Color Combinations Research Articles

Advancing histopathology in Health 4.0: Enhanced cell nuclei detection using deep learning and analytic classifiers

This study contributes to the Health 4.0 paradigm by enhancing the precision of cell nuclei detection in histopathological images, a critical step in digital pathology. The presented approach is characterized by the combination of deep learning with traditional analytic classifiers.Traditional methods in histopathology rely heavily on manual inspection by expert histopathologists. While deep learning has revolutionized this process by offering rapid and accurate detections, its black-box nature often results in a lack of interpretability. This can be a significant hindrance in clinical settings where understanding the rationale behind predictions is crucial for decision-making and quality assurance.Our research addresses this gap by employing the YOLOv5 framework for initial nuclei detection, followed by an analysis phase where poorly performing cases are isolated and retrained to enhance model robustness. Furthermore, we introduce a logistic regression classifier that uses a combination of color and textural features to discriminate between satisfactorily and unsatisfactorily analyzed images. This dual approach not only improves detection accuracy but also provides insights into model performance variations, fostering a layer of interpretability absent in most deep learning applications.By integrating these advanced analytical techniques, our work aligns with the Health 4.0 initiative’s goals of leveraging digital innovations to elevate healthcare quality. This study paves the way for more transparent, efficient, and reliable digital pathology practices, underscoring the potential of smart technologies in enhancing diagnostic processes within the Health 4.0 framework.

The influence of the textile substrate color on the contrast of thermochromic prints

Thermochromic inks have attracted much attention due to their application in various fields, including the textile industry. The application of these colors in sports clothing enables the monitoring of the athlete’s physiological state through the possibility of changing the color of the material under the influence of skin temperature. Due to the printing of thermochromic inks on textile materials used for visual control, there is a need to analyze the contrast of the printed elements. Contrast plays a significant role in visually highlighting shapes and details and also facilitates the recognition of printed parts and information on textile materials. Contrast analysis of thermochromic inks on different colors of textile materials plays a role in determining the optimal combination of base colors and thermochromic inks that will result in the most noticeable color change. This analysis allows designers and manufacturers to make good decisions about choosing the colors of textile materials when printing with thermochromic inks because, in this way, a high level of aesthetics and functionality is achieved. This work aims to compare and analyze the contrast of thermochromic inks on different colors of the substrate of different types of materials, as well as to determine whether the color of the fabric on which the thermochromic ink is printed affects the color contrast when it is changed, i.e., its discoloration and return to its original state. Magenta reversible thermochromic water-based leuco dye was used to print the samples. The work used textile materials for printing with different structures and different colors. The colors were chosen to be bright and to provide a good contrast with the magenta color so that their combination attracts the viewer’s attention and can create a strong visual effect. Colorimetric and contrast analyses determined that the color of the substrate is dependent on the contrast value. In the case of polyester textile material, the white color of the substrate showed the highest contrast values. On the other hand, in the case of printed samples on a material made of a mixture of polyester and elastane, it can be concluded that the gray color of the substrate gives the highest contrast values. In conclusion, the research highlights the importance of choosing colors and materials to achieve optimal results in the design and production of textile materials with thermochromic inks.

How Product Background Color Combination in Brand Post Affects Product Evaluation on Instagram

The influence of visual content and heuristic cues on product evaluation, such as color composition on Instagram, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the influence of product background color combinations (similar vs. contrastive) on product evaluation. Two empirical analyses were conducted, and the findings revealed that when the color is similar between product and background, it can significantly influence product evaluation in both brand layout and post situations on Instagram. The product type (functional vs. sensory-social) was found to moderate the relationship between product background color and product evaluation. This study contributes to the existing literature on color theory and visual marketing research, providing valuable practical implications and novel insights for leveraging color cues when presenting products on brand Instagram accounts.

Simulation research of the influence of different representative wavelengths on colorimetric temperature measurement accuracy

Abstract Colorimetric temperature measurement can achieve greater accuracy by obtaining data on the spectral radiance at two representative wavelengths. As color CCD cameras have three pairs of color combinations, the research would explore the accuracy of these three combinations in temperature measurement by simulation research. The stimulation values of the CCD camera for the three primary colors often differ from the three primary color wavelengths specified by the CIE. Therefore, through conducting comparative temperature measurement experiments on simulated objects, the research assesses the accuracy of color temperature measurement by comparing the performance of the CIE-specified wavelengths for the three primary colors with the stimulus values of a color CCD camera. Additionally, this research would also investigate the impact of differences in representative wavelengths on the accuracy of non-grey body temperature measurements.

FRONTISPIECES OF QURAN MANUSCRIPTS: THE SIGNIFICANT FEATURE OF ARABESQUE PATTERN IN ILLUMINATED QUR'AN MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE 16TH TO 18TH CENTURY

This study would evaluate the manuscript's design (organic and geometric), its significance, and its relevance to Islamic art and how it is proven to be a good example of visual art. A visual design is a combination of lines, textures, and colours. The creation of design depends upon the emergence of different types of lines. The development of this creative activity is associated with the evolution of the civilizations of mankind as well. Initially, the orientation of lines was used for communication and then for beautification. In this study, the specimen of Illuminated Qur'an manuscripts (16th century -18th century) has been collected from Ganjbkhsh library Islamabad (GBL) and Qatar national library. This study is conducted under the framework of physical analysis with the help of Artificial intelligence, a comparative analysis of Arabesque's typology and its attributes during the 16th to 18th century. In total, 542 images from 96 Qur'an manuscripts of GBL and 28 images from the 5 illuminated manuscripts of the Qur’an of the Qatar National library are included in this study. GBL data has been organized chronologically, as 30 manuscripts are from the 16th century, 24 from the 17th century and 42 from the 18th century whereas Qatar national library data has no defined chronological order. FastAi drew the relative chronology of the untrained data of Qatar National library and its results.

Makna Filosofis Iwel-iwel dalam Selamatan Bayi di Jawa: Kajian Linguistik Antropologis

This research aims to describe the philosophical meaning of “iwel-iwel”, a traditional Javanese food, using an anthropological linguistic approach with contextual design. Data analysis was carried out by collecting data through interview, observation, note taking and documentation techniques. After that, the process of interview transcription and notes was carried out, followed by the process of reading and analyzing the data. From data analysis, the author obtained the origin of the words and the philosophical meaning of “iwel-iwel” that were then scientifically interpreted in the discussion under the related theories and approaches. The results of this research proved that “iwel-iwel” has philosophical meanings in accordance with the values of local Javanese wisdom. “Iwel-iwel” came from the Javanese word “cemiwel” which means excited; the Arabic word “waliwalidaya” which means parent; and part of the saying “laa ilaha illallah” which means there is no God but Allah. At least “iwel-iwel” contained 10 philosophical meanings, namely (1) a symbol of balance, (2) a representation of calm, (3) a symbol of happiness, (4) respect for tradition, (5) connectedness to nature, (6) a symbol of simplicity, (7) a combination of taste and color, (8) patience and warmth, (9) experience and wisdom, and (10) a symbol of harmony.

Identification of Novel Variants of Three Zephyranthes Species Through Multilocation Assessment

Zephyranthes spp. (Rain lily) are priced ornamentals known for their brightly coloured flowers that gently naturalize the surroundings. They contain rich sources of alkaloids that are well known for their pharmacological activities. Breeding work in rain lily is extensively difficult; it is performed to add value as ornamentals. The present study was undertaken to identify and develop three novel variants of Zephyranthes- Z. rosea, Z. citrina, Z. candida through multilocation assessment. Initial field trial was conducted with fifteen germplasm for each species during spring 2018, 2019 and identified one lines for each species- RRL-PRL-05 (Z. rosea), RRL-YRL-02 (Z. candida) and RRL-WRL-27 (Z. citrina). RRL-PRL-05 with bright pink flowers and flat, broad leaves; RRL-YRL-02 showed bright yellow flowers with flat narrow leaves while RRL-WRL-27 showed white flowers with fine hairlike leaves. Multilocation study conducted for two consecutive years showed the identified lines to be stable for quantitative characters and colour combinations. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(2): 265-271, 2024 (June)

COLOURS ON SIKKA ARTS COUNCIL LOGO "WANIANA"

This study aims to find out the philosophy and meaning of the use of color in the logo of the Sikka Arts Council called Waniana. The Sikka Arts Council has a role as an institution that protects and cares for arts activists in Sikka District. The waniana logo itself consists of three color combinations including white, brown and blue. This study uses a qualitative approach to discuss the meaning of colors in the Waniana logo visual. The Waniana logo is the object of research chosen in this study. This research shows that the colors used in the Waniana logo are in accordance with the image, characteristics and vision and mission of Waniana. The results of this study are expected to provide a wider repertoire

Automated neuronal reconstruction with super-multicolour Tetbow labelling and threshold-based clustering of colour hues

Fluorescence imaging is widely used for the mesoscopic mapping of neuronal connectivity. However, neurite reconstruction is challenging, especially when neurons are densely labelled. Here, we report a strategy for the fully automated reconstruction of densely labelled neuronal circuits. Firstly, we establish stochastic super-multicolour labelling with up to seven different fluorescent proteins using the Tetbow method. With this method, each neuron is labelled with a unique combination of fluorescent proteins, which are then imaged and separated by linear unmixing. We also establish an automated neurite reconstruction pipeline based on the quantitative analysis of multiple dyes (QDyeFinder), which identifies neurite fragments with similar colour combinations. To classify colour combinations, we develop unsupervised clustering algorithm, dCrawler, in which data points in multi-dimensional space are clustered based on a given threshold distance. Our strategy allows the reconstruction of neurites for up to hundreds of neurons at the millimetre scale without using their physical continuity.

Dual-network photonic crystal hydrogels with mechanochromic property and enhanced water retention for multi-responsive applications

Photonic crystal hydrogels are obtained by assembling Fe3O4@C nanoparticles within the agar/P(N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylamide) (agar/P(NIPAm-Am)) dual-networks. The dual-network photonic crystal hydrogel offers a combination of structural color, mechanochromic behavior, water retention, solvent identification features, making it an exciting prospect for applications such as chromogenic display and sensing.

How product-background color combinations influence perceived brand innovativeness

The current research examines when and how product-background color combinations (analogous vs. complementary) influence consumers' perception of brand innovativeness. Across four studies, the authors find that analogous combinations lead to higher perceptions of brand innovativeness compared to complementary combinations. The effect occurs because analogous combinations are more difficult to process and, thus, result in higher perceptions of brand innovativeness. However, this effect is reduced for those familiar with the target brand. Importantly, by enhancing perceptions of brand innovativeness, analogous combinations can positively or negatively influence consumers’ purchase intentions, depending on their self-construal. Our findings provide valuable insights for both theory and marketing practice.

Creating, Developing, and Evaluating Herbal Lipstick Utilising “Beta Vulgaris”

Herbal lipsticks are made from natural ingredients like plant extracts and oils, often avoiding synthetic chemicals. They're popular for their nourishing properties and sometimes offer subtle tints. Beetroot extract is prized for its rich colour and potential benefits for the lips, like hydration and nourishment. The cosmetics industry is witnessing a paradigm shift towards natural and sustainable beauty products, driven by consumer demand for safer alternatives. In response, this study explores the formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstick utilising Beta Vulgaris, commonly known as beetroot, as a natural colourant. Beetroot extract, rich in betacyanins, not only imparts vibrant hues but also offers potential skincare benefits due to its antioxidant properties. This report outlines the formulation process, detailing the extraction of colourant from Beta Vulgaris and its integration into lipstick bases. Through the exploration of Beta Vulgaris as a natural colourant for herbal lipstick formulations, this research contributes to the advancement of natural cosmetics and underscores the potential of plant-based ingredients in meeting the growing demand for clean beauty products. Herbal lipstick formulations typically include a combination of pigments, perfumes, waxes, preservatives, antioxidants, oils, and colours. The advantages of herbal lipstick lie in its safety, cost- effectiveness, non-toxicity, and utilisation of pigments sourced from readily available plants and vegetables. Given the prevalence of side effects associated with synthetic formulations, this study sought to develop and evaluate herbal lipstick formulations using natural colourants. The evaluation parameters included colour intensity, pH levels, skin irritation potential, perfume stability, solubility, surface anomalies, and ageing stability. The findings of this study indicate that herbal lipstick formulations utilising natural colourants exhibit fewer or no side effects compared to synthetic alternatives. Furthermore, they have the potential to enhance consumer acceptance due to the incorporation of diverse natural ingredients and harmless colourants.

Classification of Coffee Fruit Maturity Level based on Multispectral Image Using Naïve Bayes Method

The current research about the classification of coffee fruit ripeness based on multispectral images has been developed using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method to extract patterns from highdimensional multispectral images. The high complexity of CNN allows the model to capture complex features but requires more time and computational resources for model training and testing. Therefore, in this study, classification is performed using a more straightforward method such as Naïve Bayes because its complexity only depends on the number of features and samples. The method only considers each feature independently, so it has high speed and does not require a lot of computational resources. Naïve Bayes is applied to color and texture features extracted from multispectral images of coffee fruit. There are 300 features consisting of 60 color features and 240 texture features. Experiments were conducted based on the comparison of training and testing data and the use of each feature. The combination of color and texture features showed better performance than color or texture features alone, with the highest accuracy reaching 91.01%. In conclusion, using Naïve Bayes is still reasonably good in classifying the ripeness of coffee fruit based on multispectral images.

Opportunities to reduce environmental burden by recycling fabric waste in a woollen fabric company

PurposeWool fiber is accepted as one of the natural and renewable sources and has been used in the apparel and textile industry since ancient times. However, wool fiber has the highest global warming potential value among conventional fibres due to its high land use and high methane gas generation. This study aimed to recycle the wool fabric wastes and also to create a mini eco-collection by using the produced yarns.Design/methodology/approachThis manuscript aimed to evaluate the fabric wastes of a woolen fabric producer company. Fabric wastes were opened with two different opening systems and fiber properties were determined. First, conventional ring yarns were produced in the company’s own spinning mill by mixing the opened fibres with the long fiber wastes of the company. In addition, opening wastes were mixed with different fibres (polyester, long wool waste, and Tencel fibres) between 25% and 70% in the short-staple yarn spinning mill and used in the production of conventional ring and OE-rotor yarns. Most of the yarns contained waste fibres at 50%. Recycled and virgin yarns were used as a weft and warp yarn and a total of 270 woven fabric samples were obtained and fabric properties were examined. Also, a fabric collection was created. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was made for one of the selected yarns.FindingsAt the end of the study, it was determined that it was possible to produce yarn and fabric samples from fiber blends containing high waste fiber ratios beyond 50%. All the woven fabric samples produced from conventional ring and OE-rotor yarns gave higher breaking, tearing and stitch slip strength values in the weft and warp direction than limit quality values of the company. In addition, abrasion resistance and WIRA steam stability properties of the fabric samples were also sufficient. Environmental analysis of the recycling of the wastes showed a possible decrease of about 9940034.3 kg CO2e per year in the global warming potential. In addition, fiber raw material expenses reduced yarn production cost about 50% in case of opened fabric waste usage. However, due to insufficient pilling resistance results, it was decided to evaluate the woven fabrics for the product groups such as shawls and blankets, where pilling resistance is less sought.Originality/valueThe original aspects of the article can be summarized under two headings. First, there are limited studies on the evaluation of wool wastes compared to cotton and polyester fibres and the number of samples examined was limited. However, this study was quite comprehensive in terms of opening type (rag and tearing), spinning systems (long and short spinning processes), fiber blends (waste 100% and blends with polyester, long wool waste and Tencel fibres) and yarn counts (coarser and finer). Recycled and virgin yarns were used as a weft and warp yarn and a total of 270 woven fabric samples were obtained using different colour combinations and weave types. All processes from fabric waste to product production were followed and evaluated. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost analysis was also done. The second unique aspect is that the problem of a real wool company was handled by taking the waste of the woolen company and a collection was created for the customer group of the company. Production was made under real production conditions. Therefore, this study will provide important findings to the research field about recycling, sustainability etc.

76‐4: Implementing a Photo‐detectable AM‐LED Display Using Discrete ICs

An AMLED display featuring photodetection is implemented by using discrete ICs. For pixel driving, a PDIC (pixel driving IC) is presented. The size of PDIC was 400×800 μm 2 . For photosensing, a charge integrator is used. For both emitting and sensing LEDs, the proposed circuit comprises PDIC, switches, CI, and control signals. It is verified that the implemented AMLED display can distinguish photocurrents caused by the reflected lights from the colored objects depending on the color combinations of emitting and sensing LEDs.

Novel Chromogens for Immunohistochemistry in Spatial Biology.

Spatial relations between tumor cells and host-infiltrating cells are increasingly important in both basic science and clinical research. In this study, we have tested the feasibility of using standard methods of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a multiplex staining system using a newly developed set of chromogenic substrates for the peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes. Using this approach, we have developed a set of chromogens characterized by (1) providing fine cellular detail, (2) non-overlapping spectral profiles, (3) an absence of interactions between chromogens, (4) stability when stored, and (5) compatibility with current standard immunohistochemistry practices. When viewed microscopically under brightfield illumination, the chromogens yielded the following colors: red, black, blue, yellow, brown, and green. By selecting compatible color combinations, we have shown feasibility for four-color multiplex staining. Depending on the particular type of analysis being performed, visual analysis, without the aid of computer-assisted image analysis, was sufficient to differentiate up to four different markers.

Technical study on the early twentieth century’s embroidered women waistcoat in Gyalrong Tibetan area in Sichuan, China

In the early twentieth century, traditional handicraft was challenged by the latest technology in China. It is reflected by ethnic costumes combining new and old, as in the waistcoat of this study. This waistcoat made at Gyalrong Tibetan area in Sichuan, China, displays unique local features in terms of its brilliant colors and comprehensive craftsmanship. This study employs techniques such as optical microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate various aspects of this waistcoat, including its fabrics and dyes. The results showed that the waistcoat was primarily made of cotton and silk, with a bamboo paper layer, and that silk as well as twisted gold and silver threads were employed for the embroidery. Various embroidery techniques were applied, with patterns, color combinations, and characteristics being consistent with those of Tibetan and Shu (蜀) embroidery. In terms of dyeing technology, a wide range of colors were achieved through multi-step dyeing processes using natural dye stuffs like pagoda bud, and synthetic dyes like magenta. These findings indicates that modern technologies were well integrated into traditional garment manufacture in the early twentieth century in China.

Color-to-Gray Conversion Method Based on Chroma Difference

Most of the images encountered in daily life are color images, yet grayscale remains prevalent in many fields due to its reduced data size and simplified operations. When reducing the dimensions of a three-channel color image to a single-channel grayscale, a portion of the original color information is inevitably lost. To yield high-quality grayscale images, this study introduces a color-to-gray conversion method based on chroma difference. This method defines a novel color distance metric for color-to-grayscale conversion, incorporating pixel chromaticity differences alongside brightness variations. The discrepancy in gray pixel values in the output grayscale image effectively mirrors the overall differences among input color image pixels. Optimization is conducted using the conjugate gradient method, ensuring appropriate reflection of luminance information from the input image and chromaticity data from the original color image within the grayscale rendering. Experimental validation confirms the efficacy of this approach. However, as the method accounts for all pixel pairs, it occasionally considers unnecessary pairs, leading to potential distortion in color differences between pixels and consequent inadequacies in chromaticity variation. To address this issue, a weighting factor is introduced, prioritizing color combinations with similar color differences. Experimental findings demonstrate that grayscale images produced using the proposed method outperform those generated by alternative approaches in preserving color differentials and retaining detailed features of the original image. The resulting output exhibits clear and natural outlines, as supported by both subjective and objective assessments.

Quantitative study on the color of traditional dwellings in Jianxi River Basin, Fujian Province, based on the lab color space model

ABSTRACT The color palette of traditional dwellings is intricately shaped by the characteristics of the geographical environment and the long-standing lifestyle of residents, thus constituting a vital component of rural culture. However, the rapid development in recent years has resulted in the dilapidation of rural features, including haphazard colors employed in buildings. With the advancement of science and technology, the studies of color have transitioned from a qualitative to a quantitative approach. Through a comprehensive comparison of RGB, HSB, CMYK, and Lab color spaces, as well as an evaluation of color card comparison method, software analysis method, and instrument measurement method; this paper reveals that employing the instrument measurement method in conjunction with the Lab color space enables independent assessment free from subjective influence. This approach facilitates more objective and accurate collection of color data while ensuring seamless and lossless transmission between devices. Therefore, to safeguard and enhance the authenticity of traditional dwellings and preserve the architectural style of traditional villages, this paper focuses on investigating the color palette of traditional dwellings in the Jianxi River Basin. The CM-700d spectrophotometer is employed for color data collection, while quantitative analysis is conducted using the Lab color space to unravel the color logics in this region. The findings reveal that earth yellow (average Lab (50.35,7.40,19.63)) constitutes the main color of rammed earth walls, complemented by dark brown (average Lab (38.72,2.97,8.58)) tiled roofs and gray-brown (average Lab (41.95,4.30,12.75)) stone wall bases as accent color; additionally, gray-yellow (average Lab (49 .82,1 .93,10.98)) brick gatehouses serve as accent colors. The integration between these colors and nature is harmonious; however, the absence of distinct color layers and highlights in the traditional dwellings necessitates incorporating bright architectural decorations along with arrangements of flowering plants. This paper conducted a quantitative analysis on the color of traditional dwellings with three main objectives. Firstly, to establish a comprehensive color database that can effectively preserve and promote regional traditional dwelling colors, while aiding designers in capturing regional color characteristics. Secondly, by collecting precise color data, this paper lays the groundwork for future applications of digital color technology. Lastly, it aims to explore the regional color logic and its potential integration with future studies on color evaluation to uncover preferred color combinations among the public for dwellings.

The Effect of Icon Color Combinations in Information Interfaces on Task Performance under Varying Levels of Cognitive Load

In human–computer interaction interfaces, icons serve as highly symbolic elements that convey information and significantly influence the performance of visual search and other tasks. Thus, the selection of appropriate colors plays a crucial role in the design of human–computer interfaces. This study aimed to investigate the effects of icon color combinations on human visual search task performance across various cognitive load conditions. The experiment was divided into two parts, involving a cognitive load test experiment and an icon search task, wherein the former required participants to select the target icon from 16 de-colored icons, and the latter involved selecting the target icon from 16 color combinations of 8 colors (background colors: black, red, blue, and purple; foreground colors: white, yellow, green, and turquoise). A total of 20 participants (11 females and 9 males, all aged between 18 and 24 years) were recruited for this experiment to perform both tasks sequentially. Through a comprehensive consideration of factors such as the NASA-TLX scale, retrieval time, etc., the experimental results revealed that cognitive load increased with time pressure, resulting in varying optimal color combinations for different cognitive load levels. Additionally, background colors did not affect task response time under different cognitive loads, whereas white foreground color was superior to turquoise foreground color in a medium cognitive load environment. Meanwhile, our results recommend prioritizing white-on-black as the preferred color combination, given that it demonstrated excellent cognitive performance in all three cognitive load environments. Conversely, white-on-blue is not recommended as a color combination for the design of high cognitive load environments. Concerning medium cognitive load environments, yellow-on-red or white-on-purple color combinations were preferred. Finally, in low cognitive load environments, white-on-purple is recommended as the primary color combination. Overall, this study provides a theoretical reference for the future design of interactive interface icons across various contexts.