Abstract
The effect of colostrum on calves' health status was intensively studied, while the role of transition milk was left underestimated. The common practice is to feed calves with an adequate amount of colostrum immediately after calving and soon after feeding calves are weaned from dams. In this research, calves were not weaned from dams for at least 2 weeks receiving both colostrum and transition milk on demand. Thus, we have recreated natural feeding conditions for calves' development. We used a stratified sample method to test whether the size of the dairy cattle farms, breed, parity number, season of calving, and length of the dry period affect the likelihood of calves' infection with Cryptosporidium spp. considering these factors influence both colostrum and transition milk quality. The main results showed that 26.1% of calves were positive for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. The presence of clinical signs of diarrhea was recorded in 15% of the positive animals. Regression analysis showed that multiparous cows decrease the chance of calves to have Cryptosporidium spp. by 82%–89%, while cows calved on small farms decrease the chance of calves to have Cryptosporidium spp. by 80%. We suggest that primiparous cows are spending inner resources primarily on their maturation, thereby leaving the prerequisites for the infection of their offspring, while intense farming just increases the chance of unprotected calves to obtain infections.
Highlights
IntroductionColostrum is an exceptionally complex secretion that contains more than 250 various active chemical compounds [1]
Because immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the predominant antibody present in cow colostrum and because calves are born without protective antibodies and must consume colostrum immediately after birth, immunoglobulins are the beststudied components of cow colostrum [5, 6]. e ingestion of an adequate volume of high-quality colostrum is one of the most important factors influencing the health and survival of dairy calves because it provides passive transmission of immunity from cow to calf
IgG is reported as a protective substance [7] against various pathogens (Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Cryptosporidium), Derbakova et al [8] have not recorded a relationship between the level of IgG in bovine colostrum and the likelihood of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in calves
Summary
Colostrum is an exceptionally complex secretion that contains more than 250 various active chemical compounds [1]. It contains major nutrients (fat, lactose, proteins, minerals, and vitamins) and various growth factors [2, 3] and immune factors (live maternal immune cells, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal matter) [4]. IgG is reported as a protective substance [7] against various pathogens (Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Cryptosporidium), Derbakova et al [8] have not recorded a relationship between the level of IgG in bovine colostrum and the likelihood of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in calves. In addition to IgG, there are many other factors in colostrum that may potentially influence infection with Cryptosporidium spp. In addition to IgG, there are many other factors in colostrum that may potentially influence infection with Cryptosporidium spp. [10], it seems reasonable to evaluate
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