasting four historical definitions of “emolument” — two broad and two narrow — is, therefore, highly misleading. The suggestion that “emolument” was a legal term of art at the founding, with a sharply circumscribed “office-and-employment-specific” meaning, is also inconsistent with the historical record. A vast quantity of evidence already available in the public domain suggests that the founding generation used the word “emolument” in broad variety of contexts, including private commercial transactions. This Article adds to that emerging historical consensus by documenting that none of the most significant common law dictionaries published from 1523 to 1792 even includes “emolument” in its list of defined terms. In fact, this term is mainly used in these legal dictionaries to define other, less familiar words and concepts. These findings reinforce the conclusion that “emolument” was not a term of art at the founding with a highly restricted meaning. Finally, the Article calls attention to the fact that the government’s dictionary-based argument is flawed in another, more fundamental respect. Little or no evidence indicates that the two historical dictionaries — Barclay (1774) and Trusler (1766) — on which DOJ relies in its brief to defend its “office-and-employment-specific” definition of “emolument” were owned, possessed, or used by the founders, let alone had any impact on them or on the American people who debated and ratified the Constitution. For example, neither of these dictionaries is mentioned in the more than 178,000 searchable documents in the Founders Online database, which makes publicly available the papers of the six most prominent founders. Nor do these volumes appear in other pertinent databases, such as the Journals of the Continental Congress, Letters of Delegates to Congress, Farrand’s Records, Elliot’s Debates, or the Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution. By contrast, all of the dictionaries that the founding generation did possess and use regularly — e.g., Johnson, Bailey, Dyche & Pardon, Ash, and Entick — define “emolument” in the broad manner favoring the plaintiffs: “profit,” “gain,” “advantage,” or “benefit.” To document its primary claims, the Article includes over 100 original images of English language and legal dictionaries from 1523 to 1806, as well as complete transcripts and easy-to-read tables of the definitions contained therein. A second study is currently underway of dictionaries from 1806 to the present, which seeks to determine how and why definitions of “emolument” may have changed over time. Collectively, these inquiries are designed to accomplish more than simply aiding judges and holding lawyers’ feet to the fire in the emoluments cases now pending in three federal courts. They also provide a basis for educating members of Congress, government officials, journalists, and the broader public about the historical meaning of this important yet obscure constitutional term.

Mental Reactivation and Pleasantness Judgment of Experience Related to Vision, Hearing, Skin Sensations, Taste and Olfaction.

Language acquisition is based on our knowledge about the world and forms through multiple sensory-motor interactions with the environment. We link the properties of individual experience formed at different stages of ontogeny with the phased development of sensory modalities and with the acquisition of words describing the appropriate forms of sensitivity. To test whether early-formed experience related to skin sensations, olfaction and taste differs from later-formed experience related to vision and hearing, we asked Russian-speaking participants to categorize or to assess the pleasantness of experience mentally reactivated by sense-related adjectives found in common dictionaries. It was found that categorizing adjectives in relation to vision, hearing and skin sensations took longer than categorizing adjectives in relation to olfaction and taste. In addition, experience described by adjectives predominantly related to vision, hearing and skin sensations took more time for the pleasantness judgment and generated less intense emotions than that described by adjectives predominantly related to olfaction and taste. Interestingly the dynamics of skin resistance corresponded to the intensity and pleasantness of reported emotions. We also found that sense-related experience described by early-acquired adjectives took less time for the pleasantness judgment and generated more intense and more positive emotions than that described by later-acquired adjectives. Correlations were found between the time of the pleasantness judgment of experience, intensity and pleasantness of reported emotions, age of acquisition, frequency, imageability and length of sense-related adjectives. All in all these findings support the hypothesis that early-formed experience is less differentiated than later-formed experience.

Synonymische Beziehungen im Wortschatz and Wörterbucheinträge

<p>By the example of synonymy the author shows requirements, possibilities and limits of representing macrostructural semantic relations of the vocabulary in a universal monolingual dictionary.</p><p>The basis of the investigation are 10 common German-language dictionaries; the examples are all synonyms of the words <em>Weltall</em> and <em>Weltraum</em>.</p><p>After showing the problem and the latest state of scientific research the author proposes to refer consequently to synonyms in the dictionary. Such a theoreticallly based method would enable the user of the dictionary to discover the synonymic relations which are concealed by the alphabetically arranged entries.</p>

Depth reconstruction from sparse samples: representation, algorithm, and sampling.

The rapid development of 3D technology and computer vision applications has motivated a thrust of methodologies for depth acquisition and estimation. However, existing hardware and software acquisition methods have limited performance due to poor depth precision, low resolution, and high computational cost. In this paper, we present a computationally efficient method to estimate dense depth maps from sparse measurements. There are three main contributions. First, we provide empirical evidence that depth maps can be encoded much more sparsely than natural images using common dictionaries, such as wavelets and contourlets. We also show that a combined wavelet-contourlet dictionary achieves better performance than using either dictionary alone. Second, we propose an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) for depth map reconstruction. A multiscale warm start procedure is proposed to speed up the convergence. Third, we propose a two-stage randomized sampling scheme to optimally choose the sampling locations, thus maximizing the reconstruction performance for a given sampling budget. Experimental results show that the proposed method produces high-quality dense depth estimates, and is robust to noisy measurements. Applications to real data in stereo matching are demonstrated.

Noise sensitivity of sparse signal representations: reconstruction error bounds for the inverse problem

Certain sparse signal reconstruction problems have been shown to have unique solutions when the signal is known to have an exact sparse representation. This result is extended to provide bounds on the reconstruction error when the signal has been corrupted by noise or is not exactly sparse for some other reason. Uniqueness is found to be extremely unstable for a number of common dictionaries.

OIL SPILL DATABASES: DEVELOPING PREVENTION STRATEGIES ACROSS STATE LINES

ABSTRACT This paper details the process used by two states, California and Washington, to develop common reporting of oil spill causes. Many different agencies use databases to store oil spill information, but there is a general lack of standardization in reporting requirements, making it difficult to share information. Many of these databases only reflect initial spill reports, and few contain information on spill causes that could be used to prevent oil spills from occurring. Washington State's Office of Marine Safety (OMS) has developed an extensive database that includes spill and casualty information from vessels transiting Washington state waters. California State Lands Commission, Marine Facilities Division (MFD), has similarly developed an oil spill database for marine terminals in the state of California. What makes these systems unique is that they attempt to integrate reliable, accurate information on incident causes, paying particular attention to human error. Both agencies have joined together in a pilot program to share oil spill causal information using common terms. This paper addresses the approach used to establish common data dictionaries, oil spill report formats, and a methodology to determine causal information. California and Washington are currently working with other states and British Columbia to develop common reporting throughout the West Coast. The information collected and shared can be used by each jurisdiction to develop appropriate prevention strategies.

Variations Graphiques des Mots Composés Dans le Petit Larousse et le Petit Robert

Orthographic variations of compound words in le Petit Larousse and le Petit Robert. The analysis of the two most common French dictionaries — le Petit Larousse and le Petit Robert — brings into relief the orthographic instability of compound words. This study notes many disagreements between the two works, as well as a number of internal contradictions. Hesitation concerns mainly the use of the hyphen (audio-visuel or audiovisuel, fille-mère or fille mère) and plural marks (un corps de troupe/un corps de troupes, des essuie-glace/des essuie-glaces). Whatever may be the best way to correct such contradictions — admission of variants or normalization — it is urgent that dictionaries be coherent.