Combination Of Steam Research Articles

A novel strategy to enhance heavy oil Recovery: Condensation heat transfer calculation and 2-D visualized physical simulation

High carbon emissions and low efficiency in thermal utilization are pivotal challenges in heavy oil development. Addressing the urgent need to enhance heavy oil production, this paper introduces an innovative approach in which aerogel and flue gas serve as supplementary additives in steam thermal recovery. To investigate the mechanisms behind the improved heat transfer and oil recovery facilitated by the combination of aerogel and flue gas, condensation heat transfer experiments and 2-D visual oil displacement experiments were carried out. The condensation heat transfer coefficient, oil displacement performance, and heat utilization efficiency were analyzed and compared. The results showed the porous structure of the aerogel enhances its thermal insulation properties by adsorbing flue gas, thereby reducing the steam-to-cold object condensation heat transfer coefficient by 60.6%. The cementation between aerogel nanoparticles (NPs) retained in the formation and rock particles formed an insulating layer that impedes the upward propagation of steam heat. Combined with efficacy of flue gas foam in improving fluid flow, this promoted the horizontal expansion of the steam chamber, resulting in an 8.2% and 3.4% increase in the steam chamber’s extent compared to using steam and a combination of steam with aerogels, respectively. Moreover, the profile control and thermal insulation impacted following the NPs, lowering the water cut in the produced fluid and enhancing the oil recovery by 7.9%. Upon the application of flue gas, this enhancement in recovery extended to 9.3%.

Combining Steam and Flue Gas as a Strategy to Support Energy Efficiency: A Comprehensive Review of the Associated Mechanisms.

Conventional steam injection projects have long been an iconic process in the development of heavy oil reserves; nevertheless, they face significant challenges in terms of energy efficiency, environmental compliance, and economic viability. Factors such as oil price fluctuations, the imperative for an energy transition, and the push to reduce carbon footprints are hindering new or ongoing implementations of traditional steam injection technologies. In response to these challenges, hybrid methods, such as the combination of steam and flue gas, are emerging as an opportunity to optimize thermal processes to improve oil recovery, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability and extend reservoir productivity life. Steam injection enhances oil recovery by reducing the viscosity of crude oil, improving oil mobility and facilitating its extraction. The utilization of flue gas in steam injection processes has a significant impact on oil recovery and energy efficiency, leveraging industrial byproducts. This not only lowers operating costs but also reduces environmental emissions, aligned with energy transition trends. Incorporating the flue gas into a steam-based process in heavy oil reservoirs has emerged as a promising thermally enhanced oil recovery strategy. This work presents a comprehensive review based on experimental, numerical, and field studies of hybrid steam and flue gas technology as an EOR process. The main recovery mechanisms associated with the process are analyzed. In addition, the laboratory equipment required for experimental evaluations is presented, and reservoir modeling, kinetic and compositional effects on reservoir fluids, and the reduction in heat losses in the steam injection process are discussed. Furthermore, field implementations are reviewed to evaluate lessons learned and experiences on an operative scale. The combination of steam and flue gas represents an opportunity for carbon utilization and geological carbon sequestration. This dual functionality underscores its potential to enhance oil recovery and address carbon-related environmental concerns.

Carbon dioxide-steam reforming gasification of carbonized biomass pellet for high syngas yield and TAR reduction through CFD modeling

Experimental and numerical evaluation of steam and carbon dioxide gasification on torrefied palm kernel shell in an updraft fixed bed gasifier is studied. Euler-Lagrangian two-dimensional model with 15 kinetic reactions is developed to investigate tar formation in relation to torrefaction temperature, gasification temperature, and steam-to-carbon-dioxide ratio (S-CO2-R). The combination of steam and CO2 had considerable effect on the tar reduction and also influenced the gaseous composition significantly when the varying parameters were compared. The results show that increasing both gasification temperature and S-CO2-R do enhance the H2 production whiles drastically reducing the tar formation. The tar concentration reduced by 21.4 % and 20.5 % by changing the S-CO2-R from 0.4 to 2.0 and gasification process temperature from 973 and 1173 K respectively. An increase in hydrogen is also observed, from 55.5 % to 60.84 %, when the S-CO2-R is increased to 1.2. Similarly, 29.1 % increase is observed in gasification efficiency as compared to the raw-PKS.

Steam application with paraquat to control goat weed (Scoparia dulcis) in citrus orchards

Reducing herbicide use in horticultural crop production can ameliorate adverse environmental effects but may also impact weed control effectiveness, especially as it pertains to difficult-to-control weeds. This challenge can be addressed by integrating a non-chemical strategy such as steam application with herbicide application. In this study, steam, as a non-chemical approach, was combined with post-emergence herbicide (paraquat) application for goatweed (Scoparia dulcis) management in citrus orchards. Two field trials based on randomized complete block design were conducted in citrus orchards in Immokalee, FL, in 2018 and 2021. Steam was applied to goatweed at a flow rate of 53 L ha−1 for 5–6 s. Twenty-four hours after steam application, low and high paraquat rates (0.3366 and 1.010 kg ai ha−1) were applied. In addition, the same rates of paraquat were applied without steam for comparison. Untreated checks (UTC) of no herbicide or steam applications were also included in the experiment as a control. Based on visual injury ratings, a combination of steam + low dosage of paraquat was as effective as the high dosage of paraquat alone and steam + high dosage of paraquat at 1, 8, and 16 days after treatment application (DAT) in 2018 trial and 1, 8, 16 and 22 DAT in 2021 trial.However, based on one site-year of biomass data, the percentage of dead weed biomass out of total biomass was statistically similar among all the treatments. Results from this study demonstrate that combining a low rate of paraquat applied in tandem with the steam application has the potential to provide effective goatweed control in citrus orchards.

Modification of Cassava Starch With Combination of Steaming and Acid Hydrolysis and Use as Encapsulant in Nanoencapsulation of Cocoa Leaf Crude Extract (Theobroma cacao L)

The utilization of native cassava starch in the food industry is limited. It needs a modified process to increase its utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a combination of steaming and acid hydrolysis and determine the best temperature and hydrolysis time that is suitable to apply as an encapsulant in the nanoencapsulation process of cocoa leaf crude extract. Modification of cassava starch used 50 ℃, 60 ℃, and 70 ℃ temperatures for 30, 60, and 90 minutes with HCl pH 1. The result showed that modified cassava starch produced from a combination of steaming and acid hydrolysis at 70℃ for 30 minutes has the best specifications with 60.48% solubility, 12.38% hygroscopicity, pasting profile (PV=48; BV=3; FV=66; SV=21). Then, it is combined with Arabic gum and used in the nanoencapsulation process using spray drying. This study showed that encapsulation can protect phenolic compounds of cocoa leaf crude extract resulting brownish-red color surrounded by a black circle. Nanocapsule powder has 13.56% moisture content, 350.3 nm particle size, 16.93 zeta potential, and 84.30% encapsulation efficiency. The combination of steaming and acid hydrolysis at 70 ℃ for 30 minutes produces modified cassava starch which is suitable for use as an encapsulant in the nanoencapsulation process of crude extract of cocoa leaves.

A Case Study on Tropical Bed Bug, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Infestation and Management in Dormitories.

Numerous bed bug research papers have been published in the past 20 yr as a result of bed bug (Cimex spp.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) resurgence in the world. Yet, few of them focused on the management of the tropical bed bug, C. hemipterus (F.). Here, we describe a case of tropical bed bug infestation in two dormitory buildings and effectiveness of a tropical bed bug treatment program. The study site consisted of 125 dormitories in two buildings. An initial building-wide monitoring with ClimbUp interceptors revealed 25 infestations. The spatial distribution of bed bug infested rooms showed a significant aggregated distribution pattern with same infestation status for neighboring units sharing walls. All infested rooms were monitored every 2 wk and treated using a combination of steam and diatomaceous earth (DE) dust application if bed bugs were still found. For the 25 initially identified infested rooms, after 14 wk treatment, 44% of them no longer had bed bugs, and the mean number of bed bugs captured per room decreased by 94.1%. A combination of steam and DE dust treatment is an effective strategy for suppressing tropical bed bug infestations in dormitory environment.

Pyrolysis-catalytic steam/dry reforming of processed municipal solid waste for control of syngas H2:CO ratio

The production of syngas from the pyrolysis-catalytic reforming of processed municipal solid waste in the form of refuse derived fuel has been investigated experimentally using a two-stage fixed bed reactor with a 10 wt% Ni–Al2O3 catalyst. The reforming gases used were a combination of steam and carbon dioxide (dry reforming). The main focus of the research was to manipulate the H2:CO ratio in the syngas for targeted end-use applications by optimizing the process conditions, including the input steam/CO2 reforming gas ratio. The experimental results showed that at higher steam:CO2 ratios, there was a marked increase in H2 yield due to the endothermic nature of the steam and CO2 reforming processes. The catalytic reforming temperature also had a major influence on H2 yield, with increasing temperature raising the hydrogen yield to a maximum of ∼41.0 mmol gRDF−1 at 955 °C catalyst temperature. The H2:CO molar ratio was also affected by the process variables and were interdependent on them. For example, the influence of an increase in the catalytic reforming temperature as the content of steam in the reforming gas input was also increased, produced a maximum H2:CO molar ratio of ∼4.7:1 achieved at an input steam:CO2 ratio of 75:25 and a catalyst temperature of 700 °C. Whereas, at higher CO2 content in the reforming gas, the product H2:CO ratio was ∼1:1. Also, for a steam:CO2 input ratio of 50:50, the H2:CO ratio produced was ∼2:1 and for higher steam content in the reforming gas the product H2:CO was ∼3:1. Design of Experiments (DoE) modelling was carried out using the experimental data to identify the process conditions that would produce a target syngas H2:CO molar ratio of 1:1 and 2:1. The predicted optimised process conditions from the DoE modelling produced experimental results close to the targeted syngas H2:CO molar ratios, thereby validating the DoE model.

Effects of steam on the kinetics of calcium carbonate calcination

The effects of the fraction of steam in the reactive gas atmosphere on the decomposition thermodynamics and kinetics of calcium carbonate are reported by systematic assessment of various combination of steam, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The concentrations of steam, nitrogen and carbon dioxide were varied in the range of 10–90% while assessing the decomposition temperature of the calcium carbonate by means of thermogravimetric analysis. Two commercial samples of stock–lime (96.76% of CaCO3) and Type C sand (85.26% of CaCO3) were compared to investigate the effects of impurities and particle size on decomposition temperature. The effects of temperature and CO2 partial pressure on reaction conversion of CaCO3 were investigated for different concentrations of steam from 70% to 90% in various temperature ranges (830 °C–900 °C). This was used to obtained new kinetic parameters for the calcination reaction with steam and nitrogen at CO2 partial pressure of 0.1–0.4 and temperatures between 830 °C and 900 °C. The activation energy of 161.7 kJ mol−1 and 194.1 kJ mol−1 for calcination of CaCO3 with steam and N2, respectively, imply that steam has a catalytic effect on the calcination reactions. This is confirmed with XRD measurement, which show that no further products are formed after the calcination reaction with steam.

Effect of ultrasound and steam treatments on bioaccessibility of β-carotene and physicochemical parameters in orange-fleshed sweet potato juice

Several health benefits have been associated to orange-fleshed sweet potato owing to the existence of various bioactive compounds, including β-carotene. The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of ultrasound and steam treatment on the bioaccessibility of β-carotene, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase activity, and color in the orange-fleshed sweet potato juice. Sweet potato juice was processed using ultrasound (0.66 W cm−2 and 8 min), steam (2 min), and a combination of steam and ultrasound. The bioaccessibility of β-carotene was increased in processed sweet potato juice, with samples treated by ultrasound showing the highest bioaccessibility (76.6%). Processing had no effect on antioxidant or enzyme activity, but resulted in significant changes in the color of the juice. As a processing technology, ultrasound enables preservation or improvement of the quality of sweet potato juice, and when conbined with other treatments, facilitates the development of new products.

Steam Refining with Subsequent Alkaline Lignin Extraction as an Alternative Pretreatment Method to Enhance the Enzymatic Digestibility of Corn Stover

Agricultural residues are promising and abundant feedstocks for the production of monomeric carbohydrates, which can be gained after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. These monomeric carbohydrates can be fermented to platform chemicals, like ethanol or succinic acid. Due to its high availability, corn stover is a feedstock of special interest in such considerations. The natural recalcitrance of lignocellulosic material against degradation necessitates a pretreatment before the enzymatic hydrolysis. In the present study, a novel combination of steam refining and alkaline lignin extraction was tested as a pretreatment process for corn stover. This combination combines the enhancement of the enzymatic hydrolysis and steam refining lignin can be gained for further utilization. Afterward, the obtained yields after enzymatic hydrolysis were compared with those after steam refining without alkaline extraction. After steam refining at temperatures between 160 °C and 210 °C and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis with Cellic® CTec2, it was possible to enhance the digestibility of corn stover and to achieve 65.4% of the available carbohydrates at the lowest up to 89% at the highest conditions as monomers after enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, the enzymatic degradation could be optimized with a subsequent alkaline lignin extraction, especially at low severities under three. After this combined pretreatment, it was possible to enhance the enzymatic digestibility and to achieve up to 106.4% of the available carbohydrates at the lowest conditions and up to 102.2% at the highest temperature as monomers after following enzymatic hydrolysis, compared to analytical acid hydrolysis. Regarding the utilization of the arising lignin after extraction, the lignin was characterized with regard to the molar mass and carbohydrate impurities. In this context, it was found that higher amounts and higher purities of lignin can be attained after pretreatment at severities higher than four.

Combined steam and CO2 reforming of CH4 for syngas production in a gliding arc discharge plasma

To reduce soot formation during the CO2 reforming of CH4 and to optimize the H2/CO ratio of produced syngas, the combination of steam and CO2 reforming of CH4 (SDMR) in a gliding arc discharge (GAD) plasma reactor is investigated. The effect of the addition of steam on gliding arc discharge characteristics, methane reforming performance, and SDMR at varying CH4/CO2 molar ratios are discussed. When the steam-to-carbon (S/C) molar ratio increases from 0 to 2.3, the CH4 conversion and energy conversion efficiency of syngas production (ECEsyngas) increase initially and then decrease, reaching their maximum values (55.6 % and 36 %, respectively) at an S/C ratio of 0.58. The increased number of OH radicals and H atoms generated from H2O in the plasma promotes CH4 dissociation, H2 selectivity and H2 yield. The H2/CO molar ratio increases from 0.76 to 1.1. The addition of steam significantly suppresses the soot formation, allowing the CH4/CO2 molar ratio to range between 1/3 and 3/1 with a carbon balance of >82 % and a broadly adjustable H2/CO ratio (ranging between 0.4 and 3.0). The ECEsyngas decreases while the energy conversion efficiency for fuel production (ECEfuel) increases alongside increasing CH4/CO2 molar ratios. The ECEfuel peaks at 49.3 % at a CH4/CO2 molar ratio of 3/1. Acetic acid is the primary constituent of the resulting liquid product. A possible reaction mechanism of SDMR is also proposed.

Advanced exergy analysis of organic Rankine Cycles for Fischer-Tropsch syngas production with parallel dry and steam methane reforming

The process for producing Fischer-Tropsch syngas (FTS) with the combination of steam and dry methane reforming (operating in parallel) is demonstrated with the most favorable economics. Conventional exergy analysis (CEA) is firstly used to diagnose the part and degree of inefficiency in the process. The energy-saving potential of each equipment and thermodynamic interactions are further evaluated and classified by advanced exergy analysis (AEA). The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with (or without) recuperators is introduced to recover the waste heat according to the obtained exergy analysis results. The thermodynamic efficiency and total exergy destruction of the ORC are defined as the objective function to determine best working fluids and optimal operation conditions. The performance assessment of proposed three different ORC schemes indicates the dual-pressure ORC system has the best performance with highest thermal efficiency accounting to 15.39%, annual net profit (ANP) accounting to 1.55 E+07dollar/year and 4.6 years payback period. The exergy loss of the novel system integrating with the dual-pressure ORC scheme is reduced to 13.21 MW compare to that of existing process accounts to 34.92 MW, and 88.21% of avoidable endogenous exergy destructions are recovered from waste heat sources. The proposed energy conservation approach in this study can be extended to some other similar chemical processes to achieve the maximum energy and exergy savings.

Research of the combined reforming of bio‐oil model compound for hydrogen production

AbstractThe combination of steam and CO2 reforming of bio‐oil is proposed in this article. The combined reforming can make good use of the advantages of steam reforming and CO2 reforming. The results indicate that H2 yield, potential H2 yield, and H2/CO were 60.23, 81.97, and 2.77%, respectively, at the condition of 700°C and bio‐oil:CO2:H2O = 1:0.5:1.5. Bio‐oil:CO2:H2O has a significant effect on the H2 yield, potential H2 yield, and H2/CO in the process of combined reforming. A different ratio of H2/CO can be obtained by adjusting the proportion of bio‐oil:CO2:H2O, which can meet different industry requirements. The results of X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analyses indicate that the catalyst deactivation was the result of a combination of carbon deposition and Ni grain sintering, and the carbon deposition was a main reason for the catalyst deactivation.

Carbon Sorbent Based on Special Fine Coke for the Extraction of Gold

The production of carbon sorbents based on special fine coke using a combination of steam and gas activation (by gas after the carbonization of Shubarkol coal with carbon dioxide and superheated water vapor) and chemical activation (by sodium hydroxide) was studied. Their textural and sorption properties were characterized. The necessity of separating the carbon and mineral parts of the special fine coke by elutriation in water was shown. The high adsorption capacity of the samples for gold ions was established (the recovery was 99.4–99.9%). The method for the production of a sorbent based on special fine coke in order to extract gold from cyanide solutions and the optimal conditions for its adsorption were recommended.

Synergistic Effects of Thermal Pretreatment, Ultrasound and High-Pressure Processing on the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Echinacea Juice

Fresh Echinacea purpurea plant is a rich source of caffeic acid derivatives, which actively participate in the regulation of immune function. Herein, we describe a novel process for the production of fresh Echinacea purpurea juice rich in caffeic acid derivatives. This novel process includes steam heating (100°C, 15 min) before squeezing the juice to increase the recovery of caffeic acid derivatives from the flower or leaf by 1.5 to 3.7 fold. The recovery was further enhanced by 11–20% using ultrasonication at 500 W for 30 min. The flower, leaf, and root juice of Echinacea purpurea could be preserved for 4 weeks (4°C) or 6 months (−18°C) following ultra-high-pressure pasteurization (300 MPa, 15 min). Under these conditions, more than 90% of active cichoric acid was retained. Furthermore, the frozen-stored Echinacea purpurea juice exhibited similar or better immunoenhancement properties when measured by organ index, ear swelling, and carbon clearance test in mice compared with that of the positive control group (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that a combination of steam, ultrasound, and ultra-high-pressure treatment could serve as a superior process for the preparation of functional Echinacea purpurea juice.

Development and evaluation of a mobile thermotherapy technology for in-field treatment of Huanglongbing (HLB) affected trees

Thermotherapy, as a non-chemical method to treat pests, has many advantages over the conventional chemical methods for treating some plant diseases. However, applying this method in the field, especially in orchards, can be difficult due to technical complications with regards to total coverage of large trees. In this work, a mobile thermotherapy system was designed and developed to provide heat treatment to individual citrus trees infected with Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Based on previous studies, the system was designed to produce heat inside a canopy cover that covered a whole citrus tree, raising the internal temperature to 54 °C and treating the tree for 90 s. The system was able to increase the heat inside the canopy cover using different heat sources by either releasing steam or a combination of steam and hot water. A series of experiments were conducted to assess the uniformity of heat distribution within the tree canopy and the time to reach an appropriate temperature utilising two treatment types: Steam Treatment (ST) and Hot Water & Steam Treatment (HWST). Results indicated that the uniformity of heat is similar with both treatment types, while the average time for the entire treating process was 63% shorter when using HWST compared to ST. Furthermore, HWST reduced energy consumption by 52% compared to ST. The present study focuses on the technical evaluation of an thermotherapy system and does not evaluate the treatment efficiency and tree condition after treatment, which will be the subject of future experimental work.

Dealumination and desilication for Al-rich HZSM-5 zeolite via steam-alkaline treatment and its application in methanol aromatization

The hierarchical HZSM-5 was prepared via dealumination and desilication of commercial Al-rich HZSM-5, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, 27Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, N2 adsorption-desorption, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption, performed thermogravimetric and Raman spectrum. The results showed that partial framework of HZSM-5 was removed after steam treatment at 0.15 MPa, 500°C for 3 h. HZSM-5 with high specific surface area and much mesoporosity was obtained by the subsequent alkaline treatment. The regulation of acid quantity was achieved by altering the concentration of alkaline. Dealumination and desilication of Al-rich HZSM-5 zeolites became more effective using a combination of steam and alkaline treatments than using alkaline treatment alone. Methanol aromatization reaction was employed to evaluate the catalytic performance of treated HZSM-5 at 0.15 MPa, 450°C and MHSV of 1.5 h–1. The results indicated that after steam treatment, HZSM-5 further treated with 0.2 mol/L NaOH exhibits the best catalytic performance: the selectivity of aromatics reached 42.1% and the lifetime of catalyst attained 212 h, which are much better than untreated HZSM-5.

Radio Frequency Heating of Milk–Effects on Quality, Safety, and Shelf Life Assessed Using Artificial Senses and Chemometric Tools

Thermal treatments are widely-used strategies in the food industry to inactivate microorganisms and enzymes in order to guarantee safe products without the need for preservatives, while still prolonging their shelf life. Commercial sterilization usually relies on pressurized hot water or steam, often leading to long process times and to surface dehydration phenomena and overheating. However, from the recent studies in the field of radio frequency heating, it has emerged that food products can be processed with time-temperature regimes that are much milder than those required with conventional techniques, resulting in minimal modification of the sensory and nutritive attributes of the food product itself. In the present work, raw bovine milk was sterilized through a combination of steam and radio frequencies, at various temperatures. Alongside the chemical composition, the pH, acidity, and total mesophilic count have been evaluated before and after the process and at the different exit temperatures, in order to study the impact of this technique on milk quality and safety aspects, during a storage period of 55 days at +4°C. Moreover, the organoleptic properties of milk have been studied using artificial senses coupled with chemometrics. Different temperatures lead to homogenous physicochemical and microbiological results, which conform to those expected for a good quality bovine milk. The assessment of flavor and appearance revealed retained or the minimally modified milk sensorial properties. Therefore, RF heating appears to be a suitable technique for the production of safe milk with a prolonged shelf life up to 40–45 days and without significant alterations of the organoleptic and nutritional attributes.

Synthesis of porous carbon from petroleum coke using steam, potassium and sodium: Combining treatments to create mesoporosity

Bitumen upgrading involves the hydroconversion of larger molecules that require catalyst supports with meso- and/or macropores for access to the active sites. In this study, various activation processes were studied to activate delayed petroleum coke, which is a by-product of oil sands bitumen upgrading and an inexpensive source of carbon. The petroleum coke was subjected to steam, chemical (KOH, NaOH) and combined activation methods at 973 K and 1073 K. The produced materials were characterized with nitrogen physisorption at 77 K and scanning electron microscopy. Combined with the yields, the results suggested that the combination of steam with sodium or potassium increased the mesoporosity of the carbon samples possibly by a catalytic gasification mechanism. A mesopore volume of 0.39 cm3/g with a yield of 27% was achieved by simultaneously activating with sodium and steam. Washing the material after activation with sodium and before introducing steam produced the same mesoporosity but doubled the yield, confirming that steam alone is not effective at creating porosity. The accessibility of the larger pores was confirmed with the adsorption of asphaltenes from Athabasca extra-heavy crude oil. The capacity for asphaltene adsorption increased with increasing mesopore volume.

Effect of sanitizer combined with steam heating on the inactivation of foodborne pathogens in a biofilm on stainless steel

The combined effect of chemical sanitizers including sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, iodophor, and benzalkonium chloride with steam heating on the inactivation of biofilms formed by Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel was investigated. Six day old biofilms, comprised of a mixture of three strains each of three foodborne pathogens, were produced on stainless steel coupons at 25 °C and treated with each sanitizer alone (for 5, 15, and 30 s), steam alone (for 5, 10, and 20 s), and the combination. There was a synergistic effect of sanitizer and steam on the viability of biofilm cells of the three pathogens as evidenced by plating counts and imaging. The combination treatment achieved an additional 0.01 to 2.78 log reduction compared to the sum of each individual treatment. The most effective combination for reducing levels of biofilm cells was the combination of steam and iodophor; steam for 20 s and merely 20 ppm iodophor for 30 s reduced cell numbers to below the detection limit (<1.48 log CFU/coupon). These results suggest that the combination treatment of sanitizer with steam can be applied to control foodborne pathogens biofilm cells in food processing facilities as a potential intervention.