Color Fastness Properties Research Articles

Synthesis, printing applications and electrochemical removal of CQAPDN disperse dye incorporating quinoline moiety

A new heterocyclic azodye 4-({4-[(7-Chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]phenyl}diazenyl)naphthalen-1-ol (CQAPDN) was synthesized by diazotization of 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)benzene-1,4-diamine; followed by coupling with α-naphthol. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. Dyeing performance on polyester fibers was assessed. The color strength measurements and fastness properties exhibited good results. The electrochemical behavior of the CQAPDN was studied using cyclic voltammetry technique in a mixed solvent of perchloric acid and acetonitrile at glassy carbon electrode modified with poly1,5-diaminonaphthalene. The modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward electrochemical determination of CQAPDN with low detection and quantification limits of 0.00169 and 0.00565 µM. The azo-removal was studied using controlled potential electrolysis technique at 0.20 V. The decolorization efficiency was assessed through UV/Vis studies confirming that the azo-group was destroyed.

Influence of Plain, Twill, and Satin Weave Structures on the Optimum Colorfastness Properties of Reactive Dyes

The objective of this work is to study the influence of the plain, twill and satin weave structures on the colorfastness properties of reactive dyes. From the results, it can be concluded that plain weave fabric showed the optimum colorfastness properties due to its compact interlacement structure compared to twill and satin weave fabrics. Three types of plain, twill, and satin weave fabrics of different weave structures and weights (g/m2) were used in this research. The dyes, auxiliaries, and chemicals were applied, and the colorfastness tests were carried out in accordance with the test methods provided by ASTM and AATCC standards. Color strength (K/S) values were obtained using a reflectance spectrophotometer. A projection microscope was used to take cross sectional diagrams of the yarns for assessment. FTIR instrument transmitted infrared radiation to the dyed samples of up to a few microns to measure the spectroscopy within the visible spectral province with the maximum infrared ray (IR) peak values. The peak values of the FTIR device assured the presence of colorant or chromophore existing in the dyestuffs which were liable to expose the best colorfastness properties. This research is experimentally-based, and the findings are useful to personnel involved in cellulose fabric dyeing with reactive dyes and to the control of color properties. This research opens potential ways for scholars to advance study in this field.

A novel water borne green textile polyurethane dispersions finishes from cotton (Gossypium arboreum) seed oil based polyol used in modification of cellulosic fabrics

Now in these days the major challenges in the polymer industry is to evolve sustainable and renewable substitutes to petroleum-based raw resources. Keeping in view of the current challenges a novel series of water-borne polyurethane dispersions were prepared from the renewable resource cottonseed oil-based polyol by varying the polyol contents concerning the 1,4-butanediol. The polyol was prepared by epoxidation and ring-opening procedure and further reacted with the isophorone diisocyanate, dimethylol propionic acid, and 1,4-butanediol to form the final polyurethane dispersions. The FTIR technique was used to confirm the anticipated structure of cotton seed oil-based polyol and final polyurethane dispersions. Different textile tests such as anti-pilling and colorfastness properties were carried out onto the plain weave fabrics of poly/cotton after applying the synthesized dispersions by pad-dry-cure processes. Significant improvement in anti-pilling behavior was shown by the white grade (4), dyed (4), and printed (4/5) fabrics from the untreated fabrics (1/2), (1/2), and (2), respectively. However, colorfastness properties of all the treated fabrics also showed the remarkable enhancement in rating as compared to the untreated fabrics such as colorfastness to rubbing of the dyed fabric improved to grade (3/4) and (4/5) from the untreated fabrics (2) and (3) for wet and dry rubbing. The results revealed that the bio-based polyol in the polyurethane backbone has significantly improved the fabric properties and has applications for better textile performance for polyester/cotton textiles to substitute the petroleum raw material-based finishes.

Dyeing of Agro-Waste Castor Fibres with Eclipta Prostrata Dye

Fiber extracted from castor plant is a bast fiber like hemp, jute, flax and kenaf. Based on the chemical constitutes; physical and chemical properties of these eco-friendly fibers extracted from agro waste are used in making different materials like union fabrics and reinforcement materials. In the present study, castor fiber was dyed with Eclipta prostrata plant extract and evaluated for colorfastness and color strength properties. The colorfastness properties of castor fiber dyed with pre, simultaneous and post-mordanting methods using four mordants aluminum potassium sulfate (commonly called alum) (KAI(SO4)2 .12H2O),stannous Chloride (SnCl2), copper sulfate (CuSO4) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) were tested. The colorfastness to light, wash, crock and perspiration was found to be good for CuSO4 and FeSO4 dyed fibers. Color strength properties for the samples were also assessed and found to be good.

Extraction of Natural Dye from Aerial Parts of Argy Wormwood Based on Optimized Taguchi Approach and Functional Finishing of Cotton Fabric.

The aerial parts of the Argy Worm Wood (AWW) plant have been used in different Chinese foods as a colorant and a taste enhancer for a long time. Despite its application as a food colorant, it has rarely been considered for the coloration of textiles. Keeping in mind the variation in color strength due to the change in phytochemical contents by seasonal change and other variables, the extraction of AWW aerial parts was optimized using the Taguchi method. Optimization was performed on the basis of total phytochemical contents (phenols, flavonoids, and tannins) in the extracted solutions. For this purpose, two different solvent systems, namely sodium hydroxide/water (NaOH/water) and ethanol/water (EtOH/water), were applied through a simple aqueous extraction method at varying levels of solvent concentration, and extraction temperature and duration. Maximum phytochemicals yield of 21.96% was obtained using NaOH/water system with 9 g/L NaOH/water at 85 °C for 20 min and 25.5% with 75% aqueous ethanol at 85 °C for 40 min. Optimized extracts were characterized by UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometry, which showed the presence of multiple phytochemicals in the extracts. The dyeing temperature and time were also optimized. Dyed cotton fabrics showed medium to high colorfastness to washing and excellent antibacterial and UV radiation absorption properties. The effect of pre-mordanting with salts of iron and copper was also studied on the color fastness properties. Cotton fabrics dyed with two different solvent system extracts displayed various shades of brown with NaOH/water, and green with aqueous ethanol with and without pre-mordanting. The present study provides the textile industry with a promising source of functional bio-colorant and a value-adding approach for the AWW plant industry.

Mordant-free dyeing of nylon fabric with mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) seed pods: A cleaner approach of synthetic fabric coloration

The extraction and consequent application of natural colorants obtained from mahogany ( Swietenia mahagoni) seed pod powder is described here. The colored solution was extracted by facile boiling in an acidic medium. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the mahogany seed pod extract contained lignocellulosic substances. The typical strong broad band for -OH stretching vibration appeared at around the 3400 cm−1 region in the spectra indicating the presence of alcoholic groups in the substance. The acidic boiling of the mahogany seed pod extract showed the color bearing character at λmax 400–480 nm in the visible range of the ultra-violet spectrum. Subsequently, commercial single jersey-knitted nylon fabric was dyed with the mahogany seed pod extract. The effects of temperature, pH, and time were investigated meticulously for the above dyeing. The optimum conditions for nylon fabric dyeing with the mahogany seed pod extract were selected as the temperature of 100°C, dyeing time of 60 min, and dyebath pH 4.5. The results were interpreted in terms of color strength and fastness properties. The color fastness to wash and perspiration of nylon fabric dyed with mahogany seed pod extract was found to be moderate to good in the grey scale rating 3–4 to 4 grade in the case of optimum dyeing condition whereas color fastness to light was observed to be poor in the blue wool scale rating 2 grade. It was observed that dyeing time, temperature, and pH had profound influences on the color strength of the dyed material. The color strength was increased with the increase of dyeing period and dyebath temperature. The acidic dye liquor produced the darker hues while the alkaline condition had no effect on color yielding. The fabric was dyed uniformly, confirming the evenness of dyeing which is very important for successful commercial dyeing.

Evaluation of the effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles on dyeing process and in vitro contamination control of Egyptian cotton

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using bark extract of Acacia nilotica as green reducing agent and natural colorant was achieved. Simultaneous dyeing of Egyptian cotton fabric and control of the in vitro contamination of Egyptian cotton culture (var Giza 86) plant were also carried out. Ferric chloride was used as metal mordant in the dyeing process and the color measurements were carried out to evaluate the shade obtained. The dyed fabric was subjected for analysis in terms of K S, CIE L*a*b*, and fastness properties. For assaying the antimicrobial activity, the disk diffusion assay on two model organisms, E. coli (Gram Negative) and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) were achieved resulting that the treated cotton fabric showed a clear antimicrobial against both model organisms. The treatments of produced AgNPs on cotton not only improve its antimicrobial efficiency but also influenced the tensile strength of the fabric sample positively. The treatment was found to enhance the color depth and fastness properties of dyed cotton fabric samples. Concerning the new application for in vitro control of bacterial and fungal contamination, the synthesized AgNPs was conducted in the sterilization protocol and showed the effective elimination of fungal and bacterial contamination in in vitro cotton var G86, these results provided a new sterilization product to be used for future studies of plant tissue culture.

Vat dyeing of lyocell fabric with high temperature dyeing technique

Successful dyeing of lyocell, a biodegradable regenerated cellulose fiber, in fabric form is still a challenging job. Here in, we report successful dyeing of lyocell fabric with vat dyes by conventional batchwise method. To assess the dyeability of lyocell fabric, a woven lyocell fabric was dyed with three different colorants (Blue Yellow and Red) of vat dyes by using previously determined procedure for vat dyeing on cellulose fabric. Dyeing parameters (temperature and time) were regulated to attain optimal dyeing conditions. Color yield of dyed lyocell fabric was analyzed using Kubelka–Munk equation, and durability of dyed fabric was examined by standard colorfastness properties. Lyocell fabric dyed with vat dyes displayed excellent color strength and remarkable fastness properties under optimized dyeing conditions. SEM results revealed smooth surface morphology after dyeing. The dye effluent analysis showed that dyeing of lyocell fabric with vat dyes is eco-friendly.

Extraction of an eco-friendly natural dye from Eleutherine bulbosa (Miller) Urban bulbs, its application as a cotton fabric colorant and chemical characterization

ABSTRACT In recent years, natural dyes are gaining importance in textile dyeing applications as they are renewable and biodegradable. In the present study, we selected Eleutherine bulbosa bulbs as a source of natural colorant for dyeing cotton fabrics. Water was used for the extraction of dye, a step toward eco-friendly dyeing. The dyeing was carried out with different mordants and color fastness properties were determined. Relatively higher color strength values were obtained with Myrobalan fruit extract (Mfe- 4.267) and Pomegranate rind extract (Pre- 2.731) as mordants. With Mfe and Pre good color strength values were retained even after detergent wash (3.103 and 1.865) or light exposure (3.689 and 2.395). A combination of Eleutherine dye with turmeric extract was also experimented. Results showed better color strength values with Mfe (4.304) and Pre (3.120). The color retainability after detergent wash (2.960 and 2.100) or light exposure (4.186 and 2.911) was also good with these mordants. Results revealed that E. bulbosa could be used as a source of an ecofriendly dye for cotton fabrics, and the dye-fixing is most effective with the natural mordant myrobalan. The composition of dye extract was analyzed by LCMS technique, 15 compounds were detected, most of which are quinone derivatives.

Synthesis, antimicrobial and photostability of novel push–pull tricyanofuran dyes bearing trolox and hindered amine

Novel push–pull tricyanofuran-based dyes containing trolox or hindered amine nucleus were synthesized. The synthesis procedure involved the preparation of phenylvinyl-bridged tricyanofuran (TCF) dyes with a secondary amine or a hydroxyl terminal group, followed by the attachment of 6-hydroxyl-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid (TROLOX) or N-alkyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-amine (HALS) fragment. Those TROLOX or HALS-bearing chromophores displayed pronounced solvatochromic performance in various organic solvents with changing solvent polarity. The molecular structures of the generated TROLOX or HALS-containing chromophores were proved by 1H and 13C NMR and FT-IR. This could be attributed to the occurred intra-molecular charge transfer (ICT). The photodegradation of the prepared dyes were studied using dual-beam thermal lens method. The UV–Vis absorption spectra showed dramatic improvements in the photostability of the prepared TROLOX or HALS-bearing chromophores compared to the corresponding reference dyes. Due to the presence of nitrogen-containing heterocycles in their structures, the HALS-bearing chromophores displayed an antibacterial behavior to Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Escherichia coli. The colorfastness properties against light were also evaluated.

Upcycling sawdust into colorant: Ecofriendly natural dyeing of fabrics with ultrasound assisted dye extract of Pterocarpus indicus Willd.

Exploitation of synthetic dyes in a variety of manufacturing sectors including textiles poses serious problems to the environment. Natural dyes are becoming vital alternatives to toxic synthetic dyes, however, with limitations such as availability and process standardization. Herein, we explore the dyeing potential of a sawdust, Pterocarpus indicus Willd., which is widely available as a waste from timber industry in South Asia and other parts of the world. Ultrasound assisted extraction method was carried out to extract natural dye from the sawdust. The extract was used to dye cotton and silk fabrics using various metallic and natural mordants such as alum, stannous chloride, copper sulphate, gallnut, pomegranate rind and gooseberry and the process was optimized. The effect of different pretreatments such as chitosan and myrobalan on dyeing fabrics was also studied. Colour properties of the naturally dyed fabrics such as colour strength, colour co-ordinates and various fastness were assessed. The natural mordants such as gallnut, pomegranate rind and gooseberry provided comparable fastness property to metallic mordants, thereby suggesting the use of the extracted dye with natural mordants for exclusive eco-friendly dyeing. We also demonstrate that chitosan and myrobalan pretreatments significantly enhance the colour strength, colour fastness and UV protection properties of naturally colored cotton and silk fabrics. Overall, the results suggest copper sulphate mordanting with chitosan pretreatment and stannous chloride mordanting with myrobalan pretreatment as the best combination for cotton and silk fabrics, respectively considering the color fastness and UV protection properties. The results provide ample scope for the upcycling of timber industry waste into a natural dye for eco-friendly coloration of fabrics.

Dye Extraction from Immature Wood Apple, Characterization and its Eco-Friendly Application on Cotton, and Silk Fabrics

The application of natural dye has been thriving due to its eco-friendly coloration process on textiles by reducing chemical usage. In this research experiment, immature wood apple has been extracted in three different solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and water. Retention factor by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and dye extraction percent were employed selecting the best solvent for dye extraction from the wood apple. Following then, silk and cotton fabrics had been dyed with that extracted dye in the most appropriate solvent. The wood apple dye had also been characterized by UV-vis absorbance, FTIR analysis, and antimicrobial activity test against two bacteria (E. coli and B. subtilis). Moreover, the dyeing performance of dyed fabrics had been evaluated by color co-ordinate value, dye pick up percentage, color strength, Metamerism Index and various colorfastness properties. It has been observed that wood apple shows better antimicrobial activity when extracted in ethanol in case of both bacterial stains. Whereas, after application on fabrics, silk exhibits a higher color strength value and dye pick-up percent compared to dyed cotton fabrics. The colorfastness properties of dyed silk and cotton are also admirable

Natural Dyeing of Cellulose and Protein Fibers with the Flower Extract of Spartium junceum L. Plant.

In this study, the natural dye was extracted from Spartium junceum L. (SJL) flowers and applied on cellulose (cotton) and protein (wool) fabric. Fabrics were pre-mordant with alum prior to the dyeing process. Considering the global requirements on zero waste and green policy, the dyeing process was intended to be as much as possible environmentally friendly but still effective. Therefore, mordant concentration was optimized due to the reduction of the negative impact. The efficiency of the dyeing process was investigated by examination of fabrics’ color characteristics and colorfastness to washing properties. In this paper, we have proved that the extracted dye from Spartium junceum L. is an acidic dye (mordant dye) which is more applicable for the treatment of wool fabrics. In this paper, it was proved that phytochemicals responsible for coloring are part of the flavonoids group. The UV absorption spectra of extracted dye show 4 bands in the region of λmax 224, 268, 308 and 346 nm which are ascribed to bands characteristic for flavonoids. Wool fabric pre-mordant with 3% alum and dyed shows great chromatic (C*) properties where C* value is in a range from 47.76 for unwashed samples to 47.50 for samples after 5 washing cycles and color hue (h°) is in a range 82.13 for unwashed samples to 81.52 for samples after 5 washing cycles. The best result regarding the colorfastness properties is shown by the wool sample treated with 3% alum after 5 washing cycles (total difference in color (Delta E*) = 0.87). These results confirm that metal (Al) from alum mordant make strong chemical bonds with wool substrate and dye since Delta E* values decrease in comparison to Delta E* values of the cotton samples treated the same way. The results revealed it is possible to reduce the concentration of mordant up to 3% and obtain satisfactory results regarding the colorfastness. Nevertheless, future research will go in the direction of replacing synthetic mordant with a more environmentally friendly one.

Wet processing of agro-residual fibres for potential application in fancy décor items

ABSTRACT This research compares the change of physical and chemical properties of three types of agro-residual (AgR) fibres namely banana plant stem fibre (BSF), pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) and corn husk fibre (CHF) by wet processing steps: scouring, bleaching and dyeing. Bleaching operation was performed using mild sodium chlorite concentration. The percentage of lignin and hemicelluloses were remarkably declined and densities of the fibres were increased. The highest amount of α-cellulose is found 88.7% for bleached BSF, followed by bleached PALF (78.4%) and bleached CHF (70.1%). The morphology changes of the fibres due to bleaching were clearly detected by FTIR spectroscopy. The bleached fibres were dyed with two different types of reactive dyes viz. Reactive Orange 2 R-XF and Reactive Blue F-R by conventional dyeing technique. The absorption of dyes was tested by UV-vis spectroscopy. It was seen that the dye absorption percentage of all types of fibre are not equal. The dye absorption was also diverged in the case of two reactive dyes. Colour fastness properties of dyed fibres were tested under sunlight, wash and reagent spot tests. All the dyed fibres were exhibited excellent colour fastness properties. Reactive Orange 2 R-XF showed better fastness property than Reactive Blue F-R in every investigation.

Effect of turmeric dye and biomordants on knitted cotton fabric coloration: A promising alternative to metallic mordanting

Textile coloration using synthetic dyes is not eco-friendly and has detrimental impact on wearer skin. Hence, natural dye is assumed as a suitable alternative for sustainable textile manufacturing and coloration. In this study, we utilized Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract for cotton fabric dyeing. Additionally, biomordants (derived from Citrus lemon and Colocasia esculenta bulk) and metallic mordants (Potassium dichromate and Potash alum) pre-treatments were carried out to upturn the overall uptake of dyes into the fabric interior. The resulted color-strength (K/S) of biomordant pretreated sample was two times higher (K/S=8.6) than the metal mordanted sample (K/S=4.0). To investigate the fastness properties of dyed fabric varities, colorfastness to rub (dry and wet), wash, water, and perspiration test were performed and found superior result for bio-crosslinkers compared to metallic salts chelation. Futhermore, the visual uniformity and moisture absorption on the hue (h*) by the final dyed samples were also found excellent in both mordanted dyed fabrics. Thereby, this dyeing process propossed the viability of natural dyestuff with synthetic auxiliaries for facile cotton fabric coloration. Therefore, the utilization of Turmeric extract as a usefull dye source and Citrus lemon, Colocasia esculenta bulk extract as biomordant could reckon a positive insight for cleaner textile manufacturing and dyeing. • Mordants effect on colour strength and fastness properties of Turmeric dyes. • A potential and sustainable source of dyeing textile materials for better cleaner environments. • Citrus lemon juice, Colocasia esculenta bulk juice used as a Bio-mordants. • Dyed fabric shows comparatively better colour strength and colourfastness. • Better visual uniformity and moisture absorption during the use of Citrus lemon, Colocasia esculenta bulk juice.

Study of mechanical properties and characteristics of eco-fibres for sustainable children's clothing

The aim of this paper is to study the application of eco-fibres as a new approach to achieve the multifunctional design for children’s clothing toward sustainability in the clothing industry. In this regard, this study focuses on the evaluation of the fabrics’ mechanical properties including tensile strength and microstructural details as critical points for multifunctional children's clothing purposes. The eco-fibre fabrics studied are organic cotton twill and recycled polyester. Studies have proven that frequent laundering and dry-cleaning result in increased pilling. Furthermore, high quality of colour fastness properties was found in 100% organic woven cotton fabric and recycled polyester fabric printed by non-harmful dyes. Organic cotton fabric is found to offer minimum tear resistance due to the lower strength of cotton fibres. The study found very good physical properties of organic cotton fabric during the mechanical test as well as recycled polyester fabric, which are also safe and eco-friendly. Therefore, these materials are suitable to be used in sustainable clothing design, as it is also a means towards the reduction of environmental pollution and tackle resource depletion associated with the clothing industry.

Facile technique for wool coloration via locally forming of nano selenium photocatalyst imparting antibacterial and UV protection properties

The lowering intake of organic dyes and their auxiliaries by employing nanoparticles for some special textile coloration is novel and interesting topic. Nonetheless, application of reducing, stabilizing and other chemical agents in textile nano-coloration is still undesirable from both environmental and human/aquatic life viewpoints. This research renders a facile technique for wool coloration through locally forming selenium nanoparticles using sodium selenite without using other chemicals. Being industrially enforceable, free from use of additional chemicals, showing photo-active ability to discolor the dyeing effluent and low-toxic colorant are the main privileges of the used method. The wool fabrics were colored light to dark orange depending on coloration time and concentration of sodium selenite. Also, the color fastness properties against washing, rubbing and acid/alkaline spotting of prepared samples were excellent. Moreover, the colored fabrics indicated reasonable bactericidal and fungicidal performances toward Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans (95, 70 and 100 %, respectively) and still remained compatible with human skin. The in-situ synthesis of selenium nanoparticles on wool fabric not only colored the wool but also promoted the UV-protecting performance by 61.82 %, photocatalytic activity through methylene blue discoloration under sunlight by 97.22 % and tensile strength by 11.27 %.

Effect of Dyeing Process Variables on Colour Yield and Colour Fastness Properties for Cotton Khadi Fabric Dyed with De-Oiled Red Sandal Wood Waste

Effect of Dyeing Process Variables on Colour Yield and Colour Fastness Properties for Cotton Khadi Fabric Dyed with De-Oiled Red Sandal Wood Waste

Reactive dyeing of synthetic fibers employing dyes containing a diazirine moiety

It is well-known that polypropylene (PP) or aramid fibers are challenging to dye by using conventional dyeing methods, which limits their further development in the textile and garment industry. Herein, we report a new methodology for deep dyeing synthetic fibers employing synthesized diazirine-containing dyestuffs. The combination of the diazirine moiety with a chromophore with heating at 150 °C produced the dye-forming carbene intermediate, which could covalently bond with the C–H bonds in the synthetic fibers. It was demonstrated that the diazirine dyes did not pose any explosive risk, although nitrogen molecules were generated along with the formation of carbene. Compared with the high-temperature–high-pressure dyeing and carrier dyeing-fixation methods, the non-aqueous solvent dyeing–fixation method was screened and certified to be suitable for the reactive dyeing of synthetic fibers. The diazirine-based dyes could efficiently react with poly (ethyleneterephthalate), nylon, PP, aramid, acrylic, and polyurethane (spandex) fibers with moderate to excellent fixation values. Particularly, the color yields of the PP, aramid, and acrylic fabrics were further improved significantly by repeating the non-aqueous solvent dyeing–fixation operation. Thereafter, the detailed dyeing and fixing mechanisms of the reactive dyeing method were proposed. Finally, the color fastness properties of these dyed fabrics were demonstrated to be excellent, thus making such a reactive dyeing method for synthetic fibers a very promising one for the future.

Ultrasonic dyeing of wool fabric with aqueous extract of Ratanjot (Onosma echioides) natural dye

The purpose of this study is to compare the conventional and ultrasonic dyeing methods in terms of its colour strength and colour fastness properties of wool fabric dyed with Ratanjot root. The results suggested that dyeing of wool fabric with natural dye Ratanjot (Onosma echioides) using ultrasonic waves, significantly improved the dye uptake percentage to 12.31 per cent from conventional heating methods. The fastness grade were found to be higher with ultrasonic than conventional heating. Additionally, the fabric dyed using ultrasonic waves gave a deeper shade and good colour intensity even at lower dyeing time (75min) and temperature (60°C). Therefore, ultrasound wave represents a promising technique for increasing diffusion of dye by the effect of cavitation, as well as for improving the effectiveness of processes when compared to conventional heating