Color Readings Research Articles

Comparison of pulse oximetry and colour: a better index of oxygenation in neonatal resuscitation

Background: Colour is an unreliable indicator of tissue oxygenation in the first few minutes of life. Little data is available about the progression of SpO 2 in the new-borns delivered by normal vaginal route and caesarean section. So this study was conducted. The objectives of this study were to compare the new-born’s colour and oxygen saturation readings as an index of oxygenation and to find a more reliable one, and to compare the oxygen saturation profiles of the new-borns delivered by normal vaginal route and caesarean section. Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted over a period of one year in a tertiary care hospital on 500 newborns between 28-42 weeks, requiring routine care. Simultaneous assessment of colour and oxygen saturation readings was done at 30 second intervals after birth till 10 minutes of life . Results: No significant difference has been found in the median SpO 2 values of the new-borns requiring routine care that were pink and cyanosed since birth (p≥ 0.05). About 5.30 minutes required for most of the cyanosed new-borns to become pink (p≥ 0.05). Mean time±SD required for cyanosed new-born for getting pink was 1.96±1.33 minutes. Oxygen saturation rises slowly in new-borns delivered by caesarean section as compared to those delivered vaginally, especially in the first few minutes of life and more in preterm than term new-borns. Conclusions: Unnecessary use of oxygen can be avoided by taking into account pulse oximetry. Separate sets of reference SpO 2 should be used for new-borns delivered by normal vaginal route and caesarean section.

Potensi Ekstrak Kasar Teh Hitam (Camellia sinensis O.K. var. Assamica) sebagai Pewarna (Dye) pada Pembuatan Sela Surya Tersensitisasi (SSPT)

<p class="normal">Has done research on the manufacture of dye sensitized solar cells by utilizing the crude extract of black tea <em>(Camellia sinensis</em> var O.K. <em>Assamica).</em> This study aims to determine the potential of black tea extract as a dye in dye sensitized solar cell manufacturing. This study includes several stages: sample preparation of black tea, black tea sample extraction in a mixture of acetic acid: methanol: distilled water (4:25:21), analysis of the crude extract of black tea using UV-Vis, color density analysis using a color reader<em>,</em> testing DSSC obtained by measuring voltages and currents strong produced under conditions halogen lamp illuminated with a light intensity of 4.488 Watt/m<sup>2,</sup> the identification number of the crude extract of pigments by TLC analytical. The results of the characterization black tea extract is flavonoids. That it contains theaflavins shown with a maximum wavelength 273 nm. Color of black tea using a color reader testing showed reddish yellow (orange) with the color density reached 78,3%. Voltage maximum and maximum current strength produced by 107,3 mV and 2.13 x 10 <sup>-3</sup> mA. The efficiency of the resulting solar cell system by 1,26 x 10 <sup>-2%.</sup> The results of the identification of the amount of pigment produced 8 spot with eluent ethyl acetate: formic acid: distilled water.</p><p class="BodyAbstract"> </p><strong><em>Keywords</em>:</strong> <em>Dye sensitized solar cells, dye (dye), theaflavin</em>

Comparison of conventional and plant-extract disinfectant solutions on the hardness and color stability of a maxillofacial elastomer after artificial aging

Statement of problemSilicone elastomers undergo physical and chemical degradation with disinfecting solutions. Phytotherapy may be a suitable solution for disinfection. However, its effect on the properties of the silicone material is unknown. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of disinfection with conventional and plant-extract solutions and of artificial aging on the hardness and color stability of a facial silicone associated with pigments and an opacifier. Material and methodsFour hundred specimens of silicone (MDX4-4210) were fabricated (5×6 mm). Two pigment shades and 1 dry opacifier were combined in the tested material, and 4 groups (n=10) were obtained: colorless (GI), colorless with opacifier (GII), medium pigment with opacifier (GIII), and black pigment with opacifier (GIV). Specimens were subjected to disinfection (30 days) using saline solution, water, and neutral soap (digital friction, 30 seconds), chlorhexidine 4%, Hydrastis canadensis, and Cymbopogon nardus extracts (immersion, 10 minutes). Shore A hardness (ASTM D2240) and color analyses were performed before and after disinfection. Specimens were then exposed to 1008 hours of artificial aging (ASTM 53) and subjected to final hardness and color readings. The results were analyzed with ANOVA and the Tukey significant difference test (α=.05). ResultsThe opacifier increased the hardness (GII). For GII, the H. canadensis solution and the friction with water and soap promoted significantly reduced hardness; the friction also promoted a reduction in this property for GIV. The GIII was not affected after disinfection. A significant difference was found between the ΔE values of the specimens disinfected with H. canadensis, C. nardus, and chlorhexidine, and specimens subjected to saline solution and neutral soap. ConclusionThe hardness of MDX4-4210 after the experimental procedure was considered clinically acceptable for facial prostheses. All groups showed clinically unacceptable color alterations regardless of the disinfecting solution.

Influence of Staining Solution and Bleaching on Color Stability of Resin Used for Caries Infiltration.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the color stability of Icon-infiltrated white spot lesions after staining and the bleaching effect on the infiltrated and stained surfaces. Enamel-dentin specimens (N=30, 5 × 5 × 3 mm, 1-mm enamel + 2-mm dentin thickness) were prepared from bovine incisors and randomly allocated into three groups (n=10): control, demineralized, and infiltrated. Artificial enamel subsurface lesions were created using 50 mL of 0.05 M acetate buffer solution. Specimens were produced by Icon application in enamel caries-like lesions, according to the manufacturer's instruction. Baseline color readings were assessed using a spectrophotometer, and CIE L*a*b* measurements of each specimen were performed using a white background. To simulate extrinsic dietary staining, specimens were placed into a 4-mL coffee infusion, three times daily for 15 minutes, for 14 days. After the staining procedure, color measurements were performed again. Then, bleaching procedures were performed using 16% carbamide peroxide gel for four hours daily for 21 days, and a final color assessment was performed. To compare the baseline and final measurements, t-test was used (α =0.05). The statistical comparison between the groups was performed using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (α =0.05). Coffee staining provided a significant reduction of L* values and an increase of a* and b* in all groups (control, decayed, and infiltrated). The bleaching procedure provided a significant increase in L* and decrease of a* and b* values in all groups. There was no significant difference in ΔE values between decayed and infiltrated groups before bleaching, and after bleaching, the infiltrated group showed the lowest ΔE values. It can be concluded that enamel infiltrated with Icon presents significant alteration of color after staining when compared with sound enamel. However, if there is discoloration of the infiltrant, the bleaching treatment can be used successfully.

Digital quantification of the miospore coloration to assess the thermal maturity: Novel RGB-based measuring technique

The post depositional thermal maturity and its related chemical changes induce the sporomorphs color alteration, which is a common useful tool in the optical microscopy of the organic matters (OM) and their pre-geochemical studies. The present contribution uses the modern available opportunity of digital technology to achieve a quantifying system technique, which includes color measurements and their possible graphic presentation. The normal digital images of sporomorphs from several ages and geological settings are used to obtain color measurements in the form of digital Red, Green and Blue triple color system (RGB). These measurements were accomplished using some software programs such as Photoshop™© or ImageJ with employing average microscope setup. The triple RGB color readings are plotted on a ternary diagram, which is divided into three fields. These fields express the maturity levels. The presented new RGB-based quantifying technique is economic and provides a simple examination for maturity, which is linked to the hydrocarbon generation. This can partially replace or walk side by side with the vitrinite reflectance microscopy.

Cost Effective Paper-Based Colorimetric Microfluidic Devices and Mobile Phone Camera Readers for the Classroom

We have developed a simple and direct method to fabricate paper-based microfluidic devices that can be used for a wide range of colorimetric assay applications. With these devices, assays can be performed within minutes to allow for quantitative colorimetric analysis by use of a widely accessible iPhone camera and an RGB color reader application (app) to measure color intensity. In the described laboratory experiment, students design and create their own microfluidic devices with common laboratory supplies such as Kimwipes, Parafilm, and a thermal laminator, and gain hands-on experience in the analysis of Fe2+ and Cu2+ by colorimetric determination.

Studying mixing in Non-Newtonian blue maize flour suspensions using color analysis.

BackgroundNon-Newtonian fluids occur in many relevant flow and mixing scenarios at the lab and industrial scale. The addition of acid or basic solutions to a non-Newtonian fluid is not an infrequent operation, particularly in Biotechnology applications where the pH of Non-Newtonian culture broths is usually regulated using this strategy.Methodology and FindingsWe conducted mixing experiments in agitated vessels using Non-Newtonian blue maize flour suspensions. Acid or basic pulses were injected to reveal mixing patterns and flow structures and to follow their time evolution. No foreign pH indicator was used as blue maize flours naturally contain anthocyanins that act as a native, wide spectrum, pH indicator. We describe a novel method to quantitate mixedness and mixing evolution through Dynamic Color Analysis (DCA) in this system. Color readings corresponding to different times and locations within the mixing vessel were taken with a digital camera (or a colorimeter) and translated to the CIELab scale of colors. We use distances in the Lab space, a 3D color space, between a particular mixing state and the final mixing point to characterize segregation/mixing in the system.Conclusion and RelevanceBlue maize suspensions represent an adequate and flexible model to study mixing (and fluid mechanics in general) in Non-Newtonian suspensions using acid/base tracer injections. Simple strategies based on the evaluation of color distances in the CIELab space (or other scales such as HSB) can be adapted to characterize mixedness and mixing evolution in experiments using blue maize suspensions.

Effect of beverages on color and translucency of new tooth-colored restoratives.

This investigation examined the susceptibility to staining and translucency changes of some new tooth-colored restorative materials after immersion in different beverages. The materials studied were 3M Filtek Z350XT (ZT), 3M Filtek 350XT Flowable Restorative (ZF), Shofu Beautifil Flow Plus (BF), Shofu Beautifil II (B2), 3M Ketac Nano (N100), and 3M Photac Fil (PF). Following the manufacturers' instructions, 42 samples were made from each material and placed in an incubator at 100% humidity and 37°Celsius for 24 hours. Baseline L*, a*, b* readings were taken against white and black backgrounds using a photospectrometer. The samples were then randomly assigned to be immersed in seven beverages, namely cola drink, orange juice, red wine, vodka, black coffee, green tea, and distilled water for a period of seven days. Color readings were taken again by recording the L*, a*, b* values. Data was analyzed using t-tests, one-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc and Pearson's correlation (p<0.05). BF generally performed as well as the conventional composite resin materials (ZT and ZF) but N100 and B2 did not. PF had the largest staining and translucency changes. Coffee, red wine, and tea resulted in the most staining and negative translucency changes. An inverse correlation between ΔE and ΔTP was observed for all materials and beverages with the exception of orange juice.

Effect of fluoride solutions on color and surface roughness of dental composites

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the ac- tion of fluoride solutions on color stability (∆E) and surface roughness (Ra) of composites (Heliomolar, 4 SeasonsTM, Tetric N-CeramTM, SR AdoroTM). Materials and method: A Teflon matrix (12x2 mm) was used to fabricate 24 test specimens for each composite. The samples were separated into 4 groups (n=6), according to the immersion solution: distilled water (control), acidulated phosphate fluoride (1.23%), neutral sodium fluoride gel (2%), and solution of sodium fluoride (0.05%). Color (Spectrophotometer PCB 6807) and roughness (Surf- corder SE 1700) readings were performed before and after immersion into the solutions. Results: Composites presented color alteration within clinically acceptable limits (ΔE 0.2 µm). Conclusions: Color and surface roughness alteration of the different composites was clinically acceptable after immersion in all fluoride solutions and in all periods. Keywords: Composite resins. Color. Surface properties. Acidulated phosphate fluoride.

Soil color analysis for statistically estimating total carbon, total nitrogen and active iron contents in Japanese agricultural soils

Soil color originates mainly from organic matter, iron mineralogy and moisture content. We aimed to find a suitable method to measure soil color sensitively and to evaluate the extent to which the color parameters can be useful for statistically estimating total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N) and active iron (Fe) contents in Japanese agricultural soils. A soil color reader (SPAD-503) was applied to two sample sets: (1) 100 surface soils collected throughout a 0.5-ha paddy field (field scale) and (2) 147 surface soils collected from agricultural fields in Japan (national scale). For analysis with this instrument, about 2 g of air-dried, finely-ground samples were packed firmly in a plastic cell, and their colors as they appeared on windows in both sides of the cell were measured. A CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*) color space was used for color description. For the field-scale samples, the values of the coefficient of variation were around 15% for total C, total N and acid oxalate extractable iron (Feo). The L* value (lightness) was negatively correlated with the content of total C and total N (R2 = 0.18** and 0.26**, respectively), and the b* value (yellowness) was positively correlated with the Feo content (R2 = 0.59**). For the national-scale samples, the values of the coefficient of variation were around 60% for total C, total N and Feo. The L* value was negatively correlated with the content of total C and total N (R2 = 0.70** and 0.59**, respectively), but the b* value was not correlated with the content of Feo (R2 = 0.00). When the analysis was limited to 65 samples frequently used for paddy fields, the b* value was positively correlated with the Feo content (R2 = 0.52**). In conclusion, the proposed method enabled us to measure soil color sensitively with a small sample size. The L* and b* values obtained can be useful for rapid estimation of total C, total N and Feo contents in agricultural surface soils in Japan.

Metal oxide based multisensor array and portable database for field analysis of antioxidants

We report a novel chemical sensing array based on metal oxide nanoparticles as a portable and inexpensive paper-based colorimetric method for polyphenol detection and field characterization of antioxidant containing samples. Multiple metal oxide nanoparticles with various polyphenol binding properties were used as active sensing materials to develop the sensor array and establish a database of polyphenol standards that include epigallocatechin gallate, gallic acid, resveratrol, and Trolox among others. Unique charge-transfer complexes are formed between each polyphenol and each metal oxide on the surface of individual sensors in the array, creating distinct optically detectable signals which have been quantified and logged into a reference database for polyphenol identification. The field-portable Pantone/X-Rite© CapSure® color reader was used to create this database and to facilitate rapid colorimetric analysis. The use of multiple metal-oxide sensors allows for cross-validation of results and increases accuracy of analysis. The database has enabled successful identification and quantification of antioxidant constituents within real botanical extractions including green tea. Formation of charge-transfer complexes is also correlated with antioxidant activity exhibiting electron transfer capabilities of each polyphenol. The antioxidant activity of each sample was calculated and validated against the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay showing good comparability. The results indicate that this method can be successfully used for a more comprehensive analysis of antioxidant containing samples as compared to conventional methods. This technology can greatly simplify investigations into plant phenolics and make possible the on-site determination of antioxidant composition and activity in remote locations.

Repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy of a novel pushbroom hyperspectral system

This study analyzes the repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy of a new hyperspectral system based on a pushbroom sensor as a means of measuring spectral features and color of materials and objects. The hyperspectral system consisted of a CCD camera, a spectrograph and an objective lens. An additional linear moving system allowed the mechanical scanning of the complete scene. A uniform overhead luminaire with daylight configuration was used to irradiate the scene using d:45 geometry. We followed the guidelines of the ASTM E2214‐08 Standard Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performance of Color‐Measuring Instruments that define the standards and latest multidimensional procedures. The results obtained are analyzed in‐depth and compared to those recently reported by other authors for spectrophotometers and multispectral systems. It can be concluded that hyperspectral systems are reliable and can be used in the industry to perform spectral and color readings with a high spatial resolution. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 549–558, 2014

Influence of Activation Mode of Resin Cement on the Shade of Porcelain Veneers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of resin luting cement's activation mode in the final shade of porcelain veneers after accelerated artificial aging (AAA). Porcelain veneers (IPS Empress Esthetic) were produced using a standardized shade (ET1) and thickness (0.6 mm). Twenty bovine teeth were collected, prepared, and divided into two groups: group I (n = 10)-light-cured group, only base paste was applied to the veneers; group II (n = 10)-dual-cured group, in which the same base paste used in group I and a transparent catalyst were proportionally mixed for 20 seconds and then applied to the veneers. The specimens were light-cured for 60 seconds each and were next subjected to AAA. They were submitted to color readings with a spectrophotometer in three instances: in the tooth surface (only the substrate), after the cementation and polymerization of the veneers, and after the AAA. The values of L*, a*, and b* were obtained and the total color change was calculated (∆E*). Values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis, with a significance of 0.05. There were no significant differences between dual- and light-cured modes considering ∆E*, L*, a*, and b* values obtained after aging (p > 0.05). Within the dual-cured mode there were no significant differences in ∆E*, L*, a*, and b* values (p > 0.05). No relevant differences were found between the two activation modes in color change. When submitted to aging, dual- and light-cured modes of the resin cement showed visually perceptible (∆E* > 1.0) color changes; however, within the threshold of clinical acceptance (∆E* > 3.3).

Application of neural networks to estimate carotenoid content during ripening in tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum)

Commonly carotenoid determinations in tomato are performed in full ripening tomatoes. In this work six tomato ripening stages were established. The relationship among color parameters (L*, a*, b*, and hue), maturity stages, and leaf area with the lycopene and β-carotene concentration was analyzed with different regression models. The R2 values were low, showing that lycopene and β-carotene content was not well correlated with color during the ripening stages. The objective of this work was to provide an ANN model including leaf area index (LAI) and color readings as inputs to solve this lack of fit of the regression models for carotenoid estimations in tomatoes. Two multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) were trained and validated, with six input variables and one output variable, to estimate the concentration of both carotenoids in tomato samples at different ripening stages. Comparing the results of the MLPs with those obtained by regression models it was concluded that when the MLPs are used within the range studied, they are able to estimate lycopene and β-carotene concentrations of tomato with accuracy and reliability, solving the lack of fit by regression models.

Influence of the resin cement color on the shade of porcelain veneers after accelerated artificial aging

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the color of the resin luting cement in the final shade of minimally invasive porcelain veneers after accelerated artificial aging (AAA). Material and methods: 20 bovine teeth were collected, prepared and divided into two groups. The roots were removed and the buccal surfaces were polished to obtain a flat surface. Porcelain discs (IPS Empress Esthetic) were produced to a standardized shade (ET1) and thickness (0.6mm). The teeth and the veneers surfaces were prepared according to manufacturer recommendations. For group I (n=10), the White-Opaque (WO) base-paste was used and for group II (n=10) the Yellow (Y) base-paste. Each specimen was photocured for 60 s. The specimens were next subjected to AAA. They were submitted to color readings with a spectrophotometer in three moments: after the preparation (only the substrate), after the cementation and polymerization of the veneers and after the AAA. Were obtained values of L*, a* and b* and the total color change was calculated (∆E*). Values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis in SPSS 17.0 for Windows with a significance of 0.05. Results: When comparing the cements, the Y cement showed higher ∆E*, lower L* and higher b* after AAA than the WO. Conclusion: Both cements could mask the substrate color. With AAA, only the Y shade showed a ∆E* clinically unacceptable, becoming more yellow (higher b*) and losing lightness (lower L*).

Chromatic changes to artificial irises produced using different techniques

Ocular prostheses are important determinants of their users' aesthetic recovery and self-esteem. Because of use, ocular prostheses longevity is strongly affected by instability of the iris color due to polymerization. The goal of this study is to examine how the color of the artificial iris button is affected by different techniques of artificial wear and by the application of varnish following polymerization of the colorless acrylic resin that covers the colored paint. We produce 60 samples (n = 10) according to the wear technique applied: conventional technique without varnish (PE); conventional technique with varnish (PEV); technique involving a prefabricated cap without varnish (CA); technique involving a prefabricated cap with varnish (CAV); technique involving inverted painting without varnish (PI); and technique involving inverted painting with varnish (PIV). Color readings using a spectrophotometer are taken before and after polymerization. We submitted the data obtained to analyses of variance and Tukey's test (P < 0.05). The color test shows significant changes after polymerization in all groups. The PE and PI techniques have clinically acceptable values of ΔE, independent of whether we apply varnish to protect the paint. The PI technique produces the least color change, whereas the PE and CA techniques significantly improve color stability.

Color stability of five orthodontic clear elastic ligatures

In this study the color stability of five commercially available orthodontic clear elastic ligatures daily exposed to a staining agent (red wine) was investigated. The commercial brands tested were 3M Unitek, Abzil, American Orthodontics, Dentsply GAC, and Morelli. Baseline color readings (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage [CIE] L*a*b* parameters) of 20 ligatures for each brand were carried out using a spectrophotometer. The ligatures were divided in two groups (n = 10): one group remained immersed in distilled water (control) throughout the period, while the other group was daily exposed to red wine (1 hour of immersion). Immersion media were daily renewed. Successive color readings were carried out after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, and the chromatic variations calculated. Color variation data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls test (P < .05). Storage in water increased staining until 14 days, and color receded after this period, irrespective of the brand. After 28 days of immersion in water, no significant difference among the commercial brands was observed. For the groups exposed to red wine, a significant increase in staining over the course of time was detected, irrespective of the brand. Ligatures from GAC and Morelli showed higher staining than the other materials, irrespective of the evaluation time. Ligatures from 3M Unitek and American generally showed lower pigmentation than the other brands. Exposure to a staining agent, cumulative exposure time, and commercial brand are factors that influence the color stability of clear elastic ligatures.

Influence of finishing/polishing on color stability and surface roughness of composites submitted to accelerated artificial aging

To assess the influence of finishing/polishing procedure on color stability (ΔE ) and surface roughness (R(a)) of composites (Heliomolar and Tetric - color A2) submitted to accelerated artificial aging (AAA). Sixty test specimens were made of each composite (12 mm × 2 mm) and separated into six groups (n = 10), according to the type of finishing/polishing to which they were submitted: C, control; F, tip 3195 F; FF, tip 3195 FF; FP, tip 3195 F + diamond paste; FFP, tip 3195 FF + diamond paste; SF, Sof-Lex discs. After polishing, controlled by an electromechanical system, initial color (spectrophotometer PCB 6807 BYK GARDNER) and R(a) (roughness meter Surfcorder SE 1700, cut-off 0.25 mm) readings were taken. Next, the test specimens were submitted to the AAA procedure (C-UV Comexim) for 384 hours, and at the end of this period, new color readings and R(a) were taken. Statistical analysis [2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni, P < 0.05] showed that all composites demonstrated ΔE alteration above the clinically acceptable limits, with the exception of Heliomolar composite in FP. The greatest ΔE alteration occurred for Tetric composite in SF (13.38 ± 2.10) statistically different from F and FF (P < 0.05). For R(a), Group F showed rougher samples than FF with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). In spite of the surface differences, the different finishing/polishing procedures were not capable of providing color stability within the clinically acceptable limits.

Synthesis of Hematite Pigments (alpha-Fe2O3) by Thermal Transformations of FeOOH

Synthesis of iron oxide FeOOH from FeCl 3 , followed by thermal transformation to form red hematite was conducted. The effect of pH and temperature calcinations was studied. The pigment obtained was analyzed by XRD, color reader and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structure crystal of pigment at all variation of pH and calcinations temperature were hematite (a-Fe 2 O 3 ) with good crystallization and relatively pure. The color of pigment obtained at pH variation were red with maximum value of L * a* at pH 6 while the mean grain size with minimum coefficient of variation was at pH 8 with mean grain size was 0.17 mm. The maximum of calcinations temperature was at 800 o C for 3 hour. The resulting pigment was shaped like a spheres.

Various Temperature of Vacuum and Conventional Roasting on Color Alteration and Polyphenols Content of Cocoa Powder

This study has the objective to found out the temperature and raosting time of cocoa powder in order to gain color, aroma and taste favored by the panelist and has high polyphenol content. The roasting time in this research has been determined 35 min, and roasting temperature of 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 and 150 °C with vacuum and conventional system. From those temperatures ranges, we would take the three best levels according to organoleptic test result. The three selected temperatures would be tested for changing in polyphenol content during roasting process. Color alteration would be physically analyzed using color reader (PCE-RGB). However, phenol total content was analyzed using colorimetric method of Folin-Ciocalteu. Result of this study showed that color alteration percentage (RGB model analysis) during conventional roasting is higher (43%) compared with vacuum roasting system (2%). Subsequently, organoleptic test result showed that from roasting temperatures between 80 °C and 150 °C, cocoa powder favored by the panelist were those that was treated in temperature 100 °C, 110 °C and 120 °C. Other results indicated that vacuum roasting implementation could increase polyphenol content. While vacuum roasting of 60.8 cm Hg in 120 °C with roasting time of 25 min has obtained 10.57% total phenolic, or increasing as much as 1.22%.