Color Planning Research Articles

Evaluating the Impact of Elementary School Urban Neighborhood Color on Children’s Mentalization of Emotions through Multi-Source Data

To address the challenge of quantitatively assessing the mentalization of emotions in color design schemes, this study uses Baidu Street View images and deep learning, integrates multi-source data, and innovatively constructs a color data model based on a comprehensive color indicator system for the quantitative assessment and visual representation of how the color environments of elementary school urban neighborhoods impact children’s mentalization of emotions. This model systematically incorporates physical color indicators, integrates elements such as perceptual frequency, and provides a novel perspective for color planning. The study’s results reveal that color metrics significantly impact children’s mentalization of emotions across multiple dimensions, with gender and age emerging as important influencing factors. Additionally, significant correlations were found between color and environmental elements such as building façades, roads, and signs. The study provides urban planners and architects with a practical color data model and recommendations for the revitalization of elementary school urban neighborhoods, offering a scientific basis for optimizing color design.

Urban Color Plan: The case study of the Ledro Valley (Italy)

AbstractThis research delves into the development of the Urban Color Plan for Ledro Valley, in Italy. Urban color, encompassing both natural and built elements, plays a crucial role in spatial perception, impacting an individual's cognitive and sensory experiences. This study aims to address the complexity of color planning by an operational method grounded in scientific research. Through the analysis of existing color plans and the study of this specific case, the paper proposes a methodology which emphasizes scientific scrutiny by encompassing factors like historical context, social aspects, environmental influences and a chromatic and material facade survey. The research outlines the multifaceted scales of intervention, ranging from urban mapping to material quality considerations. The Ledro Valley case study exemplifies the application of this methodology, revealing the challenge in harmonizing the diverse historical‐political realities of this Valley. The results showcase a flexible color plan that unifies the territory while still preserving the distinct identities of individual previous municipalities, demonstrating the plan's adaptability and potential for enhancing the overall urban environment.

Seasonal variations in city color preferences incorporating sex and age factors

ABSTRACT City color, serving as a pivotal element within the urban landscape, has garnered significant scholarly attention. Numerous cities have diligently instituted city color planning initiatives to enhance urban landscapes and cultivate city images. The color preference of citizens serves as a crucial foundation for the systematic development of city color planning. Nevertheless, the dynamic aspect of city color preferences is frequently neglected in previous research. Therefore, this article examined seasonal variations in city color preferences using Busan Metropolitan City, South Korea, as an illustrative case. Data collected through a questionnaire survey underwent statistical analyses, including the chi-square test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and multiple logistic regression, to investigate the influence of seasons on city color preference. The findings revealed that seasons primarily impact the hue preferences in city colors, rather than brightness and chroma preferences. Furthermore, sex and age factors were introduced, and the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel (CMH) test was employed to identify demographic groups exhibiting seasonal variations in city color preferences. The analysis disclosed noteworthy seasonal disparities in city color preference, particularly among middle-aged and elderly males, who exhibited a significant decrease in preference for yellow and a notable increase in preference for green during winter compared to summer. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights for informing city color planning. Additionally, the distinctive city color preferences observed among different demographic groups can be effectively applied in urban regeneration initiatives, thereby contributing to human well-being.

Enhancing Urban Landscape Design: A GAN-Based Approach for Rapid Color Rendering of Park Sketches

In urban ecological development, the effective planning and design of living spaces are crucial. Traditional color plan rendering methods, mainly using generative adversarial networks (GANs), rely heavily on edge extraction. This often leads to the loss of important details from hand-drawn drafts, significantly affecting the portrayal of the designer’s key concepts. This issue is especially critical in complex park planning. To address this, our study introduces a system based on conditional GANs. This system rapidly converts black-and-white park sketches into comprehensive color designs. We also employ a data augmentation strategy to enhance the quality of the output. The research reveals: (1) Our model efficiently produces designs suitable for industrial applications. (2) The GAN-based data augmentation improves the data volume, leading to enhanced rendering effects. (3) Our unique approach of direct rendering from sketches offers a novel method in urban planning and design. This study aims to enhance the rendering aspect of an intelligent workflow for landscape design. More efficient rendering techniques will reduce the iteration time of early design solutions and promote the iterative speed of designers’ thinking, thus improving the speed and efficiency of the whole design process.

Quantifying architectural color Quality: A Machine learning integrated framework driven by quantitative color metrics

The assessment and prediction of architectural color quality play a pivotal role in urban spatial environments, influencing the aesthetic and psychological dimensions of urban space. Despite the criticality, there exists a lacuna in efficient methodologies capable of quantitatively evaluating architectural color quality. This study endeavors to bridge this gap by introducing a novel framework employing a machine learning approach in conjunction with operationalizable color feature templates for predicting architectural color quality. Four machine learning models - XGBoost, ANN, SVM, and LGBM - are utilized to assess the color quality based on selected color feature indices. Moreover, this research employs SHAP values to elucidate the contribution of various color features towards model prediction. The findings reveal that among the tested models, XGBoost outshines in terms of prediction accuracy. Significant color features including building height, lightness and saturation of primary colors, and red values in both primary and secondary colors were found to exert substantial influence on the model's predictive capacity. This pioneering approach provides a scalable and quantifiable means to evaluate and predict architectural color quality, which has the potential to significantly contribute to urban color planning and evaluation, thereby propelling forward the domain of architectural color research.

Research on Street Color Environment Perception Based on CEP-KASS Framework

The color of urban streets plays a crucial role in shaping a city’s image, enhancing street appeal, and optimizing the experience of citizens. Nevertheless, the relationship between street color environment and residents’ perceptions has rarely been deeply discussed, and most of the existing studies adopt qualitative methods. To accurately and effectively assess the connection between street color environment and residents’ emotional perceptions, this paper introduces a quantitative research framework based on multi-source data called “Color Emotion Perception with K-Means, Adversarial Strategy, SegNet, and SVM (CEP-KASS)”. By combining K-Means unsupervised machine learning and SegNet computer vision techniques, it captures and analyzes visual elements and color data from Baidu Street View Images (BSVI). It then employs a human–machine adversarial scoring model to quantify residents’ perceptions of BSVI and uses the support vector machine regression model to predict the final perception scores. Based on these data, a Pearson correlation analysis and visual analysis were conducted on the elements and color in the urban environment. Subsequently, the streets were classified based on perception frequency and perception scores by integrating multi-source data, and areas within the third ring of Xuzhou City were selected for validating the research framework. The results demonstrate that utilizing street-view images and the CEP-KASS framework can quantitatively analyze urban color perception and establish a connection with residents’ emotions. In terms of color perception, red, orange, and blue all have a strong positive correlation with the interesting score, whereas black is positively correlated with a sense of safety. Regarding color attributes, low-saturation bright colors result in higher fun perception scores in urban spaces; too low saturation and brightness can affect their attractiveness to residents; brightness has an inverse relationship with the perception of safety, and adjusting brightness inversely can improve the perceived safety experience in certain urban external spaces. The street classification criteria based on perception frequency and perception scores proposed herein can provide references for planners to prioritize color transformation decisions, with a priority on emulating HSHF streets and transforming LSHF streets. When formulating color planning, suggestions for color adjustment can be given based on the correlation study of color with visual elements and perception scores, optimizing urban residents’ spatial perception and their emotional experiences. These findings provide robust theoretical support for further enhancing the visual quality of streets and refining urban color planning.

Effect of Changes in the Area Ratio of Red/Blue Green Eyeshadow on Cognitive Processing in the Brain

Purpose: To conduct electroencephalography (EEG) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) measurements to establish quantitative data on brainwave responses to changes in eyeshadow color, specifically the area ratio of red (R) and blue green (BG) eyeshadows.Methods: A study was conducted on 60 males and females in their 20s using R, BG eyeshadow to determine brainwave responses via spontaneous EEG and VEPs while presenting stimuli with changes in area. The analysis focused on brainwave responses to changes in area.Results: The brainwave responses to color stimuli demonstrated the maximum activity in the occipital lobe. Specifically, the results of the EEG analysis indicated the highest level of psychological relaxation response at the golden ratio (1.61) of the eyeshadow area. Furthermore, when participants wore BG eyeshadow, their brainwave responses remained stable, with consistent alpha wave activation. The presentation of stimuli using only the R eyeshadow resulted in a significant increase in arousal and attention levels among the participants. Perceptual responses exhibited variations based on the ratio of the main color and point color in the color contrast, and rapid VEPs responses were observed specifically under high saturation conditions. Furthermore, the study revealed a high correlation between the brainwave response results and color images, indicating that an optimal ratio of color areas can maximize the impact of the color image.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that by adjusting the area ratio of colors, it is possible to scientifically determine and achieve the desired color effects in color planning. The brain cognitive responses, resulting from variations in eyeshadow area, can serve as valuable quantitative data for image-making purposes, and can be applied to various fields in the beauty industry to expand their usability

도시경관 향상을 위한 경관색채 평가항목의 상대적 중요도 연구

As color is a visually significant factor among the design elements that make up the urban landscape image, a landscape color plan is being established to improve the urban image through various related policies considering landscape color. This study aims to propose criteria for landscape color planning by selecting items that should be important when establishing landscape color plans that were not covered in previous studies, and analyzing the importance among evaluation items of selected evaluation items. As a result of the study, first, the evaluation items leaked from the research literature related to landscape color were reclassified and 41 items were derived through FGI. Second, 41 evaluation items were classified into 4 types, and were readjusted to 16 items through discussion and survey analysis. Third, as a result of analyzing using AHP, importance was analyzed in the order of harmony(.394)> continuity(.257)> aesthetics(.193)> symbolism(.156) in the major classification, and it was confirmed that the pairwise comparison had reasonable consistency. As a result of the relative importance analysis among evaluation items, the priority considering important weights was “: Harmony with surrounding natural environment> Harmonization with adjacent buildings> Improvement of relationship between landscape elements> Harmonious and continuous landscape”. Most of the evaluation items included in harmony rank high, and the items included in symbolism generally rank low.

City Color Planning Systems in East Asia in the 21st Century: A Comparative Investigation of Three Capital Cities

Since the advent of the 21st century, with the promulgation of landscape laws and related landscape management regulations, city color, as a vital component of the urban landscape, has garnered increasing attention. In East Asia, numerous cities have embraced city color planning as a means to enhance their urban landscape and shape the distinctive features of the city. Therefore, this study focuses on exploring the characteristics of city color planning systems in East Asia by adopting qualitative analysis methods, using Tokyo, Seoul, and Beijing as case study examples. We used publications, academic research, and official documents clustered into seven domains to identify the following: government agency, introduction time, relevant laws, upper plan, tools/management, planning method, and planning contents. The results revealed that compared with Europe, city color planning in East Asia is government-led top-down planning, and there are remarkable similarities in the formulation process, planning methods, and color selection, while there are obvious deficiencies in the professionalism of the planning authorities and public participation. The results of this study provide a valuable reference for city color planning in the future, thereby enhancing the urban landscape and shaping unique city identities in East Asia.

Building Façade Color Distribution, Color Harmony and Diversity in Relation to Street Functions: Using Street View Images and Deep Learning

Building façade colors play an important role in influencing urban imageability, attraction and citizens’ experience. However, the relations between street functions and the building façade color distribution, color harmony and color diversity have not been thoroughly examined. We obtained the dominant colors of building façades in Changning District, Shanghai, utilizing Baidu street view images, image semantic segmentation technology and the K-means algorithm. The variations in building façades’ dominant colors, color harmony and diversity across different types of functional streets were examined through logistic regression and ANOVA analyses. The results indicate that, compared to industrial streets, red hues are more common in science education streets, residential streets and mixed functional streets. Business streets are more likely to have hues of green, red and red–purple. Residential streets’ saturation is overall higher than that of industrial streets. In business streets, the medium–high value occurs less frequently than other streets. Moreover, we found that the street building façade colors in industrial streets were more harmonious and less diversified than that in other functional streets. This study has implications for urban color planning practices. Color harmony and color diversity should be well considered in future planning. The role of street functions should also be addressed in building façade color planning, to improve existing planning frameworks as well as related strategies.

건축색채계획 및 적용을 위한 색채시공감리에 관한 연구 - 건축유형별 5개 현장을 중심으로 -

Currently, numerous architectural color planning projects are completed through the coordination of opinions of architectural designers, color experts, and clients in the planning and design stage. However, after the building is completed, it is a reality that the deterioration of the plan is accepted as it is and the deterioration of the design plan is tolerated without color supervision or evaluation of the color plan by experts. Therefore, in this study, as a means to strengthen the continuity of architectural color planning, color construction supervision is actively introduced to increase the completeness of color planning and to study efficient color planning methods so that general evaluations of an unspecified number of people can come out positively. Therefore, the progress system of this study is intended to be approached from two aspects: reviewing color change based on the continuity and relationship of architectural color planning and suggesting a practical design direction after analyzing color construction supervision. First, we will analyze the color status in the planning stage and construction stage of color planning by building type and study the effect of color arrangement based on color theory in a more positive direction. Second, it is expected that the color plan will be used as an application example for the final review and confirmation whether the color plan is implemented with a high degree of completion from the planning stage to the construction stage. It is hoped that this study will be a reference material in the process of implementing a more continuous color plan through color construction supervision, and that it can be used as a meaningful indicator.

A linguistic approach to urban color design and research—Exploring Jianming Song's methodologies

AbstractThe development of urban color planning and design has evolved alongside massive urbanization in China over the past two decades. In this field, Jianming Song has become one of the most profound practitioners, having carried out hundreds of urban color projects since the turn of the millennium. This study aims to answer the question: What can be learned from these projects to provide useful knowledge for future urban development? In response to the complexity of the urban context and the relationship between urban space and colorscape, Song utilizes linguistics‐based design methodologies as an effective way to solve practical problems. This article articulates the application of linguistics in urban typology, color narratives, and the development of color themes. The study also identifies an integrated methodological framework that include the perspectives of ontology, epistemology and methodology. The research findings point to a renaissance of traditional culture implemented in contemporary design practice. Urban color planning and design is the product of local, social, economic, and political relations. The research encourages local knowledge combined with intellectual analysis to contribute to the design revolution in urban development.

Potential conflicts between individual preferences and city color planning: a case study of Busan, South Korea

ABSTRACT Although there are various preferences for color, the city color planning in South Korea is dominated by the government, and the city color preferences of residents are considered to a less extent. Therefore, it results in a question of how to accommodate the diversity of individual preferences. This study took Busan City as an example, using the data collected by the questionnaire survey, first through the chi-square test and nonlinear canonical correlation analysis model to analyze individual attribute factors that distinguish the diversity of city color preferences. It was found that age significantly impacted city color preference, followed by occupation, residential type, educational background, residential location, sex, and monthly income. Regarding the three elements of color, the most significant differences in city color preference were chroma and hue, with slight differences in value preference. Finally, the results were compared with city color guideline to identify the potential conflicts. The findings can provide some recommendations for bottom-up city color planning, and be applied in architectural design and urban regeneration.

Retraction Note: Ant System with Negative for the Hospital Ward Color Planning

Retraction Note: Ant System with Negative for the Hospital Ward Color Planning

Research on cognitive evaluation of forest color based on visual behavior experiments and landscape preference.

Forest colors are important elements for public enjoying the scenery. So increasing attention has been acquired on forest color cognition. However researches on relationship between forest colors and public response are still insufficient, which cannot provide sufficient theoretical basis for the regulation of forest landscape in color. Therefore, We seek to examine the relationship between forest color and visual behavior based on eye tracking technology, and further interpret the visual indicators through the value of scenic beauty. This study researched Jiaozi Mountain in China by selecting 29 sampling points, counting up 116 photographs in 4 seasons by a mountainous region. On this basis, Matlab was performed to quantitatively extract color elements, while ArcGIS and Fragstats were applied to extract the spatial index of color patches. A total of 10 indicators were obtained to explain the color characteristics of each forest image. Through both visual behavior experiment and landscape preference evaluation, the results showed that people tend to have different visual behaviors and preference cognition when observing forest colors of different seasonal types. Based on the study of forest landscape color in all seasons, the subjects tend to judge the image in comparison to other seasonal forest landscape color photos to identify it more easily. For a single-season forest colors, diversified color information and abundant visual attention are important factors influencing the correlation between visual behavior, landscape preference, and forest color characteristics. This study aims to further reveal people's perceptions and psychological preference to forest colors, contribute to the establishment of a more quantitative and scientific scenery evaluation system, and provide a scientific basis for forest color planning and design.

Computer vision quantization research on the architectural color of Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro in Macau based on the human eye perspective.

In this study, a new quantifiable and refined urban street color analysis method was proposed by combining professional color cards and efficient software color recognition, which solved the problems of low efficiency and difficulty in the quantification of urban color research and analysis. The research mainly uses China Building Color Card (CBCC) and Python (use programs for the HSV color segmentation of pictures) and other software to carry out color recognition for a street view. From the aspects of color composition, type, proportion, visual level, and color sequence of the street facade, this article makes a quantitative analysis of the color of Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro in Macao from multiple angles. The method of combining color card colorimetry with computer color recognition, which not only considers the inherent color of the building but also includes the color situation under the influence of the environment, can express the “actual color situation” of the building more completely. This article quantifies, combs, summarizes, and compares architectural color and environmental color completely. This method has good universality and ease of use in practice, and the conclusion of the study can provide a reference for the color planning of Macao, the color selection of urban renewal has reference significance, and provide a new method for the study of urban color.

Housing design during COVID-19: effects of psychological states on Japanese architecture students

ABSTRACT During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, people worldwide were psychologically affected by being limited to mostly indoor, at-home activities. This study sought to clarify how COVID-19-related psychological states and anxiety affect changes in designs and perceptions of living environments. Hence, this study assigned a housing design task to architecture students – considerations included windows (window-to-wall ratio), lighting plan, color plan, and floor area – and conducted a survey regarding the related deliverables. The results showed that anxiety about going out affected perceptions of openness and publicity, whereas fear of COVID-19 infection affected impressions of space, brightness, and naturalness. These psychological effects are reflected in the total floor area, window area, and color planning. These effects reveal how the psychological state of the designer affects the spatial elements in architectural design. Abbreviations: SD method - Semantic differential method SD - Standard deviation WWR - Window-to-wall ratio Df value – Degrees of freedom value

Perceived Impact of Colors in Interiors and Architecture

Colors are an inextricable element of the world we live in, and their influence on how people perceive their surroundings is irrefutable. It is a subtle stimulator with silent impact on physical, physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects in every day human lives. An interior designer can use color theory and alter characteristics of rooms by pleasing color plan for interiors to match the purpose and interests of residents. Therefore, the author had undertaken a study and interviewed people from different walks of life to assess their perception about the use of colors in interiors and concluded that people expressed color as an important factor in interior design. They prefer different colors as per the size and space of each room and considered quality material, availability of natural light, and matched the color of interiors. They also believe that color affects health, mood, and emotions of the person.

The Color Planning Method of Shanghai New City Based on Big Data and Artificial Intelligence

Due to the rapid development of my country’s urbanization construction, today’s cities, as a complex and unified combination of humanities, technology, and innovation, most of their core competitiveness highlights the color charm of the city. Urban color reflects the long history and rich urban life of a city. Only by combining the regional and cultural characteristics of the city can it be tailored to fully reflect the charm of the city. In recent years, the livability of cities has gradually attracted the attention of the public. Monotonous colors will not only make the city lose its overall beauty, but also make the residents living in it feel boring. Therefore, in recent years, many cities have carried out research on overall color planning, hoping to improve the overall beauty of the city through efforts and create a color matching scheme that is consistent with the urban culture. Taking Shanghai New City as an example, this paper uses big data technology and modern artificial intelligence technology to analyze the color matching strategies adopted in this area and puts forward suggestions for color optimization in combination with the current construction status and development planning in this area.

승객 만족도 향상을 위한 연안여객선 실내공간 개선방향 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate passenger satisfaction and suggest improvement directions of interior spaces for improving passenger satisfaction in the accommodation area of coastal ferry, Ro-Pax ships. First, previous studies, references, and examples reviewed. Then, the questionnaire survey identifies the characteristics of passengers, passenger satisfaction, space organization and design, interior design problems, and requirements for improving interior spaces. The passenger questionnaires are compared and analyzed with expert questionnaires conducted in previous studies. From the results of research, it mainly suggests that various types of handrails for the weak, color planning and installing digital information system, rearranging the space with usage. With result of the questionnaire survey, improvement plans suggest that different information system for the user, sign design with readability and identification, space and door design for wheelchair users, standard of handrail design, design guideline of staircase, efficient traffic flow of a restaurant, esay accesible to the rest seat, affordable space organization.