Common Bacterial Agents Research Articles

The Antibacterial Effect of Ciprofloxacin Loaded Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Nanoparticles Against the Common Bacterial Agents of Osteomyelitis

The present study aimed to investigate the biocompatibility, antibacterial/anti-biofilm effects of ciprofloxacin-loaded calcium carbonate (Cip- loaded CaCO3) nanoparticles against the common organisms responsible for osteomyelitis. The antibacterial and biofilm inhibitory activities were studied by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs), respectively. Hemolytic effects were determined for studying hemocompatibility. The SDS-PAGE method was used to study the interaction of Cip- loaded CaCO3 with plasma proteins. The effects of Cip- loaded CaCO3 on the cell viability of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) was detected. The Cip- loaded CaCO3 nanoparticles were shown a significant antimicrobial effect at lower concentrations than free ciprofloxacin. No significant hemolytic effect was observed. The Cip- loaded CaCO3 nanoparticles have shown interaction with apolipoprotein A1 (28kDa) and albumin (66.5kDa). The viability of hBM-MSCs treated with Cip- loaded CaCO3 was more than 96%. Our results indicated that Cip-loaded CaCO3 nanoparticles had favorable in vitro compatibility with human red blood cells, antimicrobial effects, and low cytotoxicity.

Bacterial Ocular Infections in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Eye infections can be caused by several microorganisms and the most common causative bacterial agents are staphylococci, streptococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, viridans group streptococci, and P. aeruginosa as the cause of ocular infections in Iran. We conducted a systematic search on the studies published by Iranian authors from January 2000 to December 2020 in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Eligible studies were selected according to the defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Statistical heterogeneity between and within groups was estimated by the Q-statistic and I2 index. The funnel plots, Duval and Tweedie trim, and fill methods were obtained to evaluate the evidence of publication bias. Twenty-seven studies were included in this review. According to the meta-analysis results, the prevalence of S.epidermidis was 19.1% (95% CI: 12.5-28.1). It was estimated 6.9% (95% CI: 4.4-10.6), 6.7% (95% CI: 4.6-9.6), and 3.3% (95% CI: 1.8-5.8) for P.aeruginosa, S. aureus, and viridans streptococci, respectively. S. epidermidis is the prevalent bacterial agents responsible for eye-associated infections in Iran.

BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ITS SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN IN PATIENTS OF VENTILATIOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIAADMITTED IN MEDICAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT(MICU), PMCH, PATNA

INTRODUCTION Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is dened as pneumonia that occurs more than 48hrs following endotracheal intubation and initiation of mechanical ventilation. VAP remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity among ICU's patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD A total of 100 samples were collected from patients admitted in medical ICU in PMCH, Patna. Patients should have sign and symptoms suggestive of VAP. Culture, identication, and antibiotic sensitivity of organism was done. OBSERVATION AND RESULT The microbiological results revealed that gram negative bacilli were the most common bacterial agents responsible for VAP and accounted for 88% of all the causative agents. The most common isolated organisms were Acinetobacter baumannii (36%) followed by pseudomonas aeruginosa (24%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18%), klebsiella oxytoca (8%), E. coli (4%). Staph. aureus (10%). 70% of the isolated VAP pathogen were multidrug resistant. CONCLUSIONS VAP is increasingly associated with MDR pathogens. Production of ESBL, AmpC beta lactamases and metallo beta lactamases were responsible for the multidrug resistance of these pathogens. Increasing prevalence of MDR pathogens in patients with late onset VAPindicate that appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotics should be used to treat them. It is useful in implementing simple and effective preventive measures including precaution during emergency intubation, minimizing the occurrence of reintubation, and judicious use of antibiotics.

JS-NG-5: THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY OR MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION: WHICH COMES FIRST? A CASE REPORT FROM A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

A 66-year-old woman with a history of arterial hypertension was admitted to the emergency department (ED) due to disorientation. She reported a severe headache, nausea, vomiting in the evening prior the admission; her blood pressure (BP) when the ambulance arrived was 220/100 mmHg. During admission, BP was 158/91 mmHg, pulse 95 beats/minute, oxygen saturation 88% on room air, body temperature 36.6°C. The urine examination showed that urine protein was 3+, red blood cell count 10 mg/L. The whole blood cell analysis revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia (Table). There was 1 schistocyte seen in the peripheral blood smear. The serum creatinine and urea values were raised (Table) with elevated level of D-dimers (1690 mcg/L (< 250 mcg/L)). Head CT showed no signs of hemorrhage or ischemia. Ceftriaxone, ampicillin, and acyclovir were initiated for suspected neuro-infection, she also underwent transfusion with 4 units of platelets due to thrombocytopenia. Patients GCS fell from 11 to 9 over 13 hours, therefore she was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU). Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed cytosis 15 cells/mcL (predominance of lymphocytes) and protein level of 1,073 g/L; PCR panel for the most common bacterial and viral meningitis agents came back negative. On day 2, lactate dehydrogenase level was raised at 3086 U/L (125–243 U/L), haptoglobin was < 0.08 g/L (0.3–2.0 g/L) and Coombs test was negative. Due to worsening renal function (Table) hemodialysis was initiated. The differential diagnosis included thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), secondary thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). ADAMTS-13, CH50, SC5b-9 levels were tested (0.53 TV/ml (0.40–1.50 TV/ml), 60 U Eq/ml (55–75 U Eq/ml), 4689 ng/ml (200–325 ng/ml), respectively). The patient started on plasmapheresis. On day 3, fundoscopy showed cotton wool spots (ischemia) with hemorrhages and soft exudates next to the optic nerve disc; intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy was administered (1 g daily for three days followed by oral methylprednisolone 32 mg daily). Renal biopsy on day 5 revealed active TMA damaging the glomeruli and acute tubular necrosis. After 15 days in the ICU, she remained hypertensive and anuric despite given treatment. Moreover, pulmonary edema occurred on day 15. Malignant hypertension (MH) is characterized by severe hypertension and multi-organ ischemic complications. It can cause TMA and the overall presentation may imitate primary TMA. The approach of renal TMA in MH remains challenging. Herein, we reported a case of MHT with biopsy-proven TMA in the kidney.

Tulathromycin – a semi-synthetic macrolidе antibiotic. I. Characteristics and antibacterial activity

This article reviews the available literature on the characteristics and antimicrobial activity of the semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic tulathromycin from the triamilides subclass. The product has a high activity against Gram-negative respiratory pathogens and desirable pharmacological characteristics for high and persistent tissue levels in domestic animals. Representatives of the macrolide and lincosamide group are investigated and the similarities and differences from tulathromycin are outlined. It is emphasised that at the background of increasing bacterial resistance to a number of antimicrobial agents, only few tulathromycin-resistant strains of P. multocida and M. haemolytica have been reported so far. Tulathromycin is considered highly effective against common bacterial agents of respiratory diseases in large ruminants, pigs and sheeps, and may be an alternative for control of resistant bacterial pathogens

CASE REVIEW ON EFFECTS OF AZITHROMYCIN AND ERYTHROMYCIN ON LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION

Lower respiratory infections are generally caused by viral or bacterial agents. The majority of bronchitis and bronchiolitis cases are caused by viruses. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial agent in community-acquired pneumonias. An open, randomized study of the efficacy and safety of the prototype antibiotics azithromycin, and erythromycin in the treatment of lower respiratory infection were compared. Azithromycin and Erythromycin doses were administered and studied on various cases, in the treatment of lower respiratory infections, azithromycin seems to be as effective as erythromycin and better tolerated with lower side effects and effective therapeutic effects.

Study of Secondary Bacterial Infections Among the Patients with Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis in Thamar City- Yemen.

The main objective of this study was to determine the how common secondary bacterial infections that are isolated from patients with cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Thamar City- Yemen. This study included patients admitted to the Skin Disease Unit and the Thamar General Hospital lab between August 2020 and January 2021. Clinical samples were examined using standard parasitological and bacteriological methods. The study included 81 patients, and leishmania was found in 60 (74 percent) of them. Bacterial infections had also infected 60 cases. The most common secondary infection bacterial causative agents found in this study were 30 isolates (38%) of kocuria spp out of the total number 79 bacterial isolates, 28 (35.4%) isolates of Bacillus spp., 12 (15.2%) isolates of P. aeruginosa and 9 (11.4%) isolates of S. aureus. Sensitivity testing revealed that 16% of S. aureus was resistant to Azithromycin, 35% of Kocuria spp. were resistant to Cefotaxime and 30% were resistant to Ceftriaxone, 36% of Bacillus spp. were resistant to Azithromycin, and 20% were resistant to Ceftriaxone, 8.3% of P. aeruginosa were resistant to Azithromycin and 10% were resistant to Ceftriaxone. The majority of isolates (35–50%) were sensitive to Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. The recent article's results indicate that bacterial infections are still a significant problem in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yemen, and should be considered when treating these patients.

Evaluation of urinary tract infections in neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia.

We have evaluated urinary tract infections (UTI) in neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Urine culture is not routinely requested in patients with indirect hyperbilirubinemia. However, debates continue about the frequency and investigation of UTI in neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of UTI in neonates admitted to the hospital due to pathological indirect hyperbilirubinemia and whether a routine urine culture test is necessary in patients. In this retrospective study, we analyzed data from 1390 patients hospitalized to the Neonatal Unit due to pathological indirect hyperbilirubinemia. One hundred and eleven of these patients with detected bacterial agents in the urine cultures were evaluated. The type of the pathogens grown in urine culture, the number of colonies, and the antibiotic resistance status were evaluated. Among 1390 patients screened, 111 (8%) were found to have UTI, 68 of whom (61.3%) were male. Out of the microorganisms that grew, Escherichia coli was the dominant microorganism with 36.1%, which was followed by Klebsiella species (23.4%), and Enterococcus species (18%), respectively. The prevalence of UTI is high in the neonatal period as in all childhood and especially in patients admitted to the Neonatal Unit due to indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species are the most common bacterial agents that grow. Missing the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in neonates may cause renal problems. Therefore, we recommend requesting a urine culture in routine examinations of neonates who are diagnosed with pathological indirect hyperbilirubinemia and admitted to the hospital due to the need for phototherapy.

Application of G-quadruplex aptamer conjugated MSNs to deliver ampicillin for suppressing S. aureus biofilm on mice bone

Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterial agent of biofilm formation in medical environments. The formed biofilm of this bacterium in bone tissue is one of the main causes of osteomyelitis, which is a serious health issue. Due to the importance of this infection after traumatic injuries or surgical intervention, it is necessary to develop a system that could release the antibiotics at the site of injury, specifically and gradually. The current study aimed to develop a nanosystem composed of single-stranded G-quadreplex DNA aptamer as the bio-recognition element, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as the carrier for gradual drug release, and Ampicillin as the cargo to be delivered to the site of infection. In silico methods were used to select an optimum binding aptamer against protein A of S. aureus . The binding of aptamer was confirmed via gel retardation assay, DLS, and Zeta potential analyses. The loading of the drug was confirmed by the FTIR method, and the drug release investigation showed almost 30 % of drug release via 48 h dialysis assay. The acquired results from the biofilm suppression assay indicated that this system provides a significant inhibitory effect against the S. aureus biofilm and has a high potential for the desired drug release to prevent the formation of biofilm, and could destroy the biofilm on the mice bone. The results of the MTT assay proved that this system does not pose a significant toxicity thread for MCF-7 cell viability, as a model for eukaryotic cells. In vivo studies are required to further confirm the efficacy of this system against S. aureus biofilm on bone.

Brain complications from odontogenic infections: A systematic review

PurposeOdontogenic infections can spread through different routes to more remote anatomical areas, such as the brain. Brain abscesses have an incidence of 0.3–1.3 / 100,000 population and only 2–5% are of dental origin. The main objective is to research brain complications derived from odontogenic infections. Secondary objectives were to identify the most common symptoms in brain abscess, to describe the microbiology involved in these infectious processes, report which parts of the brain complex are most commonly affected and report the sequelae of this patients. MethodsA systematic review following the PRISMA Guide and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Reports was carried out in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The search terms were: Brain infection, brain abscess, oral health oral origin, odont* infect*. ResultsThe database search identified a total of 1000 articles. A total of 18 publications were identified after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 38 patients were analyzed. Mean age was 49.64±18.80 years. ConclusionThe most common symptoms of patients with brain abscess are neurological affectations first and then fever and headache second, without necessarily presenting as a symptomatological triad. Microbiological diagnosis is key to determining the origin of the infection. Anaerobic pathogens such as Streptococcus (F. Milleri), Fusobacterium Nucleatum and Porfiromonas Gingivalis families are common bacterial agents. The frontal lobe is the most frequently affected, followed by the parietal and temporal lobe. The most frequent brain complications are neurological disorders. However, most patients with brain abscesses recover without sequelae.

Pattern of Susceptibility Antibiotics against Clinical Isolates of Conjunctivitis from Sudanese Patients in Khartoum State

Resistant Antibiotics of bacterial conjunctivitis is a major challenge globally. The study aimed to determine the most common bacterial agents and risk factors, associated with Conjunctivitis among Sudanese patients and the sensitivity of the antibiotics used against isolates bacteria. The study was cross-sectional and carried out in MAKKA and Allwaledin Eye Hospital over three months in 2019. Fifty samples were collected from patients suffer from conjunctivitis by fine swab. Isolates were cultured in different media agar media and biochemical tests were used for identifications. The demographic data was collected by a questionnaire filled by the patient after verbal consent. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted by the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) was performed as recommended by the CLSI. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853) were used as controls. The positive frequency samples were 38 (76%), and the negative samples were 12(24%). Among the 38 positive samples 19(50%) were females while 19(50%) were males. The difference was not significant P= 0.241) with highly infected age groups (1-10) years old. Our Results detected that Some Isolated bacteria developed resistance to certain antibiotics, such as Staphylococcus aureus exhibited resistance against Erythromycin 10/15 (66.7%).While Staphylococcus epidermidis resistant against Tetracycline, and Erythromycin 4/4 (100%). Also, Bacillus spp revealed resistance against Ceftazidime1/1(100%). Listeria monocytogenes was resistant against Ceftazidime and Erythromycin 1/1(100%).On the other hand Pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumonia and klebsiella oxytoca exhibited resistance against Amoxicillin clavulanic acid and Erythromycin. The record data of risk factors conducted by highest frequency include antibiotics (16(36%); P=0.874) and using makeup and viral infection 11(22%); P=0.142) followed by eye surgery, arthritis 6 (12%); P=0.145), diabetes mellitus and hypertension 5(13.2%) ; P=0.654), using the immunosuppressive drug, lens and eye injury 4(8%) ; P=0.654), Smoking (3(6%) ; P=0.961) and heart disease 1(2%) ; P=0.322) associated with conjunctivitis statistically in significant. According to the results, we obtained that the main bacteria that caused conjunctivitis were Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The sensitivity test indicated that Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime and Gentamycin were the most effective than other drugs used against isolates identified in this study.

Local antibiotic therapy options for treating acute rhinosinusitis in children

The article presents various types of acute rhinosinusitis progression in pediatric practice depending on the duration of the disease, based on the available modern consensus papers and clinical guidelines. The main clinical terminology of the nosological forms of rhinosinusitis was determined, and aspects of their differential diagnosis and stages of the treatment were studied. The authors provided insight into disease pathogenesis, taking into account literature review data on the spectrum of the most common bacterial agents of the nose and paranasal sinuses pathologies. The available data on the treatment of rhinosinusitis are summarized from the perspective of consensus papers and modern clinical guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, the use of which for the prescription of treatment is the most important quality criterion for medical care provided. A clinical case of the treatment of acute bacterial uncomplicated rhinosinusitis in a 12-year-old child is described. In this case, an aerosolized form of topical antibiotic therapy combined with a mucolytic component was used as a drug of choice alongside with the standard irrigation-elimination therapy and nasal decongestants, which gives an advantage in achieving the maximum effective concentration of the active substance at the site of inflammation. A drug with a mucoactive effect helps to decrease mucus viscosity and discharge, and at the same time facilitates the entry of an active substance into the tissues and inhibits bacterial adhesion to the epithelium of the respiratory tract. Antibacterial component – thiamphenicol, a derivative of chloramphenicol with a mechanism of action associated with inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis has a broad spectrum of action and a maximum degree of accumulation and action in the site of inflammation due to the method of delivery to the epithelium of the respiratory tract.

Development of multiplex real-time quantitative PCR for simultaneous detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium in infertile women

PurposeSexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) can cause sterility and many other problems for women planning pregnancy. Currently, almost 340 million people worldwide suffer from Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). This study made attempts to quickly identify STDs' most critical infectious agents using dedicated primers and probes. MethodsThe present study was done on the cervical samples of 200 infertile women. After extracting the total DNA of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium, quantitative methods were employed to determine the rate of target bacteria using multiplex real-time PCR. ResultsThe multiplex qPCR showed the rates of 47%, 16%, 46%, and 16.5% for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium in infertile women, respectively. In some patients, there were co-infections with two or three bacteria. The diagnostic approach used in our research could be employed as an alternative detection tool to identify the four most common STD-associated bacterial agents while detecting mixed infections. ConclusionsInfertile women with no biological problems could have their genital tract checked using this newly designed identification technique and get proper treatment for their infections as quickly as possible.

Evaluation of bacterial agents isolated from endotracheal aspirate cultures of Covid-19 general intensive care patients and their antibiotic resistance profiles compared to pre-pandemic conditions

BackgroundEarly reports have shown that critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have a high prevalence of nosocomial pneumonia, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). MethodIn the present study, we determined the bacterial agents isolated from endotracheal aspirate (ETA) cultures of Covid-19 general intensive care patients and evaluated the antibiotic resistance profiles of common bacterial agents compared to the pre-pandemic period. ResultsWhile a total of 119 significant growths with polymicrobial growths were detected in the ETA cultures of 73 (7.5%) of 971 patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit before the pandemic, 87 significant growths were detected in the ETA cultures of 67 (11.1%) of 602 patients hospitalized in the Covid-19 intensive care unit (ICU) after the pandemic. While 61 (83.6%) of patients in the ICU died before the pandemic, 63 (94.0%) of patients in the Covid-19 ICU died after the pandemic. In terms of age, gender, and mortality, there was no significant difference between the two ICUs (p > 0.05). Before the pandemic, the mean length of stay in the ICU was 33.59 ± 32.89 days, and after the pandemic, it was 13.49 ± 8.03 days. This was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Acinetobacter baumannii (28.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.7%), Escherichia coli (7.5%), Candida spp. (5.0%) were the most prevalent causal microorganisms discovered in pre-pandemic ICU ETA samples, whereas A. baumannii (54.0%), K. pneumoniae (10.3%), P. aeruginosa (6.8%), E. faecium (8%), and Candida spp.(13.7%) were the most common causative microorganisms detected in Covid-19 ICU ETA samples. Except for tigecycline, antibiotic resistance rates in A. baumannii strains increased following the pandemic. Only tobramycin showed a significant difference in the increase of resistance among these antibiotics (p = 0.037). The rate of tigecycline resistance, on the other hand, was 17.6% before the pandemic and 2.2% afterward (p < 0.05). After the pandemic, increased resistance of K. pneumoniae strains to colistin, meropenem, ertapenem, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, tigecycline, and cefepime antibiotics was observed. However, these increases were not statistically significant. Except for imipenem, antibiotic resistance rates in P. aeruginosa strains increased following the pandemic. The increase in resistance of ceftazidime and levofloxacin was statistically significant (p < 0.05). ConclusionAs a result, the Covid-19 pandemic requires intensive care follow-ups at an earlier age and with a more mortal course. Although the length of stay in the intensive care unit has been shortened, it is observed that this situation is observed due to early mortality. In P. aeruginosa strains, a significant difference was detected in the resistance increase of the ceftazidime and levofloxacin (p < 0.05) and with the exception of tigecycline, antibiotic resistance rates in A. baumannii strains increased following the pandemic. Only tobramycin showed a significant difference in the increase of resistance among these antibiotics (p = 0.037). Secondary infections in patients create more difficult treatment processes due to both Covid-19 and increasing antibiotic resistance today.

Studies on Relationship Between Bacterial and Fungal Infections in Some Freshwater Fish

This study aimed to, spotlight on, isolation and identification of the most common Bacterial and systemic Mycotic agent from cultured Oreochromis niloticus, study the incidence, prevalence and organs distributions of the isolated Bacteria and Fungi among the examined diseased fish, investigated the effect of different water quality parameters on the incidence such etiological agents and relationship studies between Bacterial and Mycotic diseases in examined fish. A total number of 100 diseased O. niloticus that, weighed 80 ±mg and 18 ± 0.2 cm in length were randomly collected from earthen ponds in Alexandria private cultured freshwater farms in January 2021. A bacteriological analysis of naturally 400 samples isolated from 100 infected fishes confirmed 400 positive samples and mycological analysis of 400 samples confirmed 214 positive samples. Morphologically, isolated bacteria were Gram –ve represented by Pseudomonas fluorescence, Schwenellea spp, Pseudomonas putediae, Pseudomonas aeruoginosa and Gram +ve bacteria represented by Streptococcus agalactia. Fungal isolates are represented by Aspergillus niger, Asp. flavus, Asp. fumigatus, Asp. parasiticus, Geotrichum spp., Candida spp. and Torulopsis spp. Combination between bacteria and fungi in fish ponds agreviates the morbidity and mortality rates.

Trends in bacteriological spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility on blood culture in pediatric cardiac patients at a tertiary childcare health facility.

Objectives:To report trends in bacteriological spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility on blood culture in admitted pediatric cardiac patients at a Tertiary Childcare Health Facility.Methods:This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Multan from January 2018 to December 2020. We included admitted children of both genders aged one day to 12 years and whose blood sample was sent for blood culture analysis. Gram staining was used to identify isolated organisms. Distribution of types of strains, bacterial isolates and antimicrobial sensitivity/resistance were recorded.Results:During the study period, a total of 772 blood samples were sent for blood culture analysis, out of which, 154 (19.9%) turned out to be positive. Mean age was noted to be 1.12±2.3 years. Gram negative rods were the most frequently noted strains found among 69 (44.8%) cases. A total of 131 strains were found to have bacterial isolates. Salmonella typhi was the commonest bacterial agent noted in 30 (19.4%) cases while Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus in 18 (11.7%) and acinetobacter baumannii in 16 (10.4%).Conclusion:Blood culture positivity rate was found to be 19.9%. Gram negative rods were the most frequently noted strains. Salmonella typhi, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter baumannii were found to be the commonest bacterial isolates responsible. Routinely used antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Ceftizadime and Ampicillin were found to have high rates of resistance against most commonly found bacterial isolates.

Evaluation of Blood and CSF Isolated Bacteria and Their Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitalized Patients in Ahvaz Golestan Hospital in 2020

Background and Objectives: Infection of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid can have irreparable consequences and even death. In the present study, the prevalence of bacteria causing blood and cerebrospinal fluid infection and their antibiotic resistance in hospitalized patients was investigated. Subjects and Methods: In this present descriptive-cross-sectional study, the results of all blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were sent for culture from the hospitalized patients of Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz in the first six months of 2019 were examined. Relevant information was extracted from patients’ medical records. Results: In this study, 12.17% of blood culture were positive and 7.6% of cerebrospinal fluid culture were positive. The most common bacteria causing blood infections were Staphylococcus Coagulase Negative (32.5%), Klebsiella (24.1%) and Pseudomonas (21.7%), and the most common bacteria causing cerebrospinal fluid infection were Klebsiella (30.9%), Streptococcus. group D (Enterococcus) (20.6%) and pseudomonas (15.5%). The highest bacterial resistance was observed for Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin, Cefixime and Cefotaxime antibiotics, and the highest sensitivity was observed for Meropenem, Colistin, and Levofloxacin antibiotics. Conclusion: Since the bacterial resistance pattern is always changing, it is suggested that before starting any empirical treatment in infectious diseases, sensitive antibiotics for common bacterial agents are recommended for a more efficient treatment.

Incidence, Etiology, and Environmental Risk Factors of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization in China: A 3-Year, Prospective, Age-Stratified, Multicenter Case-Control Study.

BackgroundCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading infectious cause of hospitalization and death worldwide. Knowledge about the incidence and etiology of CAP in China is fragmented.MethodsA multicenter study performed at 4 hospitals in 4 regions in China and clinical samples from CAP patients were collected and used for pathogen identification from July 2016 to June 2019.ResultsA total of 1674 patients were enrolled and the average annual incidence of hospitalized CAP was 18.7 (95% confidence interval, 18.5–19.0) cases per 10000 people. The most common viral and bacterial agents found in patients were respiratory syncytial virus (19.2%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (9.3%). The coinfections percentage was 13.8%. Pathogen distribution displayed variations within age groups as well as seasonal and regional differences. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was not detected. Respiratory virus detection was significantly positively correlated with air pollutants (including particulate matter ≤2.5 µm, particulate matter ≤10 µm, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide) and significantly negatively correlated with ambient temperature and ozone content; bacteria detection was opposite.ConclusionsThe hospitalized CAP incidence in China was higher than previously known. CAP etiology showed that differences in age, seasons, regions, and respiratory viruses were detected at a higher rate than bacterial infection overall. Air pollutants and temperature have an influence on the detection of pathogens.

Distribution of clinical isolates obtained from sterile body fluids: a four-year retrospective data

Aim: Infections of sterile body fluids (SBFs) require rapid and accurate diagnosis and treatment, since their morbidities and mortalities are high. To achieve this goal, definite epidemiologic data is absolutely required, since empiric and preemptive treatments are mainly based on this. The aim of this study was to evaluate infectious agents isolated from SBFs, susceptibility results and molecular analysis (PCR) data, retrospectively.&#x0D; Material and Method: Clinical samples of SBFs (Cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial and synovial fluids) obtained from January 2017 to December 2020 in Atatürk City Hospital (tertiary center) were included. Identification of bacterial and fungal agents and antibiotic susceptibility were done by conventional and automated system (BD Phoenix™, Becton Dickinson Co., Sparks, MD, USA). Löwenstein-Jensen media and BACTEC Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube 960 (Becton Dickinson Co., Sparks, MD, USA) were used for mycobacterial analysis. Bosphore Viral Meningitis Panel Multiplex PCR Kit (Anatolia Geneworks, İstanbul, Turkey) were applied to detect HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, Enterovirus and/or Parechovirus.&#x0D; Results: A total of 221 (9.74%) organisms were detected among 2269 samples. Particularly common gram negative bacterial agents covered the top of the list (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp. and Acinetobacter baumannii-Acinetobacter calcoaceticus complex). Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent gram positive strain, followed by enteroccocci. Most of the A. baumannii isolates were multidrug resistant, Pseudomonas spp. showed over than 20% resistance rate to ceftazidime, cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam. All enterococci were vancomycin-susceptible, one S. aureus strain was methicillin-resistant. All Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates were found to be susceptible to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs.&#x0D; Conclusions: Continuous laboratory surveillance even in local phase is important to guide clinicians. Even though our data did not show significant changes, improvements on laboratory capabilities and clinical awareness must be done. Isolation rates might be underestimated due to requirement of improvements in our laboratory, especially about sampling, anaerobe transportation and usage of blood culture vials.

Neonatal Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Colonization: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Concomitant Early-onset Sepsis

Background: Early-onset neonatal sepsis (ENOS) is one of the most common causes of mortality in neonates. The bacteria causing ENOS are generally transferred from the mother to the infant before or during labor. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of nasopharyngeal colonization with common bacterial agents causing ENOS and their relationship with blood culture outcomes in neonates. Methods: All neonates transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit were included in the study. Posterior pharynx secretions were swabbed and cultured in blood agar and MacConkey agar. Also, a blood specimen from each neonate was inoculated into a blood culture bottle. The grown bacteria were identified by biochemical standard tests. The antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by the disk diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton agar, and the results were evaluated according to the CLSI guidelines. Results: The pharyngeal specimens collected from 114 newborns were positive in 83 (72.8%) cases. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common bacterium in all weight groups. However, the isolates of Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, S. aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae were also high. Thirteen newborns died. Neonates’ pharyngeal specimens were positive among 11 (84.6%) cases who died and 101 (71.2%) neonates who survived. Twelve neonates had positive blood cultures. Simultaneous positive blood and pharyngeal cultures were reported in eight (7%) cases, in which the bacterial isolates from blood and pharyngeal samples were similar in three cases (37.5%). Among pharyngeal isolates, E. coli was resistant to ampicillin in 100% and gentamicin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime in 50% of the cases. Also, S. epidermidis and Acinetobacter isolates from blood samples were resistant to ampicillin in 100% of the cases. Conclusions: Staphylococcus epidermidis accounted for 38.6% of bacteria cultured from pharyngeal swabs and 66.7% of bacteria cultured from blood samples, 37.5% of which were resistant to ampicillin and 100% were sensitive to vancomycin. One-hundred percent of E. coli cultures from neonatal pharynges were resistant to ampicillin and about 50% of them were resistant to gentamicin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone.