Commercial Culture Research Articles

Effect of the combination of fluoxymesterone and a commercial blend of additives on the sex proportion, growth, and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry

In the commercial culture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), monosex, all-male populations obtained through steroid sex reversal is the most commercially used method to eliminate unwanted reproduction and increase final productive and economic yield. However, the rapid growth of Nile tilapia culture has led, in some regions, to an increase in infectious diseases and mortality in all stages of commercial culture. To reduce this, without the abuse of antibiotics or similar substances, feed additives are currently used in all stages, including the fry period, during the sex reversal process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of synthetic steroid Fluoxymesterone (FM) at various concentrations in combination with a commercial Blend of additives (BA) on the percentage of males, growth, and survival of Nile tilapia fry. Five treatments (FM20, FM5+BA, FM10+BA, FM20+BA, and BA+FM20) and a control group were evaluated. Treatments differ in the order in which the commercial blend (2 g) was added and the FM concentration (5, 10, and 20 mg). The feeding trial lasted for 30 days using a sexually undifferentiated population of Nile tilapia. The results showed a decrease in the percentage of males in all treatments supplemented with the BA, compared to the FM20 treatment (containing 20 mg without BA). Growth and survival were positively affected by the inclusion of the BA in all treatments, showing higher values than those observed in the control group. Further studies are necessary to determine the FM-BA interaction.

Exploring the Path and Implementation of Ideological and Political Education in Marketing Fundamentals Course based on Moral Education Concept

Cultivating virtues and morality is the primary task of talent cultivation in China's universities and colleges, and promoting the construction of ideological and political education in courses is an important lever for curriculum reform in universities. As a provincial-level demonstration course of ideological and political education in vocational education in Jiangsu, Marketing Fundamentals course has been innovatively designed and practiced under the concept of moral education. The course pioneers the "3C" ideological and political education reform concept, which emphasizes the cultivation of competence, the development of creative thinking, and the dissemination of commercial culture, by designing a curriculum ideological and political education reform model with "Integrity Marketing, Scientific Marketing, and Confident Marketing" as the main theme and uses various teaching methods such as flipped classroom, project-based teaching, thematic presentations, group discussions, scenario simulations, case studies, and exploratory approaches to integrate Ideological and Political Education into the entire process of teaching and learning.

The Ability of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MSMC 36-9 Strain with Probiotic Potential to Ferment Coconut Milk and Produce a Yogurt-Type Beverage

The efficacy of the Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MSMC 36-9 strain with probiotic potential to ferment coconut milk and produce coconut milk yogurt-type beverages was examined. Tapioca starch was used as a stabilizer at concentrations of 0, 1.0, and 2.0% (w/w). The samples were stored at 4 °C for 21 days and analyzed for viability and resistance to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions of L. paracasei MSMC 36-9, pH changes, radical scavenging activity using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and apparent viscosity. The viability of the strain with probiotic potential in the samples remained stable during storage and ranged between 12 and 13 log CFU/g by the end of the storage period. The strain L. paracasei MSMC 36-9 from all samples survived under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The pH levels of all samples decreased during storage due to post-acidification. The radical scavenging activity of the products fermented with L. paracasei MSMC 36-9 was higher than that of the sample fermented with the commercial yogurt starter culture. The addition of tapioca starch to fermented coconut milk increased the viscosity of the samples. The results suggested that L. paracasei MSMC 36-9 can be used as a starter culture in the production of coconut milk yogurt-type beverages with antioxidant potential.

Mycorrhizae enhance minituber weight and nutrient content in potatoes transferred from in vitro to hydroponic culture under different phosphorus levels

The survival and productivity of potato plantlets transplanted from in vitro to commercial hydroponic minituber culture are crucial. Mycorrhizal fungi are an efficient tool to enhance potato nutrient uptake, survival, and productivity under these conditions. This study aimed to assess the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on improving the yield of minitubers and nutrient uptake in potatoes transferred from the in vitro environment to the greenhouse. This study was conducted in a greenhouse in Hamadan province, I.R. Iran, in 2013. The experimental design was factorial, including treatments with and without inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and varying phosphorus (P) concentrations in Hoagland’s solution (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of its maximum content, i.e. 0.965, 0.482, 0.241, and 0.12 mM H2PO4 -) with three replications on potato plantlets transferred from in vitro to pots. The results indicated that the highest colonization percentage was achieved with 25% P and inoculation. The highest number of minitubers (8.9), total minituber weight per plant (53.2 grams), plant height (54.6 cm), minituber (0.38%) and leaf (0.363%) P content, minituber (33 mg/kg) and leaf (65 mg/kg) manganese (Mn) content, and minituber (38 mg/kg) and leaf (65 mg/kg) zinc (Zn) content were obtained with inoculation and 75% P of Hoagland nutrient solution, which was statistically comparable to the inoculation with 100% P treatment. In summary, inoculating potato plantlets with mycorrhiza can enhance minituber yield and nutrient uptake and potentially replace approximately 50% of the P requirement in hydroponic solutions.

Label-free aptasensor targeting Staphylococcus aureus surface Protein A

The rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is of major importance for the biomedical world in the context where the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the “silent pandemic”, is considered a global public health threat to humanity. There are various approaches to detect S. aureus either as a whole bacterium or via different biomarkers that indicate the presence of this microorganism. Herein, a label-free aptasensor was designed for the detection of a cellular bacterial wall component, protein A (PrA), as a biomarker for the bacteria presence. A rapid procedure, under 5 min, that involves the deposition of the aptamer at the surface of a gold-based screen-printed electrode was applied followed by a blocking step to prevent non-specific adsorption of the target. After the incubation with PrA, the electrochemical detection was achieved, the aptasensor exhibiting good sensitivity across a wide linear range from 25 nM to 1000 nM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 8.33 nM in standard solutions of the target. S. aureus was detected in commercial human serum and culture samples displaying a good correlation of the signal and the number of bacteria colonies, in the latter case.

Database selection for shotgun metaproteomic of low-diversity dairy microbiomes

The metaproteomics field has recently gained more and more interest as a valuable tool for studying both the taxonomy and function of microbiomes, including those used in food fermentations. One crucial step in the metaproteomics pipeline is selecting a database to obtain high-quality taxonomical and functional information from microbial communities. One of the best strategies described for building protein databases is using sample-specific or study-specific protein databases obtained from metagenomic sequencing. While this is true for high-diversity microbiomes (such as gut and soil), there is still a lack of validation for different database construction strategies in low-diversity microbiomes, such as those found in fermented dairy products where starter cultures containing few species are used. In this study, we assessed the performance of various database construction strategies applied to metaproteomics on two low-diversity microbiomes obtained from cheese production using commercial starter cultures and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Substantial differences were detected between the strategies, and the best performance in terms of the number of peptides and proteins identified from the spectra was achieved by metagenomic-derived databases. However, extensive databases constructed from a high number of available online genomes obtained a similar taxonomical and functional annotation of the metaproteome compared to the metagenomic-derived databases. Our results indicate that, in the case of low-diversity dairy microbiomes, the use of publically available genomes to construct protein databases can be considered as an alternative to metagenome-derived databases.

Evaluating the Potential of Korean Mudflat-Derived Penicillium nalgiovense SJ02 as a Fungal Starter for Manufacturing Fermented Sausage.

The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and evaluate novel Korean starter cultures for use in fermented sausages. A total of 72 strains were isolated from various indigenous sources, including Nuruk, Jeotgal, and mudflats on the west coast of South Korea. Two strains were identified as Penicillium nalgiovense (SD01 and SJ02), a traditional starter used in the production of fermented sausages. A comparative analysis was performed between SD01 and SJ02 using the commercial starter culture (M600). Strain SJ02 exhibited superior lipolytic and proteolytic activities, as well as an enhanced growth rate at the optimal salinity level of 2% NaCl compared to M600. No significant differences were observed in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values, sausage colors, and texture properties between SJ02 and M600 fermented sausages, except for adhesiveness. Profiles of mycotoxin-related genes were similar for both strains. Electronic nose analysis revealed distinct aroma profiles between SJ02 and M600 fermented sausages, with a relatively higher levels of propan-2-one and butyl butanoate in SJ02, and a higher level of ethanol and propanal in M600. In electronic tongue analysis, there was no significant differences in taste characteristics between SJ02 and M600. These results indicate that P. nalgiovense SJ02 is a potential starter culture to produce dry fermented sausages, enhancing Korean style cured meat processing industry.

Transatlantic Modern Consumerisms: Italian Goods and Commercial Cultures in Postwar America, 1949–1972

Transatlantic Modern Consumerisms: Italian Goods and Commercial Cultures in Postwar America, 1949–1972

Biochemical characterization of YoAlp®: a sheep-fermented milk obtained with autochthonous starter cultures

Fermented milks are a source of bioactive peptides with different potential benefits on human health and may be considered as functional foods. Sheep milk and fermented milk have been collected and a biochemical characterization, by a proteomic approach, GC/MS and microtiter plate assay methods, have been conducted to evaluate their peptide, fatty acid and aromatic profile, and to assess potential health promoting effects. Furthermore, a comparison between sheep-fermented milk (SFM) made with commercial starter cultures and YoAlp®, a sheep-fermented milk obtained using local strains of lactic acid bacteria, has been performed. Peptide’s profile comparison shows a higher number of amino acidic frequencies using autochthonous starter cultures than commercial ones. Among these peptides, 20.78% and 29.87%, respectively, are supposed to be potentially bioactive. Furthermore, in both products, the fatty acid profile was similar to that of origin sheep milk, and concerning aromatic profile, YoAlp® shows yogurt typical aromatic assets. Considering bioactivity, ACE inhibitor activity is high for both samples. Similar values, as expected by peptide profile analysis, have been obtained. Even in the case of antioxidant capacity, peptide profile bioactivity prediction has been confirmed by the assay showing a DPPH inhibition higher for SFM than for YoAlp®, but this difference is not statistically significant. Local strains of lactic acid bacteria seem to work as well as the commercial, preserving biodiversity and typicality. However, further analyses are needed to understand microbial proteolytic activities and to investigate gastric digestion resistance of bioactive peptides.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Tracking of Fermentation of Oat and Pea Bases for Yoghurt-Type Products

The fermentation process of plant-based yoghurt (PBY)-like products must be followed for consistency by monitoring, e.g., the pH, temperature, and lactic acid concentration. Spectroscopy provides an efficient multivariate in situ quality monitoring method for tracking the process. Therefore, quality monitoring methods for pea- and oat-based yoghurt-like products using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were developed and modeled. Plant-based yoghurt (PBY) was formulated by fermenting pea and oat plant drinks with a commercial starter culture based on Lactobacillus and Streptococcus strains. The main variance during fermentation was explained by spectral carbohydrate and protein bands with a notable shift in protein band peaks for the amide II band at 1548 cm−1 to 1576 cm−1. In addition to the identification of changed spectral bands during fermentation, FT-IR efficiently tracked the variation in oat and pea fermentation using pH as the main indicator. Prediction models with an R2 for the predicted value of pH as a fermentation indicator (R2 = 0.941) with a corresponding root-mean-squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.247 was obtained when compared to the traditional pH method.

Growth, survival and reproductive traits of two genetically improved allotriploid oysters derived from Crassostrea gigas and C. angulata

Allotriploid oysters between Crassostrea gigas and C. angulata have been utilized in commercial culture in China. The prevalence of this allotriploids is attributed to fast growth and extensive temperature adaptability, however its drawbacks are low meat ratio and slightly restored fecundity. To tackle these problems, two types of allotetraploids were produced in a previous study. Here, a comparative assessment of the growth, survival and reproductive traits was made for genetically improved allotriploids (based on allotetraploids), traditional allotriploids, and autotriploids (C. gigas and C. angulata). The results showed that the survival rates of larvae for all crosses were >80% on day 15. Genetically improved allotriploids survived better than autotriploids during juvenile and adult stages. The whole weights, wet meat weights, and meat ratios of genetically improved allotriploids were larger than traditional allotriploids on day 390 and day 510. The condition indexes, infertile percentages and fecundity of genetically improved allotriploids were lower than C. gigas autotriploids but higher than that of traditional allotriploids. At the end of the experiment, genetically improved allotriploids (GIT1) had the largest yield (56.79 kg) among all the six crosses. Overall, this study demonstrated that GIT1 exhibited superior growth and survival characteristics, as well as higher sterility compared with traditional allotriploids, which could be used as a potential variety in northern China.

Commercial Culture of Cordyceps militaris from Waste Products of Sericulture in India

Cordyceps militaris, an entomopathogenic fungi belonging to Ascomycota group are currently in the limelight for its synthesis of Cordycepin, – an anti-cancer component. The host range of Cordyceps is extremely broad, with predominance on the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. Although this fungus is extremely rare in nature, its artificial culture is becoming more and more popular on the global market. However, the commercial culture of this fungus has been hampered by the difficulty in getting seeding material and the complex developmental technique. For ages, the silkworm (Order: Lepidoptera) has played a significant economic role in the food and silk industries of Asian nations. The waste product of the silkworm rearing process is the dead silkworm pupae, which are generated in large quantities after stifling of the cocoons for the purpose of producing raw silk. Waste from Sericulture in India has the potential to be used as a promising culture media for the growth of the Cordyceps-related sector, helping the silk farmers in their quest for future financial gain and the social advancement of the tribal society.

The aroma profile of butter produced using different starter cultures

The aroma of fermented dairy products is greatly influenced by starter cultures and by the lactic acid bacteria strains that are used as starter cultures. Experimental butter samples were produced using no starter culture, by a commercial starter culture (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides), by a prepared bacteria mix (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis EM1, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris EM28, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis G49, Leuconostoc mesenteroides B3), and by a prepared bacteria mix fortified with Lactobacillus rhamnosus B19 (L. rhamnosus B19). The aroma profile of the butter samples was investigated using a gas chromatography mass spectometry method (GC-MS). A total of 92 components were determined in the butter samples, including acids (12), alcohols (20), aldehydes (9), alkanes (6), esters (8), ketones (19) and several other aroma compounds (18). The sample containing the prepared starter culture had the most detectable aroma components, while the lowest number of aromatic components were found in the sample without a starter culture. 2,3-butanedione (diacetyl) was not detected in the sample without a starter culture. 2-Butanone 3-hydroxy- (acetoin) content was the highest in the sample containing the commercial starter culture and the lowest in the sample without a starter culture.

A Metabolomics Approach to Establish the Relationship between the Techno-Functional Properties and Metabolome of Indian Goat Yoghurt.

Goat milk has poorer fermentation characteristics due to the absence or only traces of αs1-casein, due to which goat yoghurt contains a less dense gel structure. Moreover, the fermentation characteristics of the milk vary between the breeds of the same species. Therefore, it becomes imperative to explore a few metabolites which could regulate the techno-functional properties of goat yoghurt. This study was aimed at relating the metabolite profile of yoghurt prepared from milk of Barbari, an indigenous goat breed of India, and its techno-functional properties (firmness, whey syneresis, and flow behaviour) using multivariate data analysis and regression models. Goat yoghurt was prepared with two different total solids (TS) levels (12 and 16%) and cultures, namely, commercial culture comprising a thermophilic yoghurt culture (A) and NCDC-263 comprising a mixed yoghurt culture (B). Results demonstrated a significant difference (p < 0.05) in whey syneresis with the increase in the TS level. Flow behaviour of all yoghurt samples showed a decrease in viscosity with an increase in shear rate, which confirmed its non-Newtonian behaviour and shear thinning nature, whereas frequency sweep confirmed its viscoelastic nature. Firmness was the most affected under the influence of different TS and culture levels. It was higher (p < 0.05) for 16-A, followed by 16-3B, and minimum for 12-2B. GC-MS-based metabolomics of the yoghurt revealed a total of 102 metabolites, out of which 15 metabolites were differentially expressed (p < 0.05), including 2-hydroxyethyl palmitate, alpha-mannobiose, and myo-inositol. Multivariate data analysis revealed clear separation among groups using principal component analysis and several correlations using a correlation heat map. Further, regression analysis exhibited methylamine (0.669) and myo-inositol (0.947) with higher regression coefficients (R2 values) exceeding 0.6, thus demonstrating their significant influence on the techno-functional properties, mainly firmness, of the yogurt. In conclusion, A gas chromatography-based metabolomics approach could successfully establish a relationship between the metabolome and the techno-functional properties of the yoghurt.

Construction of suspended bagasse bioflocs and evaluation of their effectiveness in shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) aquaculture systems

This experiment was carried out to improve the operability of bioflocs technology and to better the application of bagasse, a sugarcane by-product or fibrous pulp of other plant materials, in aquaculture. Firstly, a generator device for suspended-bagasse was designed, and indigenous efficient nitrogen-reducing bacteria were screened and combined. Then a suspended-bagasse bioflocs Penaeus vannamei (initial body weight of 0.78 ± 0.33 g, density of 350 shrimp/m2) culture system was constructed with bagasse and indigenous probiotics (single probiotic or composite probiotic from the previous step) as components through the generator device. The commercial shrimp culture model with commercial probiotics applied was used as a control group with three replicates in each group. The experiment lasted for 50 days. The effects of suspended-bagasse bioflocs on the water quality, shrimp growth, and immune response in the shrimp culture system were evaluated. All experimental results were analyzed using one-way variance or linear estimation. The suspended-bagasse generator could promote rapid biofilm formation on the surface of the bagasse, and the hydraulic retention parameter can be set to 12 h. Besides, three efficient nitrogen-reducing strains were screened and identified (Halomonas alkalihila AC3–2, Rugerella sp BD15–5, and Halomonas venusta BD15–8). They were non-hemolytic, sensitive to most antibiotics, and non-pathogenic to shrimp. Their combination with Bacillus megaterium BZ5 (a previously isolated probiotic) in a 1:1:1:1 ratio resulted in the highest degradation efficiencies of 97.1% and 51.4% for ammonia and nitrite nitrogen, respectively. Furthermore, application experiments in shrimp aquaculture systems showed that suspended-bagasse flocs (with single bacteria and combined bacteria) reduced ammonia and nitrite nitrogen levels and promoted nitrification in the water of the shrimp aquaculture system. This suspended bagasse floc (with combined bacteria) system reduced water usage by 37.6% per kg of shrimp produced compared to the common culture system. Moreover, the suspended-bagasse flocs (with combined bacteria) improved hepatopancreatic digestive enzyme (trypsin, lipase, and α-amylase) and serum immune-related enzyme (lysozyme and phenol-oxidase) activity. This study indicates that it is feasible to cultivate suspended-bagasse flocs in shrimp aquaculture systems using a generator device with bagasse and probiotic bacteria as components. The flocs based on bagasse and indigenous complex bacteria can effectively reduce water exchange during shrimp aquaculture and improve shrimp production. Imperfectly, the microbial community and function of the biofilm on the surface of bagasse, which is very important for the interpretation of water quality variations, was not revealed in this experiment and needs to be refined in future work. Additionally, it is also worthwhile to evaluate the effectiveness of this device in other aquatic animal culture systems.

Boys’ love in the Chinese platformization of cultural production

Boys' Love (BL), a subculture centered around same-sex male romances and eroticism, has become increasingly integrated into mainstream commercial culture in China. However, the genre explores homosexuality and pornography, which are considered taboos in China. BL has thus become situated at the intersection of the economic ambition of digital giants and the authorities' increasingly ideological control. I discuss the position of BL in Tencent's pan-entertainment ecosystem to highlight the results of platformization and the impact of the vague framework of platform governance.

Killjoy? Augustine on Pageantry

Augustine’s position on civic spectacles should be evaluated in connection with his fears about a resurgence of paganism in late Roman North Africa. Notwithstanding contemporary claims that those fears were cover for early fifth-century prelatical efforts to manage commercial and political culture, evidence suggests that paganism in North Africa survived and was seductive.

Transnational networks of human resources and knowledge in East Asia: a case study of Taiwan merchant Wang Xuenong (1870–1915) and his trading company

Abstract Taiwan is an island and trade has always been the locomotive of its economic development. From the 1620s to the 1960s, cane sugar was Taiwan's most representative export commodity. Yet little attention has been paid to the business strategies of sugar traders and the changes in their thinking. How did the Takow (Kaohsiung) merchants who first went to Japan and Hong Kong to conduct cross-border trade in person learn about international trade and build a network of human resources that crossed borders, especially after the 1870s? And how did they face the great changes of an era in which tradition and modernity were intertwined, so that, following the regime transfer in the 1890s from the Qing Dynasty to the Japanese empire, they were able to expand their business territory and become major sugar merchants in southern Taiwan? This article examines the career of Wang Xuenong—a well-known sugar merchant in Taiwan during the Meiji period (1868–1912). It attempts to explain, from the perspective of cross-cultural knowledge transfer and human resource strategies, why and how sugar merchants such as Wang, who had gone to Japan in the early years of the Meiji Restoration for purposes of cross-border trade, introduced a trading company system that incorporated a mixture of East Asian and Western elements. It further investigates how they expanded their business from the sugar trade into a wider commercial domain that included mechanical rice milling and steamship transport. Finally, it looks at how their actions affected a transformation of Taiwan's commercial culture from the late Qing Dynasty to the early days of Japanese rule, and the historical significance of these changes in Taiwan's transitions towards industrialisation and modernisation.

Integrated metabolome–metagenome analysis provides new insights into the impacts of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) aestivation on marine sediment composition

To explore the impacts of sea cucumber aestivation on sediment composition, sediments were sampled from aestivation sites and non-aestivation sites of a commercial Apostichopus japonicus culture pond, and metabolome–metagenome integrated analysis was performed. The results showed that 1) there was no significant difference in the microbial composition of sediments between aestivation and non-aestivation sites, but the relative abundances of some bacterial species changed slightly (especially pathogenic and spoilage species); 2) altered average relative abundances of potential host bacteria of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were observed; 3) compared with non-aestivation site sediments, decreased average absolute abundances of two ARGs (tetW and floR) and increased average absolute abundance of one ARG (tetM) were observed in aestivation site sediments; and 4) a total of 74 significantly differentially expressed metabolites (SDMs) were identified in aestivation sites compared with non-aestivation sites. Four SDMs were closely correlated with antibacterial activity and bacterial physiology. All data observed in this study indicate that sea cucumber aestivation does not affect sediment microbial composition but does influence the relative abundances of some bacteria species; in addition, tetM might be considered a key indicator for monitoring and indicating ARG transfer or the sediment status of sea cucumber culture ponds during aestivation. In conclusion, the observations of this study enrich our knowledge of the impacts of the physiological behavior of marine ecosystem inhabitants on their ecosystem and provide novel insights for the management of aquaculture activities.

Defining management zones for a papaya culture considering soil chemical attributes by fuzzy c-means

In precision agriculture, one of the major problems is the need for a dense sampling grid. A solution to this problem has been the generation of management zones and the correlation between them. This work aims at defining management zones for a papaya culture using the fuzzy C-means grouping method, based on the following soil attributes: phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and potassium; and base saturation. The work was conducted in an approximately 1.2 ha area planted with a commercial culture of Carica papaya L. cultivated in typical Argisol found on the coastal terraces, in the municipality of São Mateus, ES, Brazil. The management zones were defined by the proposed method, based on the following analyses: soil chemical parameters P, Ca, Mg, and base saturation (V), analyzed together; soil chemical parameters P, Ca, Mg, and V, analyzed separately; and, the following combinations of soil chemical attributes Ca-Mg, Ca-V, Ca-Mg-V, P-Ca, P-Mg, P-V, P-Ca-Mg, P-Ca-V, Mg-V, and P-Ca-Mg-V. The generated management zones facilitated an understanding of the spatial variability of the attributes in the study area and the observed similarities between management zones generated from different attributes. In addition, the data were influenced especially by the P and V% attributes. Keywords: Carica papaya L, geostatistics, grouping analysis, precision agriculture.