Colostrum Milk Research Articles

Determination of Minor and Trace Elements in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Early Lactation from Tehran, Iran Using Neutron Activation Analysis Method.

This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of both essential and non-essential elements in the breast milk of lactating mothers from Tehran, Iran, during the colostrum period. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) was used to measure the element concentrations. Additionally, the study assessed how these element concentrations were influenced by maternal factors such as age and economic status. Breast milk samples were collected from 95 lactating mothers, aged 18 to 41, during the early lactation phase, specifically within the colostrum period (2-7 days postpartum). The colostrum milk samples were freeze-dried, powdered, and irradiated at the Tehran Research Reactor for neutron activation analysis (NAA). This method was used to measure the concentrations of essential elements-calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), and iodine (I)-as well as non-essential elements-aluminum (Al), bromine (Br), and rubidium (Rb). Descriptive statistics, including mean, median, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation, were calculated for each element. Statistical analyses, such as Pearson's correlation, were performed to assess relationships between the concentrations of various elements. Additionally, t-tests and p-values were employed to evaluate differences in element levels across maternal age groups (17-34 years vs. 35-45 years) and economic status (high/middle vs. low). The mean concentrations of the elements in dry breast milk powder samples were: Al = 6.9mg/kg, Br = 11.9mg/kg, Ca = 2.757mg/g, Cl = 7.836mg/g, I = 1.22mg/kg, K = 5.853mg/g, Na = 4.932mg/g, and Rb = 3.69mg/kg. Significant correlations were found between element pairs, such as Na-Cl, Br-Cl, Na-Br, Rb-K, and I-Cl. Maternal age significantly influenced bromine concentrations, with older mothers showing 22% higher Br levels (p = 0.038), while calcium levels were 15% lower but not statistically significant (p = 0.20). Maternal economic status significantly impacted calcium and potassium concentrations, with higher levels observed in mothers from better economic conditions (p = 0.02 and p = 0.025, respectively). This study highlights the elemental composition of breast milk samples of lactating mothers in Tehran and shows that maternal factors, such as age and economic status, can significantly influence the concentrations of specific elements in breast milk.

Exposure to bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones in colostrum breast milk of Panamanian women: A pilot study from the PA-MAMI cohort

BackgroundBreast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for infants but can also expose them to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), among other environmental contaminants. AimTo determine concentrations of non-persistent phenolic EDCs (three bisphenols, four parabens [PBs], and six benzophenones [BPs]), in colostrum samples from Panamanian mothers and to examine associated reproductive, sociodemographic, and life-style factors. MethodsDispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was used to measure concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (n-PrP), and butyl-paraben (n-BuP), and benzophenones BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-6, BP-8, and 4-hydroxy-BP in colostrum milk samples from 36 mothers. An ad hoc questionnaire was used to collect data on potential influentially variables, and multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted. ResultsTwo or more tested EDCs were detected in 36 colostrum samples (100 %), at least four in 14 samples (38.9 %), and at least six in 4 samples (11.1 %). The most frequently detected compounds were BPA (91.7 %), BP-8 (63.9 %), MeP (47.2 %), and BPF (41.7 %). The median concentration was 3.45 ng/mL for BP-8 and 1.37 ng/mL for BPA. No concentrations of n-PrP, BP-1, BP-6, or 4-hydroxy-BP were detected. Associations were observed between phenolic EDC concentrations and maternal place of residence, consumption frequency of poultry, fish, fresh cheese, fruit, yogurt and chocolate, intake of nutritional supplements, and application of some personal care products. ConclusionsBisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones were widely present in colostrum milk samples from Panamanian women. Preventive measures are needed to maximize the benefits of breastfeeding.

Acute Spondylodiscitis Following Consumption of Goat Milk Colostrum

Acute Spondylodiscitis Following Consumption of Goat Milk Colostrum

A Review: The Effect of Bovine Colostrum on Immunity in People of All Ages.

Bovine colostrum provides newborn calves with strong passive immunity, which will further affect the immunity of their offspring. Compared with other commercial dairy products, bovine colostrum emphasizes the limit of aflatoxin M1, pathogenic bacteria, microorganisms, antibiotics, stimulants, and other items, so it is safe to use. There are many reports that the use of bovine colostrum as a breast milk fortifier for preterm infants provides necessary immune support for premature infants, but the selection of bovine colostrum products chosen must be free of Bacillus cereus because they are very dangerous for premature infants. This also emphasizes that for the bovine colostrum that is used in preterm infants, more clinical research support is needed. At the same time, it should also be emphasized that the composition of BC is different from that of human colostrum, in particular, the main protein of BC is casein, while the main protein in breast milk is whey protein, especially α-lactalbumin, which together with ovalbumin is still the reference protein with the best biological value, especially for muscles. Therefore, bovine colostrum is currently not a complete substitute for breast milk. In recent years, in addition to reports of bovine colostrum use in preterm infants, studies have also found that bovine colostrum has immunomodulatory and promoting effects in adolescents, adults, and the elderly. This suggests that bovine colostrum has the potential to provide appropriate immune support for people of all ages. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of nutritional characteristics of bovine colostrum on three dimensions. The effects of bovine colostrum on people of all ages is a narrative review of the effects of bovine colostrum on immunity in people of all ages. This review identified several classes of immunoactive substances in bovine colostrum, including immunoglobulins, cytokines, and enzymes, and compared the nutritional composition of bovine colostrum with mature milk, colostrum and mature milk in full-term breast milk, and colostrum and mature milk in preterm breast milk, to demonstrate that bovine colostrum provides a rich range of immunoactive components. In addition, the influencing factors affecting the quality of bovine colostrum (immunoglobulin) were reviewed, and it was found that individual differences, environmental factors, and processing methods had a great impact on the quality of BC. More importantly, the immunomodulatory effects of bovine colostrum in people of all ages were reviewed in detail (with an emphasis on preterm infants and immunocompromised children in neonates) as evidence to support the immunity effects of colostrum in people of all ages. This review hopes to use the above evidence to make people understand the health role of bovine colostrum as having a human immunomodulatory effect, and at the same time, when seeing the potential value of bovine colostrum in the future, the limitations of its application should also be deeply re-explored, such as lactose intolerance, allergies, etc., to provide effective solutions for the wide application of bovine colostrum.

Penerapan Metode User Centered Design pada Aplikasi UMKM Berbasis Android (Studi Kasus : UMKM Kenyot Susu Boyolali)

MSME Kenyot Susu is one of the MSMEs in Boyolali that sells various processed foods and drinks made from colostrum milk. Currently, product introduction activities only involve participating in events and bazaars so that the community reach is not wide enough. Reseller registration is currently still done manually by coming directly to the location. This research focuses on developing Android-based MSME applications using the User Centered Design method which was built using the PHP, Javascript, and Dart programming languages and using the Flutter framework. The testing method uses a usability test with a questionnaire and is measured using a Likert Scale. This research succeeded in developing an Android application as an MSME information system that displays MSME profiles, products sold, reseller data but does not include buying and selling transactions. From the test results, an average score of 79% was obtained in the category (agree/good/like), which shows that the application design that was built was in accordance with user expectations.

Colostrum in cheese milk: Effects on physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of milk, whey and fresh cheese

Colostrum presence in milk may cause problems in industrial processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of cheese whey and model-fresh cheeses made from milk containing up to 10% colostrum. Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of colostrum, milk, cheese and cheese whey were evaluated. IgG content in colostrum, milk and cheese whey was also analyzed. The colostrum presence changed cheese milk composition, physicochemical parameters, IgG content and microbial counts. As the presence of colostrum increased, cheeses had higher protein and moisture contents, while aerobes mesophiles and coliform counts decreased. The cheese and cheese whey color were slightly to noticeably different when up to 10% colostrum was added to the cheese milk. The whey IgG concentration increased significantly when the cheese milk contained 5% and 10% colostrum. This should be taken into consideration when this by-product be potentially used in the production of value-added dairy or nutraceutical products.

Changes in the fatty acid profiles and health indexes of bovine colostrum during the first days of lactation and their impact on human health

Our objective was to analyze the changes in fatty acid (FA) profiles of bovine colostrum and immature milk during the first four days of lactation and assess their potential impact on human health. Colostrum and immature milk samples were collected from Czech Fleckvieh cows during their first to third lactation and the FA profiles were analyzed using multidimensional gas chromatography with a vacuum ultraviolet detector (GC×GC-VUV). The colostrum of primiparous cows contained lower levels of medium-chain and saturated fatty acids, and higher levels of mono- and unsaturated fatty acids compared to that of multiparous cows. The atherogenic and thrombogenicity indexes, as well as the hypocholesterolemic-to-hypercholesterolemic fatty acid ratio, were more favourable in primiparous cows. This makes colostrum fat an attractive product for human nutrition. To obtain the maximum health benefits, we recommend collecting and processing the colostrum of primiparous cows and immature milk at the end of the milk transition separately.

Mothers' perception and practice on newborn care and the use of social media as informational source for newborn care at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Riyadh

Objective: This study aimed to measure the level of knowledge and practice of mothers on newborn care and the use of social media as a source of newborn care information by those mothers. Methods: This was an observational, descriptive cross- sectional study that was conducted at three primary health care (PHC) centers including Health Care Specialty Center (HCSC), King Abdulaziz City Housing (Iskan), National Guard Comprehensive Specialized Clinic (NGCSC) and Obstetric and Gynecologic clinics 101 (KAMC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed amongst 400 Saudi mothers to collect the data. Results: This study included 346 participants with a mean age of 32.01±6.388 years. More than half (n=208, 60.1%) participants got an average knowledge score. Additionally, 57.6% (n=196) women breast fed their children after birth, while 61.7% (n=208) gave colostrum milk. Further, 95% (n=323) women considered that the information from social media was not sufficient. It was found that mothers with educational level up to high school level, had higher average scores of knowledge (66.9%) as compared to the women with university level who had (57.4%) a less average score of knowledge, and this was a significant difference. It was also found that mothers who took information from their doctors had high average knowledge scores (69.8%) and this was again a considerable difference. Conclusion: The study revealed significant gaps in mothers' knowledge of certain child health matters. Health education in hospitals before delivery and upon discharge needs to be more regularized and supervised.

Effects of 12 weeks colostrum milk supplement among older adults: A randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial

The effects of milk intake, particularly bovine colostrum-enriched skim milk among older adults, were investigated. Sixty-six adults aged 50–69 years old were recruited for a 12-weeks double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Participants were instructed to consume colostrum-enriched or placebo skim bovine milk in two sachets daily. Participants in the intervention and placebo groups showed significant (p <0.05) drop in BMI, hip circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, improvement in physical fitness test and increment in differential white cell count. Further, consumption of bovine colostrum-enriched skim milk could significantly (p <0.05) improve verbal memory (as indicated by Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test score), and reduce total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels among older adults. However, none of the outcome measurements showed a significant interaction effect of group and time. In conclusion, consuming milk, especially the bovine colostrum-enriched skim milk could provide beneficiary health effects and promote healthy ageing among older adults.

Commercialization of Colostrum Milk for the Benefit of Human Health in Gunupur City, Odisha

Colostrum milk is the first milk produce after the parturition or the baby birth. It is a necessary food for a new born baby for increase its immune system to protect against pathogen and boost the physiological performance, growth and mental development. Colostrum milk contains polysaturated fatty acids, growth factor, hormones, oligosaccharide, lactoferrin, a greater number of leukocytes (WBC cells) and high concentration of immunoglobulins. Colostrum milk provides passive immunity to the new born. People in the Gunupur block are establishing dairy farms and producing milk on a large scale. So, if we establish a factory of Colostrum milk then, we can easily collect the colostrum milk from the dairymen and supply the products by suitable transport medium to other states of India. The colostrum milk is highly proteinaceous product which is highly beneficial to the patients and build a new born babies’ immune system. My goal is to use government funding to commercialize colostrum milk in the Gunupur block and distribute it to nearby government hospitals and underprivileged citizens.

CircABPD1 alleviates oxidative lung injury of bronchopulmonary dysplasia through regulating miR-330-3p/HIF1α axis

In the NICU, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a concerning common respiratory complication in preterm and low birth-weight infants. Clinical studies have confirmed that human milk has an important nutritional role for children with BPD, therefore, dentification of beneficial components in human milk that prevent BPD is urgently needed. Our previous work showed that human milk exosomes (HM-Exos) could inhibit apoptosis of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AT II), and the circular RNA (circRNA)-circABPD1 were highly expressed in preterm colostrum milk exosomes. Exosomes transport circRNAs that are stable and may exert anti-inflammatory and immune effects attracted the attention of researchers, but the role and mechanism of human milk exosome-derived circABPD1 in BPD remains unclear. Here, we constructed BPD in vivo and in vitro models through exposure to hyperoxia, verified the effect of circABPD1 and revealed its mechanism through rescue experiments. We found that circABPD1 had circRNA properties, and overexpression of circABPD1 could improve reduced alveolar number, enlarged the alveolar linear intercept in vivo models of BPD, promote cell proliferation, reduce oxidative stress levels and alleviate lung epithelial cell damage in vivo and in vitro models. Mechanistically, circABPD1 targets miR-330–3p and regulates the expression of HIF1α. These results suggest that circABPD1 can improve the pathologoical changes of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, promote cell proliferation, inhibit oxidative stress level, and alleviate lung injury by targeting the miR-330–3p/HIF1α axis, which provides a new idea for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant’s life and associated factors in a low–middle income country

BackgroundAlthough breastfeeding is practiced by 98% of mothers in Vietnam, infant breastfeeding behaviors remain far from World Health Organization recommendations and continues to decline. This study aims to explore the prevalence and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of an infant’s life.MethodsA cross-sectional study utilized a self-administered maternal questionnaire to collect data on 1072 Vietnamese mothers who brought infants aged between 6 and 30 months to a community health centre (CHC) for routine vaccination. Data collection was conducted from March to May 2021 in two cities in Central and North Vietnam. In order to measure exclusive breastfeeding, we asked mothers to recall (yes / no), if the child had received breast milk, formula, colostrum milk powder, water, vitamin / medicine, fruit juice / honey, and complementary foods aged under six months.ResultsIn the first six months, 14.2% of mothers exclusively breastfed their infants. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between exclusive infant breastfeeding and the highest maternal education level (university or postgraduate) (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10, 5.91); male infants (aOR 1.72; 95% CI 1.11, 2.68); duration of skin-to-skin contact greater than 90 min (aOR 7.69; 95% CI 1.95, 30.38); receiving first breastfeeding during skin-to-skin contact (aOR 2.31; 95% CI 1.30, 4.10); completely feeding infant directly at the breast (aOR 1.65; 95% CI 1.00, 2.71) and exclusive breastfeeding intention during pregnancy (aOR 2.48; 95% CI 1.53, 4.00). When compared with mothers who were prenatally exposed to infant formula advertising classified as “often”, the prevalence of exclusive infant breastfeeding was higher in mothers who classified their prenatal exposure to infant formula advertising as “sometimes” (aOR 2.15; 95% CI 1.13, 4.10), and “seldom” (aOR 2.58; 95% CI 1.25, 5.36).ConclusionThe prevalence of mothers who practiced exclusive infant breastfeeding during the first six months in Vietnam was low. Infants should receive early maternal-infant skin-to-skin contact greater than 90 min and complete first breastfeeding during skin-to-skin contact. Further, mothers should be protected against infant formula advertisements to maximise the likelihood of exclusive breastfeeding during the child’s infancy.

Bioprospecting of Lactobacillus sp. Starter Culture from Colostrum Breast Milk for Probiotic Milk Production from Soybeans

Lactobacillus sp. is a bacterium that naturally exists in various environments, including in breast milk colostrum. This bacterium belongs to a group of lactic acid bacteria that produce lactic acid as the main product of sugar fermentation so that it has probiotic properties that also play a role in the fermentation process. This study aims to produce probiotic milk using Lactobacillus sp isolates from breast milk colostrum with soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril.) as the base material and then test the total lactic acid content, pH value, reducing sugar and the number of lactic acid bacteria. The production of soybean fermented milk is based on the analysis of total lactic acid content by acid-base titration method with 0.1 N NaOH standard solution, pH value by using universal pH meter, reducing sugar test by spectrophotometric method of Nelson-Somogyi and the number of lactic acid bacteria by using Glucose Yeast Pepton Agar (GYPA) medium added with CaCO3 then calculated by using Standard Plate Count (SPC) method with TPC value (Total Plate Number) is 2.3. 1012 colonies/ml, 2.5.1012 colonies/ml, 4.5.1014 colonies/ml, 4.1.1014 colonies/ml. From the results of the study it is known that Lactobacillus sp isolates from breast milk colostrum fluid can ferment soybean milk (Glycine max (L.) Merril.)

The Effects of 12 Weeks Colostrum Milk Supplementation on the Expression Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and Metabolic Changes among Older Adults: Findings from the Biomarkers and Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis.

Senescence is a normal biological process that is accompanied with a series of deteriorations in physiological function. This study aimed to investigate the effects of bovine colostrum milk supplementation on metabolic changes and the expression of various biomarkers on inflammation, antioxidant and oxidative damage, nutrient metabolism, and genomic stability among older adults. Older adults (50-69 years old) who participated in the 12-week randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial were instructed to consume the IgCo bovine colostrum-enriched skim milk or regular skim milk (placebo) twice daily. Following 12 weeks of intervention, participants in the intervention group had lower expression levels in pro-inflammatory mediators (CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α), with significant (p < 0.05) interaction effects of the group and time observed. However, no significant interaction effect was observed in the vitamin D, telomerase, 8-OHdG, MDA, and SOD activities. UPLC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that 22 metabolites were upregulated and 11 were downregulated in the intervention group compared to the placebo group. Glycerophospholipid metabolism, along with cysteine and methionine metabolism were identified as the potential metabolic pathways that are associated with bovine colostrum milk consumption. In conclusion, consuming bovine colostrum milk may induce metabolic changes and reduce the expression of various pro-inflammatory mediators, thus improving the immune function in older adults.

Assessment of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anticancer Potential of Lactoferrin Extracted from Camel Milk.

Lactoferrin is a multifunctional glycoprotein present in mammalian milk. It possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and several biological functions. Owing to the current trend of increasing antibiotic resistance, our study was designed to purify lactoferrin from camel milk colostrum using cation exchange chromatography on the SP-Sepharose high-performance column. The purity and molecular weight of lactoferrin were checked by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The chromatogram of the purification procedure illustrated a single peak corresponding to lactoferrin, while the SDS-PAGE revealed 78kDa molecular weightprotein. Furthermore, lactoferrinprotein and its hydrolysate form were assessed for its antimicrobial potential. The highest inhibitory effect of whole lactoferrin at the concentration (4mg/ml) was observed against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and S. aureus, while 10mg/ml concentration was effective against K. pneumonia, and 27mg/ml was potent against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, P. aeruginosa. Likewise, MRSA was more sensitive toward iron-free lactoferrin (2mg/ml) and hydrolyzed lactoferrin (6mg/ml). The tested lactoferrin forms showed variability in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) among tested bacteria. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis images revealed distortions of the bacterial cells exposed to lactoferrin. The antibiofilm effect differed depending on the concentration and the type of the bacteria; biofilm inhibition ranged from 12.5 to 91.3% in the tested pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, the anticancer activity of lactoferrin forms exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxicity against human lung cancer cell line (A549).

What they know about their work, barriers, and challenges faced by the community health workers while performing their multiple roles: mixed method study in India

Background: Accredited social health activist (ASHA) forms the backbone of National Health Mission (NHM) as they are the important link between the community and the health system, her services become very crucial for the success of NHM. They are occupied by multiples roles, responsibilities and they are expected to perform at optimum level. Aim was to assess the knowledge and practice of ASHA workers regarding their work responsibilities and to explore the barriers and challenges faced by them while performing their multiple roles. Methods: An explanatory mixed-methods study was conducted among community health workers (ASHA) of having at least one years of experience at Uttarakhand, India with 150 ASHAs for quantitative and 14 for qualitative. Purposive sampling was employed for both the approaches. Results: Quantitative approach shown that almost 91% of ASHA are having the knowledge about the importance of colostrum milk followed by importance of Anganwadi center (83%), immunization (79%), general health (70%), and birth preparedness (69%). The core thematic areas in qualitative result represented as personal, psychological, economic, social and environmental factors. They showed a level of unhappiness and distress related to their work overload and incentives. Conclusions: In general, ASHAs are having adequate knowledge about their job responsibilities, there is more training needed about maintaining the records and documentation process. There is immediate need to overcome the barriers and challenges they are facing, which can hamper their performance level.

Determination of potential probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from colostrum milk

Colostrum milk has been used as a source for isolating many probiotic bacteria since it contains many helpful probiotic microorganisms. Because of the huge microorganism diversity and functionality of colostrum, there is opportunity to isolate bacteria and analyze their probiotic potential. Comparing the diversity of probiotic bacteria in milk from postpartum periods is also crucial. In the current study, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) cultures were isolated from cow colostrum milk. The 28 cultures were isolated, but only 2 were characterized as LAB by their colony and molecular characterization, Gram nature, catalase, antibiotics, and pepsin tolerance. As a result of molecular identification tests, the isolates were identified as Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei with 99-100% homology. These two isolates could survive in the presence of gastric and intestinal conditions. These isolates also showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The results demonstrated that LAB species isolated from colostrum milk exhibited promising probiotic properties and seemed favorable for use in pharmaceuticals and foods.

Assessment of colostrum avoidance practice and associated factors among mothers of children under 2 years in Debre Berhan town North Shwoa Zone, Ethiopia: a community-based cross sectional study

Background: A Scientific evidence has revealed early feeding of colostrum to the newborn is a key to tackle against harmful germs by coating his intestines, and helping to shield his immune system against germs. Objective: To assess Colostrum avoidance and associated factors among mothers of children under 2 years of age in Debre Berhan town North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess colostrum avoidance practice in Debre Berhan town with total sample of 296 mother’s of children under two years of age from January 15to February 20, 2021. Data were collected by using structured-interview questionnaires from randly selected four kebeles after proportionaly allocated the study population for eah kebeles. Bivariate and Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to examine the possible predictors and chi-square test was doneto check variables with the statistical association of P-value of &lt; 0.05 and OR with 95% confidence interval were considered. Result: All the study participants were enrolled in making a response rate of 100%.The mean age of the mother was 28.6 with 4.99 Standard deviation and the majority of them were orthodox 197 (66.6%) and 105(35.5%) of mothers were complete secondary education level. Out of 296, 122 (41.2%) of mothers were housewife, 262(88.5%) were married. The prevalence of colostrum avoidance was 17.9%, who did not feed colostrum for their child with different reasons. Out of this mothers who avoid their colostrum milk due to maternal illness 29(54.72%), dirty 4(7.55%) and Yellowish milk with 34(64.15%) of by their own decision and gave other feed 17 (25%).The reasons of colostrum avoidance with avoidance practice x2 =44 with p value &lt;0.01 and COR =1.3(1.1-1.5, Prelacteal feedings were 3.16 higher to avoid their colostrum than those who had aware of colostrum feeding mothers (COR=4.2, AOR=3.16, 95% CI=1.6-6.19) were statistically associated with colostrum avoidance. Conclusion and recommendation: To improve neonatal health and growth, maternal awareness is decisive factor through delivering health education and promoting immediate colostrum feeding practice therefore, attention is required by community health workers to work on it.

Relation between Color and Chemical Composition of Dromedary Camel Colostrum.

Camel milk industrialization faces technological problems related to the presence of colostrum in milk. The determination of color parameters may serve to differentiate between colostrum and milk. This work aimed to study the relationship between the chemical composition of camel colostrum and milk and their colors. Samples of colostrum were collected at 2, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, and 360 h postpartum (n = 16), and their physicochemical properties (pH, acidity, viscosity, color, dry matter, ash, protein, and fat) were analyzed. The results show that all the components decreased during the first 3 days except fat. The content of this later increased from zero in the three sampling on the first day (2, 12, and 24 h) to 1.92 ± 0.61% at 48 h postpartum. The amount of total dry matter and protein decreased from 20.95 ± 3.63% and 17.43 ± 4.28% to 13.05 ± 0.81% and 3.71 ± 0.46%, respectively, during the first 7 days postpartum. There was a weak correlation between the brightness (L*) of the camel milk and its contents of dry matter, protein, and fat; however, these parameters were strongly correlated with redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). Ash content was poorly correlated with the color parameters. Hence, the measurement of the color parameters of camel colostrum and milk can be a new tool to evaluate their quality.

Assessment on Knowledge of Adult Women with Regards to Benefits of Breastfeeding at Prince Bader Housing

Objective was assess the knowledge of the adult women with regards to the benefits of breastfeeding at Prince Bader Housing. This study was a cross-sectional survey targeting mothers visiting primary health care clinics. Nearly 200 single-page questionnaires with 20 questions were distributed to visiting mothers at the well-baby clinics. Sampling was convenient and randomness was assumed by visit sequence, on a "first-come-first-serve" basis, and those who agreed to participate. Mothers visiting the O.B clinic or visiting the Pediatrician and Well-Baby Clinic within the PHC centers for immunization of their children (under 2 years of age) SPSS was used for data analysis. The total subjects in this study were 188, the average age of the participants was 32.6 years with a standard deviation of 32, the youngest age of the participant was 22 years and oldest age was 46 years and the average family size was 1.5 (roughly 2 children). A substantial majority of mothers agreed that breast milk is better than any formula milk. More than three-fourths of the mothers responded that Exclusive breastfeeding should be given. The majority of mothers can identify the colostrum in breast milk, majority of mothers believed that breastfeeding will protect their baby from specific diseases.In this study, more than two-thirds of the mothers answered questions in a manner that indicates they are well educated about the benefit of breastfeeding. This points towards the implementation of a good educational program for mothers by healthcare providers.