Color Variants Research Articles

Transcriptome comparison for identification of pigmentation-related genes in different color varieties of Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens

Transcriptome comparison was performed to identify genes expressed in skin, muscle and tails of mono-color (Red, Blue, Black, White and Yellow), bi-color (Cambodian) and multi-color (Marble) varieties of Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens. In total, 163,140 unigenes covering 26.348 Gb were found. Of these, 93,899 (57.55 %) unigenes significantly matched at least one database. In total, 5039 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found where 2415 genes (47.93 %) showed higher expression and 2624 genes (52.07 %) showed lower expression for all pairwise comparisons. DEGs between paired color varieties were 133–443. Of these, 38–220 genes were more highly expressed while 37–280 genes were more lowly expressed relative to the compared varieties. A total of 897 sequences (148 genes) significantly matched pigmentation-related genes of Danio rerio (E-value < 1e-06). Of these, 19 DEGs were identified. Examples are tyrosinase-related protein 1a (BsTyrp1a), epidermal growth factor receptor (BsEgfr) and neurofibronin 1a (BsNf1a). Moreover, 711,123 SNPs were identified and 1365 of these were located in pigmentation-related genes. Interestingly, an A > C474 SNP in the gene BsTrpm7 and an indel (position 3571) in the BsItgb1a gene were found only in Cambodian. A C > T2520 SNP in BsFzd4 and 10 of 11 SNPs in BsTyrp1a were found only in Black. Different expression levels (P < 0.05) were found for tyrosinase (BsTyr), BsTyrp1a, BsNf1a and BsEgf1 among skin, body muscle and tails of the same variety and among the same tissues of different varieties (Red, Green, Blue, Black, Cambodian and Multi-colors, N = 5 each).

Sweet potato color variety and flour production drying method determine bioactive compound content and functional properties of flour

Sweet potato color variety and flour production drying method determine bioactive compound content and functional properties of flour

A Tale of Color Variants: Representation and Self-Supervised Learning in Fashion E-commerce

In this paper, we address a crucial problem in fashion e-commerce (with respect to customer experience, as well as revenue): color variants identification, i.e., identifying fashion products that match exactly in their design (or style), but only to differ in their color. We propose a generic framework, that leverages deep visual Representation Learning at its heart, to address this problem for our fashion e-commerce platform. Our framework could be trained with supervisory signals in the form of triplets, that are obtained manually. However, it is infeasible to obtain manual annotations for the entire huge collection of data usually present in fashion e-commerce platforms, such as ours, while capturing all the difficult corner cases. But, to our rescue, interestingly we observed that this crucial problem in fashion e-commerce could also be solved by simple color jitter based image augmentation, that recently became widely popular in the contrastive Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) literature, that seeks to learn visual representations without using manual labels. This naturally led to a question in our mind: Could we leverage SSL in our use-case, and still obtain comparable performance to our supervised framework? The answer is, Yes! because, color variant fashion objects are nothing but manifestations of a style, in different colors, and a model trained to be invariant to the color (with, or without supervision), should be able to recognize this! This is what the paper further demonstrates, both qualitatively, and quantitatively, while evaluating a couple of state-of-the-art SSL techniques, and also proposing a novel method.

Loss of anthocyanidin synthase gene is associated with white flowers of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba, a natural variant of S. miltiorrhiza.

SmANS deletion leads to white flower mutation in Salvia miltiorrhiza. SmANS deletion leads to white flower mutation in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Abstract Salvia miltiorrhiza is an essential traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with purple flowers, and S. miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba is a unique intraspecific variation with white flowers. The molecular mechanism of flower color formation in S. miltiorrhiza will provide vital information for the variation and evolution. Here, we performed HPLC, transcriptomic, and re-sequencing analyses of purple-flowered S. miltiorrhiza line 'Zihua105' (ZH105) and white-flowered S. miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba line 'Baihua18' (BH18). Delphinidin was the most anthocyanidin in ZH105, which become the main different between ZH105 vs. BH18 flowers. Transcriptome analysis revealed 299 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). SmANS, the anthocyanidin synthase gene in the down-stream anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, was significantly expressed in ZH105 corollas, suggesting it might play a key role in white petal formation. Whole-genome re-sequencing revealed that a 6.75kb segment located on chromosome 5, which contains the complete sequence of the SmANS genes, was lost in BH18 and another S. miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba line. In contrast, the other five purple-flowered S. miltiorrhiza lines both possessed this segment. Further molecular marker identification also confirmed that wild S. miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba lines lost regions that contained a complete or important part of SmANS sequences. Subsequently, the research showed that the deletion mutant of SmANS genes resulted in the natural white flower color variant of S. miltiorrhiza.

Molecular tracking and prevalence of the red colour morph restricted to a harvested leopard population in South Africa.

The red leopard (Panthera pardus) colour morph is a colour variant that occurs only in South Africa, where it is confined to the Central Bushveld bioregion. Red leopards have been spreading over the past 40 years, which raises the speculation that the prevalence of this phenotype is related to low dispersal of young individuals owing to high off‐take in the region. Intensive selective hunting tends to remove large resident male leopards from the breeding population, which gives young male leopards the chance to mate with resident female leopards that are more likely to be their relatives, eventually increasing the frequency of rare genetic variants. To investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying the red coat colour morph in leopards, and whether its prevalence in South Africa relates to an increase in genetic relatedness in the population, we sequenced exons of six coat colour‐associated genes and 20 microsatellite loci in twenty Wild‐type and four red leopards. The results were combined with demographic data available from our study sites. We found that red leopards own a haplotype in homozygosity identified by two SNPs and a 1 bp deletion that causes a frameshift in the tyrosinase‐related protein 1 (TYRP1), a gene known to be involved in the biosynthesis of melanin. Microsatellite analyses indicate clear signs of a population bottleneck and a relatedness of 0.11 among all pairwise relationships, eventually supporting our hypothesis that a rare colour morph in the wild has increased its local frequency due to low natal dispersal, while subject to high human‐induced mortality rate.

Evaluation of Exterior Faults in Selected Slovak Rabbit Breeds

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the exterior faults in selected Slovak breeds of rabbits of different colour varieties according to a current Book of Rabbit Standards. Of 336 rabbits from 9 exhibitions organized in the territory of the Slovak and Czech Republics, 2 national medium-sized breeds of Liptov Bold-Spotted Rabbit (270 pcs) and Nitra Rabbit (66 pcs) were selected. The qualities and exterior faults of typical breed traits were evaluated in seven positions including: weight, shape, type, coat, top colour (eventually markings), under-colour (eventually intermediate colour), condition and health. Our evaluations showed that the most common exterior faults in these categories were in the: positions, shape, type, coat, and top-colour. In the shape position there were found significant exterior faults, such as slightly protruding hips with slanting rump, and worse legs position with loose skin on the body. In the type position, the faults observed in all selected breeds included: narrow chest, body too lean or too long, more delicate head with ears too fine and longer. The coat was usually thick and less elastic with a lighter under-colour at the base of the skin and non-sharply defined intermediate colour. In the top colour position of evaluated breeds there were numerous deficiencies involving uneven, and incomplete colour, and significant faults in the drawing. The data obtained in this study were innovative, as they represented a new approach that may help to characterize the Slovak breeds of rabbits included in this study and to select individuals with the best exterior traits towards improving the quality of these breeds.

Mask design to prevent foggy glasses and difficulty breathing

The present of the pandemic has given to a new habit that we call the new normal. One of the habits we hear most often is wearing a mask. Ironically, the use of masks creates new problems for certain populations, for example, glasses users and people with respiratory problems. Eyeglass users complain of the effect of fog on the glasses when wearing a mask, sufferers of respiratory problems complain of shortness of breath when wearing a mask. To find the design solution, the researches employed the data analysis method and experiments (trials) on the appropriate shape, structure, and material of the mask. The results of this design succeeded in presenting the expected design solutions, namely preventing the effects of eyeglasses fog, reducing the effects of tightness when wearing a mask, a display that supports appearance, and fullfil the WHO mask criteria. It presented in four basic color variants.

Fuzzy Matching Model for Color Selection and Increasing Color Variety Based on Monte Carlo Simulation

Manufacturers of mosaic tiles often need to continuously improve the richness of their tile colors, adding one or several new colors to the existing several tile colors so that they can meet the needs of more users. In this thesis, this problem is discussed in terms of color fuzzy matching, combining Monte Carlo simulation and second-order diffusion decay model for mosaic tile color selection, and the addition of one or several new colors. The obtained results are visualized and displayed. This method of color enrichment can be applied to the construction industry, home improvement industry, and other industries to solve practical problems.

Respon Hormon Stress dan Glukosa Darah Benih Ikan Maru (Channa Marulioides) terhadap Suhu Berbeda

Maru fish is one of the carnivorous ornamental fish that are of high value, have two color variants, namely the yellow maru and red maru types and display various patterns at different sizes. With this consideration, the purpose of this research is the part of the stage that must be carried out if the cultivation actor wants to make steps for domestication. This study states that each temperature level greatly affects the blood glucose levels of fish which indicates that the fish is experiencing stress, usually stress in fish can be caused by environmental changes, namely temperature or due to some treatment such as transportation or transportation. Post-stress blood glucose shows fluctuations decreased, high and decreased again can be seen at a temperature of 29ºC produces 115.2 mg / dL – 117.8 mg / dL can lower blood glucose. Cortisol can also diffuse out of fish, especially across the gills, with free-form passive diffusion.

Transversal factors and spanning trees

Since the proof of a "colorful" version of [Caratheodory's theorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%27s_theorem_%28convex_hull%29) by Bárány in 1982, it has been an important problem to obtain colorful extensions of other classical results in discrete geometry (for instance Tverberg's theorem). The present paper continues this line of research, but in the context of extremal graph theory rather than discrete geometry. Mantel's classical theorem from 1907 states that every $n$-vertex graph on more than $n^2/4$ edges contains a triangle. In [Ron Aharoni, Matt DeVos, Sebastián González Hermosillo de la Maza, Amanda Montejano, and Robert Šámal, A rainbow version of Mantel’s Theorem, Advances in Combinatorics 2020:2, 12 pp](https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.11872v2), a "rainbow", "colored", or "colorful" variant of this problem was considered : given three graphs $G_1,G_2,G_3$ on the same vertex set of size $n$, what average degree conditions on $G_1,G_2,G_3$ force the existence of a "rainbow triangle" (a triangle $\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}$ such that each edge $e_i$ belongs to $G_i$)? By taking three copies of the same graph $G$ we see that the colored version is at least as hard as the original problem, and the paper cited above provided a construction showing that in this case the colorful variant is strictly harder than Mantel's problem. It was suggested to study average degree or minimum degree thresholds for colorful variants of classical problems in extremal combinatorics, such as Dirac's theorem (every $n$-vertex graph of minimum degree at least $n/2$ has a Hamiltonian cycle). In particular, Joos and Kim proved in 2020 that the same minimum degree condition as in Dirac's theorem guarantees a rainbow $n$-cycle: namely if we are given $n$ graphs of minimum degree at least $n/2$ on the same set of $n$ vertices, then there is an $n$-cycle comprising one edge of each graph. The results in the present paper follow the same line of research. The two major results that are extended to the colorful setting here are a theorem of Kühn and Osthus (a sharp minimum degree condition to obtain a perfect packing of copies of any given graph $F$, generalizing the Hajnal-Szemerédi theorem), and a theorem of Komlós, Sárközy and Szemerédi (a sharp degree condition to contain any given spanning tree without large degree vertices). Amazingly, the minimum degree conditions in the (stronger) colorful versions are the same as the original minimum degree conditions.

Revision ofCephalomutillaAndré (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) including one new species, three new sex associations, and nine new synonymies

AbstractCephalomutillaAndré, 1908, a genus of velvet ants (Mutillidae), currently composed of 11 species previously recognized from females only, is here revised. A new species from Colombia,C. cabezonaWilliams,sp. nov., is recognized from both sexes and newly described. The previously unknown male ofC. zelichiCasal, 1963 is associated and described.Mutilla vulneriferaAndré, 1908,syn. nov., is recognized as the male ofC. haematodes(Gerstaecker, 1874), and the following species are recognized as synonymous colour variants ofC. haematodes:C. albicalcarisMickel, 1960,syn. nov.;C. argyrosticta(Burmeister, 1875),syn. nov.; andC. flavigastraMickel, 1960,syn. nov.Cephalomutilla proxima(Smith, 1879),comb. nov., is transferred toCephalomutilla, and the following species previously recognized from females only were recognized as conspecific withC. proxima:C. confluentaMickel, 1960,syn. nov.;C. distinctaMickel, 1960,syn. nov.;C. fasciataMickel, 1960,syn. nov.;C. transversaMickel, 1960,syn. nov.; andC. vivata(Cresson, 1902),syn. nov. Keys and illustrations are provided for all five currently valid species ofCephalomutilla.

WARNABALI: BALINESE COLOR INTENSITY DIVERSIFICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BALI MODERN INTERIOR AND ARCHITECTURE COATING IN ADDITIVE COLOR ONLINE BASED EXPERIMENT

Purpose: This study aims to conduct experiments on enriching the intensity of traditional Balinese colors that are relevant to the application of color in modern interiors and architecture.&#x0D; Research methods:The research method uses online-based experiments by mixing Balinese colors with light and dark characters in a ratio of 66.7%: 33.3%. Mixing is done by crossing process and the results of the cross process are arranged into a Balinese color palette based on Additive Colors.&#x0D; Findings:The color cross method with a ratio of 66.7% light to 33.3% dark produces bali color variants with various tint intensities. The scan results on the Balinese print-based color composition arranged in the nawa sangha cosmology, which is processed online through the dopely.top website, produces relevant colors developed in modern interiors and architecture. The process of diversifying the color intensity will provide recommendations for its application to residential and non-residential interiors.&#x0D; Implications: Provide insight into the use of traditional Balinese colors to designers and architects, in an effort to preserve and strengthen tradition-based knowledge for the development of modern design science.

No-Dimensional Tverberg Theorems and Algorithms

Tverberg’s theorem states that for any kge 2 and any set Psubset {mathbb {R}}^d of at least (d+1)(k-1)+1 points in d dimensions, we can partition P into k subsets whose convex hulls have a non-empty intersection. The associated search problem of finding the partition lies in the complexity class text {CLS} = text {PPAD} cap text {PLS}, but no hardness results are known. In the colorful Tverberg theorem, the points in P have colors, and under certain conditions, P can be partitioned into colorful sets, in which each color appears exactly once and whose convex hulls intersect. To date, the complexity of the associated search problem is unresolved. Recently, Adiprasito, Bárány, and Mustafa (SODA 2019) gave a no-dimensional Tverberg theorem, in which the convex hulls may intersect in an approximate fashion. This relaxes the requirement on the cardinality of P. The argument is constructive, but does not result in a polynomial-time algorithm. We present a deterministic algorithm that finds for any n-point set Psubset {mathbb {R}}^d and any kin {2,dots ,n} in O(ndlceil {log k}rceil ) time a k-partition of P such that there is a ball of radius O((k/sqrt{n}){text {diam}}(P)) that intersects the convex hull of each set. Given that this problem is not known to be solvable exactly in polynomial time, our result provides a remarkably efficient and simple new notion of approximation. Our main contribution is to generalize Sarkaria’s method (Israel Journal Math., 1992) to reduce the Tverberg problem to the colorful Carathéodory problem (in the simplified tensor product interpretation of Bárány and Onn) and to apply it algorithmically. It turns out that this not only leads to an alternative algorithmic proof of a no-dimensional Tverberg theorem, but it also generalizes to other settings such as the colorful variant of the problem.

A feasible weave color scope inspection by using primary yarn colors to improve Jacquard reproduction quality

Producing a wide scope of weave colors is challenging in modern Jacquard weaving with limited weft color variety. The subtractive primary color yarns (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) are used to replicate varied Jacquard designs, but there is potential to improve the color reproduction quality by expanding a feasible weave color scope. Therefore, this research examined weave colors that are created by combining two sets of primary colors from different color systems. In color printing, six color pigments (i.e., cyan [C], magenta [M], yellow [Y], red [R], green [G] and blue [B]) are popularly used as primary colors for color reproduction. Therefore, weft yarn colors are selected in line with the six colors and a feasible weave color scope is inspected. The group of yarns is paired, and 225 weave color samples are produced to examine the color effects. The weave color samples are measured by a spectrophotometer and described by the CIELAB color space. The results show that the CIELAB color space was expanded by adding [R], [G] and [B] colored yarns. The hue and chroma ranges of the fabric samples were expanded compared with the fabrics produced by only [C], [M] and [Y] yarn colors. In this research, the possibilities in color reproduction are explored and the findings suggest great potential in producing a wide scope of weave colors by using primary yarn colors.

Chromosome-Scale Assembly and Characterization of the Albino Northern Snakehead, Channa argus var. (Teleostei: Channidae) Genome

Northern snakehead, Channa argus (C. argus), is an important economic and ecological fish species. The wild population of the species was sharply declined in the last decade. A high-quality reference genome could lay a solid foundation for the genetic and conservation studies for C. argus. In this work, we report a chromosomal genome assembly with PacBio and Hi-C technology using the albino northern snakehead, a color variety of C. argus. A 644.1-Mb genome with 24 chromosomes was obtained with a contig and scaffold N50 of 11.78 and 27.8 Mb, respectively. We inferred that C. argus diverged from A. testudineus around 85.6 million years ago. 514 expanded gene families and 214 positively selected genes were identified in the C. argus genome. The chromosome-level genome provides a valuable high-quality genomic resource for population, as well as genetic and evolutionary studies for C. argus and other species in Channidae.

WPŁYW CZYNNIKÓW SRODOWISKOWYCH I GENETYCZNYCH NA WYNIKI ODCHOWU ´ NORCZ ˛AT (NEOVISON VISON)

The aim of this study was to indicate the relationship between various genetic and environmental factors and the results of kits rearing. Among the factors determining the degree of rearing of young kits, genetic factors should be mentioned, especially the color of the mink, and the environmental factors include: duration of labor, age of mothers, mating and laying time, length of pregnancy, litter size, nutrition, body condition the female and her milk yield, indoor microclimate, bacterial and viral diseases, or the care provided by the farm staff. As a result of the analysis, it can be concluded that the number of reared mink babies is influenced by both the color variety and a number of environmental factors, and the mink farmer's task is to get to know all these aspects and treat them comprehensively. The mink breeding should be carried out in such a way that the animal welfare is as good as possible, so that the females give birth to the healthiest and strongest litters.

Current Genetic Status of Nagaremon-charr, a Threatened Morphotype of Salvelinus leucomaenis in the Ane River, Lake Biwa System, Central Japan, With Comments on Its Conservation.

Stream-dwelling white-spotted charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis, populations tend to have unique color and spot patterns in different regions and may even display stream-specific patterns. An extreme edge of such diversity, found in individuals with atypical body color patterns (so-called nagaremon-type charr, a rare morphotype of Salvelinus leucomaenis [hereafter termed nagaremon-charr]), sympatrically occurring with normal-charr, has been reported from only six small isolated populations in Japan. Based on morphological and ecological perspectives, nagaremon-charr has been considered as an intraspecific color variant of white-spotted charr, although the genetic status of nagaremon-charr has not been determined. In this study, genetic diversity and population structure of the nagaremon-charr in a tributary of the Ane River (Lake Biwa system) were investigated through microsatellite and mtDNA analyses. Nagaremon-charr and sympatric normal-charr in the tributary shared the mtDNA haplotypes and were assigned to the same cluster in the STRUCTURE analysis and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). These results suggested that nagaremon-charr in the Ane River is an intra-populational specific color variant of white-spotted charr. Above a waterfall, nagaremon-charr specimens exhibited extremely reduced genetic diversity, indicating that genetic drift may account for the fixation of the nagaremon-morphotype. Normal-charr below the waterfall clustered separately from hatchery-reared charr, indicative of native status of the former. Thus, both nagaremon-charr and normal-charr in the entire Ane River tributary should be conserved.

SCALILA SURPRISE HAND SOAP: THE HERBAL SOAP CREATION OF BREADFRUIT LEAF SOLUTION FOR ROUTINE HAND WASHING FOR CHILDREN

The number of trees or breadfruit plants in West Sumatra increases every year. Currently the only part of the breadfruit tree that is widely used is the fruit, while the leaves are underutilized and only become waste. Breadfruit leaves contain flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins which function as antibacterial. Based on these data, breadfruit leaves, which were originally only used as waste, can be innovated into a new breakthrough, namely the main ingredient for making soap. In addition, as we all know, it is very important to regularly wash our hands with soap, especially during a pandemic like today. However, getting children used to washing their hands regularly with soap is quite difficult for parents. It takes patience and a more serious and earnest effort for this to be achieved. One way is to make soap that attracts children's attention. Scalila Surprise Hand Soap is made by extracting breadfruit leaves and then mixing it with pour and melt soap base that has been melted. Then, it is given dye and essential oil as a soap fragrance and poured into the mold. This product has a unique and cute shape of fruits and animals. In this soap there is a surprise that attracts the attention of children to wash their hands with soap. There are 2 sizes of soap, namely mini size soap for single use and medium size soap for use 5-8 times. In addition, this product also has 3 variants of aroma and color. Red color with strawberry scent, orange color with citrus scent, and green color with green apple scent. This soap is packaged in transparent bottles and transparent plastic and with economical price.

Searching and identifying pigmentation genes from Neocaridina denticulate sinensis via comparison of transcriptome in different color strains

Aquaria species are characterized by their amazing colors and patterns. Research on the breeding molecular genetics of ornamental shrimps is surprisingly limited. We conducted a transcriptome analysis to investigate the expression of encoding genes in the integument of the strains Neocaridina denticulate sinensis. After assembled and filtered, 19,992 unigenes were annotated by aligning with public functional databases (NR, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG). 14,915 unigenes with significantly different expressions were found by comparing three strains integument transcriptomes. Ribosomal protein genes, ABC transporter families, calmodulin, carotenoid proteins and crustacyanin may play roles in the cytological process of pigment migration and chromatophore maintenance. Numerous color genes associated with multiple pathways including melanin, ommochrome and pteridines pathways were identified. The expression patterns of 25 candidate genes were analysis by qPCR in red, yellow, transparent and glass strains. The qPCR results in red, yellow and transparent were consistent with the level of RPKM values in the transcriptomes. The above results will advance our knowledge of integument color varieties in N. denticulate sinensis and help the genetic selection of crustaceans with consumer-favored colors. Furthermore, it also provides some candidate pigmentation genes to investigate the correlation between coloration and sympatric speciation in crustaceans.

ANALIZA MASY CIAŁA RÓZNYCH ODMIAN BARWNYCH NORKI AMERYKA ˙ NSKIEJ ´ (NEOVISON VISON) ORAZ OCENA ZALEZNO ˙ SCI POMI ˛EDZY MAS ˛A CIAŁA SAMIC ´ A UZYSKIWANYMI WSKAZNIKAMI ROZRODU

The aim of the study was to analyze the body weight of different color varieties of breeding mink and to assess the relationship between the body weight of females and the reproductive indexes obtained. The research material consisted of 3499 one-year-old American mink females of five color varieties: White Regal, Standard Black, Pearl, Silverblue and Black Cross. Six body-weight ranges of female mink were distinguished. The following were analyzed within each range: pregnancy length, fertility, average number of kits born in a litter, average number of kits born alive in a litter. It was also examined whether there was a relationship between the color variety and the average body weight of females attained during the pre-mating body condition adjustment. There were statistically significant differences in the body weight of the analyzed color varieties of mink. It was also found that the body weight of females obtained in the period of breeding preparation influences the resulting reproductive performance. Higher body weight positively influences fertility, while animals of an average body weight produce larger litters of kits.