Commemorative Activities Research Articles

FROM THE “RIGHT GERMAN” TO THE “KALININGRAD PHILOSOPHER”: IMMANUEL KANT IN COMMEMORATIVE PRACTICES AND MEMORY POLICY IN THE KALININGRAD REGION (SOVIET PERIOD)

One of the key problems of the state historical policy in the Kaliningrad region during the Soviet period was related to the attitude to the local pre-war historical and cultural heritage, it was partly the memory of the life and activities of the outstanding philosopher and educator Immanuel Kant. The purpose of this article is to identify the prerequisites, factors and stages of integration of Kant’s name and image into the regional culture of memory and commemorative activity. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the commemoration of the philosopher is first considered throughout the Soviet period of the region’s history. In the first post-war decade, the key condition for the formation of Kant’s commemoration traditions in the young Soviet region was ensured, that is, his tomb was preserved and taken under state protection in the mid-1950s. It became a place of attraction for Kaliningrad residents and guests of the city. In the 1960s–1970s, the philosopher’s grave was included in excursion routes and tourist guides, respect for his memory was used as an argument in the propaganda system, a tradition of scientific study of Kant’s heritage was formed in the region, and Kaliningrad State University became a center of such research. Under strict restrictions on the study and popularization of pre-war history, Kantian topics were perceived by a part of local intelligentsia as an allowed opportunity to share the “secrets” of the German past of the Kaliningrad land. At the same time, the position of regional authorities was characterized by contradictions, and initiatives to commemorate the philosopher were repeatedly met with resistance instigated by the regional committee of the CPSU. In the years of perestroika Kant’s image was perceived as a “bridge” connecting epochs and cultures. The work on the preparation of restoring the monument to the philosopher began, the plans of the regional branch of the Soviet Culture Fund included a “Kantian” programme of events, Kant became a character in the first popular narratives about the prewar history of the region. The process of integration of the “outstanding ‘fellow countryman’”, “Kaliningrad philosopher” into the regional culture by the end of the Soviet period was considerably accelerated.

Martyrological in Form, Military-Patriotic in Content

That Putin’s regime has been able to put the memory of the Great Patriotic War (GPW) to political use is hardly news to any observer of Russia. What is often overlooked, however, is that the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) has contributed to the instrumentalization of this memory by the Kremlin. In this article, I aim to bridge this gap. Drawing on an analysis of the ROC’s commemorative activities, I reconstruct the specific, martyrological, interpretation of the GPW that it is forging. With sin, atonement, and glory as its central concepts, this interpretation invests the suffering and losses of the GPW with patriotic sense. Thus, it turns the politically problematic traumatic memory of the GPW into a politically useful one. Simultaneously, it is consistent with the triumphant cult of the GPW advanced by the Kremlin. It also perfectly suits the statist historical narrative focused on the continuity of Russia’s past, which is crucial for the ideology of Putin’s regime. Furthermore, this interpretation does not contradict the Soviet memory of the GPW that the regime relies on. Finally, in combining Orthodox Christianity with militarism, the martyrological interpretation of the GPW is highly suitable for the regime’s political business of the day, which is waging its war against Ukraine.

Management of World Biosphere Reserves in Vietnam: Case Study at Cu Lao Cham - Hoi An Biosphere Reserve

By 2024, Vietnam has 11 Biosphere Reserves recognized by UNESCO, ranking second in Southeast Asia in terms of the number of Biosphere Reserves. However, the reception and utilization of the Biosphere Reserve designation in provinces and at the national level remain passive. In addition to maintaining annual commemorative activities and developing 10-year periodic reports, key activities to fulfill the three basic functions of Biosphere Reserves, namely Conservation, Support, and Development—have not been adequately pursued by localities. The 10-year periodic assessment reports required by UNESCO are fairly well-implemented by Biosphere Reserves and localities. However, the recommendations from these reports have not been clearly proposed to promote strengths and limit weaknesses in the sustainable development of future Biosphere Reserves. The underlying cause of these limitations is that the evaluation of the effectiveness of management and coordination of Biosphere Reserves from national to local levels still adheres to administrative trends, and the scientific evidence supporting the evaluation process is not sufficiently clear. Therefore, recommendations from periodic reports still tend to be procedural and responsible for the Vietnamese government agencies as well as UNESCO. Particularly, these recommendations have not been legally institutionalized or institutionalized to leverage the Biosphere Reserve title in the comprehensive and sustainable development of localities with Biosphere Reserves. Based on this reality, the construction of a Framework to evaluate the effectiveness of management and coordination of Vietnam's Biosphere Reserves through 6 management contents including i) Context and current management status; ii) Development of a Management Plan for each Biosphere Reserve; iii) Mobilization of input resources for management; iv) Management process and coordination mechanism; v) Output products of the management process; and vi) Results/Impacts of the management process. Within these six basic contents, 22 corresponding indicators and 65 specific indicators have been developed to accurately describe the context, conditions, reception process, and management/coordination/operation of each Biosphere Reserve with the participation of government authorities, scientists, business forces, local communities, and stakeholders. Thus, the application of the Framework for effective management evaluation for Vietnam's Biosphere Reserves in the process of building mid-term 5-year and periodic 10-year reports as well as the operation process and leveraging the Biosphere Reserve status of localities and countries, will help provide an accurate and objective description of the landscape of Vietnam's 11 Biosphere Reserves.

From “vernacular museums” to the “do-it-yourself past”

This article examines the idea of “vernacular museums” as it was put forth by Irina Kyzlasova and Elena Chesnokova in an earlier issue of the journal. In response to the authors’ idea, I aim to further develop the line of argumentation, proposing to broaden the scope of analysis for this phenomenon. The article explores the issues surrounding the application of the term “vernacular museum.” These obstacles include the presence of previous iterations of such museums, the inherent contradictions within the categorization of museums’ diversity, and the challenges associated with conceptualizing vernaculars as a significant Other of the officially recognized museum models. The article presents a novel approach to examining modern museum activities, suggesting that they could be placed alongside broader grassroots commemoration activities and memorial activism.

Cracow’s Glinik – World War II Executions Place, Forgotten over the Years and Restored to the Collective Memory. Preliminary Results of Archaeological-and-Exhumation Research

The article is the first English-language publication presenting the topic of one of the places of executions during World War II in Cracow, bearing the local name of Glinik. It was located in a clay mining site for a brick factory operating nearby before the War. Executions were carried out in Glinik from mid-November 1939, basically until the end of 1943. The victims were mainly brought from the Cracow prisons. In the post-War years, it was decided not to carry out exhumations in Glinik. Only several stone obelisks were erected there, and in 1967 a larger memorial was built to commemorate the victims shot in Glinik. The area was only granted the status of a war cemetery in 2012. In the years 2013–2015, exploration works were conducted in the area of Glinik using archaeological research methods. This work was focused on finding the exact location of the place of executions, carrying out exhumations and reburying of the human remains. As a result, 25 graves were located, and the remains of 125 people were excavated from these graves. In many cases, small artefacts were found with them. In only one case, was it possible to identify the remains by name, based on a found identity document. And she is the only certain identified victim of Glinik. The anthropological analysis showed that the vast majority of victims were men (114 persons), while there were 11 women. The cause of death in most cases was a gunshot to the head. All the skeletons were subjected to DNA tests, with the aim of possible future identification of the victims. Their remains were reburied in an interreligious ceremony in Glinik, in two mass graves in the foundation part of the existing monument there. An important stage in restoring the memory of those shot in Glinik were such undertakings as the renovation of the memorial in 2016–2017, which is the dominant feature of the war cemetery. One of these commemorative activities was also an exhibition devoted to the events in Glinik, organized at the Museum of the Home Army in Cracow in 2020, together with accompanying publications. In preparation, there is also a historical-and-archaeological monograph devoted to the war and post-war history of Glinik.

Narrating war through visual language: Commemorative activity of ordinary people in Central Ukraine (Poltava oblast) in 2014–2021

This article examines how ordinary people in the Poltava oblast (Central Ukraine) commemorated the Russia-Ukraine war during the 2014–2021 period (prior to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022). Focusing on physical commemorative objects constructed by ordinary people, this article investigates the commemorative activity of ordinary people in Central Ukraine who are ‘activated’ to carry out commemorative work by this turbulent and emotionally charged event in Ukraine’s recent history and seek to project their individual, private memories into the public arena. This article’s central argument is that ordinary people in Central Ukraine actively exercise their agency in the area of commemoration, to ensure the memory of the Russia-Ukraine war is present in the commemorative landscape, playing an important role in public meaning-making. Thus, by utilising different types of visual language, ordinary people narrate soldiers’ sacrifice in the name of the nation, presenting Ukraine’s response to Russia’s aggression as a righteous and noble struggle. Through linking this event to other periods of Ukraine’s history, they create plotlines of Ukraine’s centuries-long struggle for sovereignty and self-determination. Therefore, ordinary people contribute to the construction of narratives about history and the identity of the Ukrainian nation. This article is an empirical contribution to the body of knowledge on the commemorative activity of ordinary people as social memory actors, and it also contributes to the knowledge of how ongoing violent conflicts are commemorated.

Patterns of Commemoration in Montgomery’s Afterlife: “We Are Not Anne of Green Gables; We Are L.M. Montgomery”

Public attention has recently shifted from focusing almost exclusively on Anne of Green Gables and Montgomery’s other fictions to recognition of the author herself as a compelling historical figure, in line with the mandate of the Lucy Maud Montgomery Society of Ontario (LMMSO), who oversee and operate the Historic Leaskdale Manse, that “[w]e are not Anne of Green Gables; we are L.M. Montgomery.”1 Montgomery is now honoured in a wide range of commemorative activities in the public sphere and enjoys a flourishing afterlife on the page and on the stage.

The Commemorative Activities of Francysk Skaryna in Lithuania 1990–2022

Over the centuries, Francysk Skaryna’s name has become an object of collective memory and research. The article explores the commemorative activities of Skaryna in Lithuania. The article is based on the approach of the Activity Theory of the commemorative activities of F. Skaryna, which allows conducting a complex analysis of the research topic. The aim of the article is to analyze the memorialization of Skaryna in terms of the conducted activity, while distinguishing its characteristic elements – goals, objects, entities, processes, means and results, with the main focus on the subjects and the means of the implemented activity. The object of the research is the activity of commemorating and remembrance of the memory of Skaryna in the period dating from 1990 to 2022. The analyzed data includes scientific publications related to the memorialization of F. Skaryna in Lithuania, official documents, internet resources, media reports, and publications on the websites of science and studies, educational and cultural institutions. The memorialization was achieved by means of monumental and symbolic measures. The remembrance measures fostered historical and cultural memory, developed intercultural dialogue, and supported humanistic ideas. Monumental and symbolic measures, scientific and artistic events, educational activities, creative projects, monographs and religious honoring have made it possible to remember and get to know the heterogeneous personality and activities of Francysk Skaryna. Most of the commemorative and remembrance measures have been devoted to the celebration of anniversaries of his life and activities. At the level of entities, the cohesion of scientists, artists, representatives of culture, education, public organizations and national as well as foreign institutions at various levels has been remarkable, which has contributed to the implementation of numerous measures of the memorialization of F. Skaryna denoted by cultural, artistic, scientific, social, and lasting value for the communication of memory. The analysis of Skaryna’s memorialization activities has allowed us to draw up a generalized model which enables us to reveal and understand this activity as a social, cultural and scientific action and phenomenon through the totality of its elements.

Gettysburg 1963: Civil Rights, Cold War Politics, and Historical Memory in America’s Most Famous Small Town by Jill Ogline Titus

Reviewed by: Gettysburg 1963: Civil Rights, Cold War Politics, and Historical Memory in America’s Most Famous Small Town by Jill Ogline Titus Erin Krutko Devlin (bio) Gettysburg 1963: Civil Rights, Cold War Politics, and Historical Memory in America’s Most Famous Small Town. By Jill Ogline Titus. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021. Pp. 264. Cloth, $95.00; paper, $27.95.) As Jill Ogline Titus reminds readers in Gettysburg 1963, newspaper coverage of the Civil War centennial was distributed alongside stories about the burgeoning Black freedom struggle and debates about Cold War politics and policies. Gettysburg 1963 strives to help readers understand how these threads of American cultural and political life converged on the Gettysburg battlefield, illuminating a contested landscape in which commemorative rhetoric was shaped by a desire to forge a memory of 1863 that could be mobilized in service of a wide range of social and political aims one hundred years later. Titus notes that formal commemorative bodies, such as the U.S. Civil War Centennial Commission, often sought to mobilize a reconciliation-ist vision of the war that emphasized military valor, technological progress, and reunification, which served the broader purpose of reanimating American patriotism and encouraging heritage tourism in the midst of the Cold War. Yet Titus also notes that this narrative was never unchallenged in the commemorative activity surrounding the centennial. She illustrates how an emancipatory memory of the war as a “new birth of freedom” sought to frame the conflict through the lens of racial justice during the civil rights movement, while Lost Cause rhetoric was mobilized to recast resistance to desegregation as the preservation of states’ rights. As Titus demonstrates, both of these alternative strands of memory also sought to tether their memorial claims to the politics of the Cold War, with those promoting an emancipationist vision arguing that the failure to address racial injustice undercut the nation’s position as a beacon of democracy, and those promoting the Lost Cause narrative contending that opposition to civil rights legislation served as a bulwark against government overreach and totalitarianism. Titus argues that these divergent and diverse approaches to memorializing Gettysburg meant that commemorative activities at the battlefield in 1963 “were employed simultaneously to champion racial equality, legitimize midcentury anti-government sentiments and activities, and strengthen the U.S. position internationally” (5). Gettysburg 1963 is focused on official commemorative activity— speeches, pageants, exhibits, and battlefield reenactments—but Titus evocatively notes that participants and visitors exposed to these divergent [End Page 274] interpretations of the war were not passive spectators. “Participants,” she writes, “did not simply absorb the commemoration’s messaging wholesale, but rather made decisions about where and how to participate (and what ideas to embrace) that ensured a variety of different takeaways about the connections between 1863 and 1963” (84). Indeed, Titus concludes that the divergent commemorative narratives presented during the centennial substantially disrupted the reconciliationist rhetoric promoted by the U.S. Civil War Centennial Commission and Gettysburg National Military Park in 1963, with both emancipationist and Lost Cause narratives rising in prominence in the years that followed. Titus explores public reception of these competing strands of memory most directly in her discussion of audience attendance at or reaction to various pageants, roundtables, and public addresses. She is particularly attentive to local participation in commemorative activities on the battlefield’s national stage. Indeed, Gettysburg 1963 examines how national debate about the meaning and memory of the Civil War battle played out locally in the community of Gettysburg itself and nearby Gettysburg College, where Titus currently serves as associate director of the Civil War Institute. Titus notes that local residents had a particular stake in the way the centennial was positioned in relation to heritage tourism and were invested in debates about the appropriate balance between commercialization and battlefield preservation as they sought to harness the economic potential of the centennial. Titus also demonstrates how the borough struggled with its own history of racial segregation and discrimination. The international attention focused on Gettysburg in 1963 provided the local Black community with the leverage needed to push white business owners toward the meaningful desegregation of public accommodations. Gettysburg 1963 will resonate most powerfully for...

The Early Patronage of the Cult of SS. Boris and Gleb

Abstract This paper examines the patronage of the cult of SS. Boris and Gleb through the reign of Volodimir Monomakh (r. 1113–1125) by using textual criticism, memory studies, and works on medieval Christian materiality. It revisits the chronology of the main texts on SS. Boris and Gleb (the Primary Chronicle, two hagiographical tales and Nestor’s Lesson concerning the life and murder of the saints); the Primary Chronicle contaminated the hagiographical works that were written under Monomakh. This textual analysis offers a new perspective on the patronage of the cult. There were many factors that stimulated the emergence of the cult in the 1070s, including the threat of nomadic raids, inter-princely conflicts, and the aspirations of clerical communities to enhance their spiritual glory, augment their wealth, and address issues of historical memory. The promotion of the cult was therefore a collective effort of the princely and clerical elites. Among the clerical promoters of the cult were the metropolitan’s see, monastic communities, and the local clergy in Smolensk and Vyshhorod. The patronage of the cult crossed institutional boundaries as different groups of patrons promoted their interests during the commemoration of the royal martyrs. Royalty sponsored the building and decoration of churches dedicated to the saints. The metropolitan’s see initiated the gathering of information on miracles performed by the saints, organised their liturgical commemoration, and used the cult for mediating princely politics. The cult was also affected by a revision of the memory of Iaroslav Volodimirovich (r. 1019–1054) during the reign of his grandson Volodimir Monomakh. As part of this revision, monastic hagiographers created stories about Iaroslav establishing and patronising the cult of the saints. The myth of Iaroslav’s patronage validated Monomakh’s commemorative activities and appealed to other descendants of Iaroslav as potential sponsors of the cult.

‘If Only for a Day’: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Anniversary Commemoration and International Human Rights Law

Abstract The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is familiar to international human rights lawyers worldwide. Celebrations of its adoption have included commemorative sessions held in the United Nations (UN) General Assembly during milestone anniversary years. Scholarship has not yet considered these sessions together, exploring what may be learned about the UDHR in this UN body as a result. This is the work that the present article undertakes. It finds that, when considered collectively, anniversary days in the General Assembly assist in creating a picture of the UDHR as a legal text in time. This reveals how commemorative activity has engaged with the UDHR in fluid ways and also in ways that stress or demonstrate aspects of continuity. From this analysis, it is possible to deepen understanding of engagements with the UDHR throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and anniversary days emerge as an under-utilized resource for international human rights lawyers.

Contesting Commemoration: The 1876 Centennial, Independence Day, and the Reconstruction-Era South by Jack Noe

Reviewed by: Contesting Commemoration: The 1876 Centennial, Independence Day, and the Reconstruction-Era South by Jack Noe Krista Kinslow (bio) Contesting Commemoration: The 1876 Centennial, Independence Day, and the Reconstruction-Era South. Jack Noe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 2021. ISBN 978-0-8071-7558-3. 244 pp., cloth, $45.00. In Contesting Commemoration: The 1876 Centennial, Independence Day, and the Reconstruction-Era South, Jack Noe adds to the small but growing body of literature on the 1876 World’s Fair. Just in the last few years, scholars (especially art historians) have broken new ground in exploring how the visual culture of the first world’s fair in the United States reflected the conflicted world of the post–Civil War era. Noe expands on this theme by looking at how Reconstruction politics were integral to understanding the Centennial Exhibition, as well as Fourth of July celebrations in the years after the war. He correctly observes that “the commemorative activity of the Reconstruction era was inseparably intertwined with its politics, and ostensibly unifying and celebratory commemorations of the nation’s founding served as arenas for reflecting the deep sectional, partisan, and racial divisions of an unreconciled nation” (13). While he claims that “this book zeroes in on this particular moment” of the 1876 Fair, the work misses opportunities to offer more groundbreaking interpretations (13). This volume is divided into six chapters, with the first two and the last looking at Fourth of July celebrations in the South. The early parts of the book examine how white Southerners rejected the Fourth of July during and after the Civil War, as such celebrations “were symbolic of nationalism and an identity that white southerners had rejected” (55). Meanwhile, African Americans embraced the holiday, as a way to “articulate their claim to the rights of citizenship” (48). [End Page 119] However, as Redemption became reality by 1876, white Southerners began to lose some of their ”antipathy” to Independence Day celebrations, although such festivities continued to be “politically charged” (171–72). The middle of the book explores various facets of the Centennial Exhibition, with a focus on how Southerners, white and Black, reacted to the event. White Southerners often discussed the fair with derision, but African Americans, in contrast, looked at the exhibition as a place to prove their belonging to the nation. This is where Noe misses significant opportunities, as the book really does not present much evidence of African Americans discussing the fair. His best example, on the planned monument to Richard Allen, was an initiative of the African Methodist Episcopal Church headquartered in Philadelphia. Noe is much stronger in showing the various ways white Southerners reacted to the fair, with some linking it to Radical Reconstruction and others seeing it as an opportunity to advance the economic interests of the region, the state, or the local area in which they lived. This is something he terms the “New Departure approach” to the Centennial (75). The controversies over who would represent each Southern state on the Centennial Planning Committee is well covered here, especially the details of the story in Texas. However, it appears the author has mistaken the Louisiana commissioner, John C. Lynch, with Mississippi’s Black representative, John R. Lynch, an understandable mistake, given that the newspaper source he cites made the same critical error (137). In suggesting that the Centennial was “designed to heal the wounds of the Civil War,” Noe perhaps takes its planners too much at their word, given that he also points out that works of art depicting the war abounded, in particular the controversial pro-Union painting Battle of Gettysburg (131). It is in this section that the book would have greatly benefited from some photographs or illustrations, as it is difficult for a reader to understand the analysis without seeing the visual image. The book’s organization breaks down as well. This is perhaps unsurprising, given that the Centennial Exhibition included local, state, and national components and that the book also tries to cover decades of Independence Day celebrations in the entire South, meaning that there is too much to analyze in one volume. It seems it would have been better to focus on one...

An Immersive Digital Commemoration of the Japanese Submarine I-124 Sunk in 1942 outside Darwin Harbor, Australia

The Japanese submarine I-124 was sunk in a military engagement with Allied forces outside Darwin Harbor, Australia, with 80 submariners aboard on 20 January 1942. To mark the 80th anniversary of this historic event and complement more traditional commemorative activities, a virtual-reality experience was created for general public engagement. The experience was based on a high-resolution multi-beam sonar survey completed in October 2021 by the Australian Institute of Marine Science, and used an animation-based workflow to illustrate the survey of the submarine, the events of its sinking and the historical data used to digitally reconstruct it. The animation culminates in a virtual dive across its decks as they may have appeared in the years after the sinking. Future plans for the site include diver-based surveys for photogrammetric survey and management-based monitoring. The creation of the experience required an in-depth consideration of a wide range of stakeholder needs and Australian and Japanese cultural attitudes to commemoration of World War II casualties. We describe the technical and cultural challenges encountered throughout the project.

International heritage in the memorial landscape of the Kaliningrad region

This article aims to analyse the structure of sites in the Kaliningrad region commemorating events, phenomena or figures of international history, as well as to reveal their symbolic significance. The study uses empirical data on the origin, time of construction and purpose of the monuments, memorials and other places of commemoration. Theoretically, it draws on the concepts of cultural memory and sites of memory. The idiographic and historiographic methods were employed along with general scientific methods. At the core of the region’s international memorial landscape structure are sites commemorating the German past of the area or linked to Lithuanian and, less frequently, Polish national cultures. The structure of the memorial heritage is largely a product of the selective preservation of pre-war monuments and constructions in the Soviet period and post-Soviet commemorative activities in the Kaliningrad region, ‘a region of cooperation’. Its most substantial, German, component is a complex symbolic system honouring the intellectual culture of East Prussia and its prominent figures. And, not unlike its Lithuanian and Polish components, it lacks inner unity. Most of the memorial objects examined have been integrated into all-Russian or regional historical narratives and corresponding discourses. Reflecting the ‘Russian story line’ in the local history, it has been appropriated by the local culture of memory.

도심 공공공간 메모리얼의 기념공간 특성 연구

This study investigates the characters of memorial designs today in urban daily places such as plazas, parks, and streets. The study analyzes the memorial designs in views of commemorative spaces, commemorative activities, and commemorative images. The study examines the designs of six memorials which are Nazi Book Burning Memorial, The Dutch Holocaust Memorial of Names, Bologna Shoah Memorial, The New York City AIDS Memorial, Canterbury Earthquake National Memorial, and Memorial for the Victims of the Nazi Euthanasia. From the analysis of the cases, the study finds followings; First, the commemorative spaces are formed around the memorials which are located in the public places, where people walk through. The memorials are often designed in the centers of the plazas due to accessibility and openness while the memorials in streets are designed in linear shapes along pedestrian pathes. Visitors meet the memorials by chance and find that they are already in the memorial spaces. Second, the commemorative activities are conducted around the memorials where visitors appreciate, sympathize, and memorize the historic incidents. Information on the incidents is suggested in brief, connoted, and literary words. Visitors, as they voluntarily follow the clues, hints, and literary metaphors in the memorials, recognize the meaning of the places and evoke sympathies about the historic tragedies. Third, the commemorative images are not often clearly defined since they are carried in walls and surfaces of public places. They are expressed in abstract and suggestive ways as well as in changeable images, thus the memorials do not overwhelm daily urban places. Visitors recognize memorials in the public places that symbolize the incidences and they interpret meanings that the memorials intend to express. The study concludes that the memorial designs today coincide with everyday lives and suggest the persistence of memories of the past, which are ever evolutionary memorial culture in today.

Avaliação do Risco Biopsicossocial dos Trabalhadores em Ambiente Hospitalar

Introduction Health professionals are daily exposed to a set of demands that are often unpredictable and, consequently, have direct implications for their physical and mental health. These demands can come not only from users and family members, but also from working hours and conditions, which are difficult to control or change. According to the World Health Organization, chronic stress in the workplace leads to Burnout Syndrome. In this line of thought, one of the main concerns of Cantanhede’s Arcebispo João Crisóstomo Hospital is to seek and guarantee the general well-being of its employees and to make efforts to ensure a high level of this well-being. Objectives The main objective of this evaluation is to understand the Cantanhede’s Arcebispo João Crisóstomo Hospital health professionals’ levels of Anxiety, Depression and Burnout. Methodology Self-response instruments were used, such as the Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale (EADS-42) and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) Questionnaire. These instruments were applied to professionals who voluntarily collaborated in the study. After applying them, the results were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results Out of the 62 employees who participated in the questionnaire, 83.9% are female and the most represented professional category is Nursing (38.7%). It should be noted that all the results obtained were considered normative/inferior when compared with the data for the Portuguese population, apart from Burnout, related to work, since it presents moderate values ​​for the male gender and moderate for Nursing professional category. Discussion/Conclusion Cantanhede Hospital has developed several strategies for Anxiety, Depression and Burnout Syndrome prevention and minimization, carrying out periodically an assessment of the health professional’s psychosocial risk. In this sense, the hospital has developed several initiatives, such as concerts, commemorative activities, more structured interventions such as yoga and mindfulness, clarification sessions on Burnout syndrome and even psychological and/or psychiatric intervention, whenever the need is identified. It is important to point out that, always aiming health professionals’ well-being, the continuity of this study is imperative, so it will be replicated in 2024. KEYWORDS Burnout Syndrome, Anxiety, Depression, Stress, Occupational Health, Occupational Medicine.

„ŠITIEK METŲ GYVENTA, SUGYVENTA...“: VIETA IR JOS ŽMONĖS KULTŪROS DARBUOTOJŲ BENDRUOMENĖSE

The article aims to show how cultural workers construct a place through both general historical moments of community life and through individual experience. This study used the methods of conversation, questionnaire, semi-structured and in-depth interview, and observational participation. The research reveals that the feeling of home is best revealed through the individual experience of each respondent in relation to other co-workers. Connected by local history, people, experiences and cultural features, cultural workers constantly recreate the local past through institutional festivities, commemorative activities, and communication between past and present community members. Past heroes of cultural institutions are not only important personalities who remember the local history and culture, but are also those who have a subjective influence on the professional identity and internal traditions of cultural workers.

Remembering a forgotten war: The Vietnamese state, war veterans and the commemoration of the Sino-Vietnamese War (1979–89)

This article argues that in the last few years the Vietnamese state and the Vietnamese Communist Party have upgraded the commemoration of a Sino-Vietnamese War (1979–89) that had fallen into oblivion after the normalisation of Sino-Vietnamese relations in 1991. The first part of the article analyses the way in which Vietnam officially commemorated the 40th anniversary of the outbreak of the war against China in 2019. Vietnamese authorities such as the Department of Propaganda and Edcuation stepped up the commemoration of the war, but in comparison with that of the war against the Pol Pot regime it was much more subdued and low-key. The second part of the article shows that the veterans of the Vị Xuyên battle in Hà Giang province where fierce battles had taken place between 1984 and 1989 have actively shaped the commemoration of the war by organising commemorative activities on the old battlefield and reaching out to state media and social media. This highlights the significance of ‘agents of remembrance’ in Vietnam who, along with the official Vietnamese ‘memory machine’, also make important contributions to the commemoration of the past.

抗戰時期中國共產黨形象研究回顧與展望

Studying the image of the CPC during the Anti-Japanese War is helpful to reflect and tell the history of the CPC. Through combing, it is found that the existing domestic research results involve many disciplines such as politics, history communication and linguistics, and discuss the image building and communication of the CPC during the Anti-Japanese War from two aspects of self-shaping and others-shaping. The domestic researches focus on the influence of newspapers, songs, commemorative activities, international friends, mainstream foreign newspapers and the US military observation group on the image building of the CPC. Foreign research has gone through three stages of development due to different historical background, and the research orientation has gradually moved from macro to micro perspective. In the future, in terms of the research trend, the integration of multi-disciplines is promising. In terms of research methods, we can try to use big data and statistics methods to carry out empirical research on the image of the CPC during the Anti-Japanese War. In terms of the materials used in the study, the application of foreign research achievements remains to be further explored.

Review and Prospect of the Study on the Image of the Communist Party of China During the Anti-Japanese War

Studying the image of the CPC during the Anti-Japanese War is helpful to reflect and tell the history of the CPC. Through combing, it is found that the existing domestic research results involve many disciplines such as politics, history communication and linguistics, and discuss the image building and communication of the CPC during the Anti-Japanese War from two aspects of self-shaping and others-shaping. The domestic researches focus on the influence of newspapers, songs, commemorative activities, international friends, mainstream foreign newspapers and the US military observation group on the image building of the CPC. Foreign research has gone through three stages of development due to different historical background, and the research orientation has gradually moved from macro to micro perspective. In the future, in terms of the research trend, the integration of multi-disciplines is promising. In terms of research methods, we can try to use big data and statistics methods to carry out empirical research on the image of the CPC during the Anti-Japanese War. In terms of the materials used in the study, the application of foreign research achievements remains to be further explored.