Color Combinations Research Articles

Automated neuronal reconstruction with super-multicolour Tetbow labelling and threshold-based clustering of colour hues

Fluorescence imaging is widely used for the mesoscopic mapping of neuronal connectivity. However, neurite reconstruction is challenging, especially when neurons are densely labelled. Here, we report a strategy for the fully automated reconstruction of densely labelled neuronal circuits. Firstly, we establish stochastic super-multicolour labelling with up to seven different fluorescent proteins using the Tetbow method. With this method, each neuron is labelled with a unique combination of fluorescent proteins, which are then imaged and separated by linear unmixing. We also establish an automated neurite reconstruction pipeline based on the quantitative analysis of multiple dyes (QDyeFinder), which identifies neurite fragments with similar colour combinations. To classify colour combinations, we develop unsupervised clustering algorithm, dCrawler, in which data points in multi-dimensional space are clustered based on a given threshold distance. Our strategy allows the reconstruction of neurites for up to hundreds of neurons at the millimetre scale without using their physical continuity.

Dual-network photonic crystal hydrogels with mechanochromic property and enhanced water retention for multi-responsive applications

Photonic crystal hydrogels are obtained by assembling Fe3O4@C nanoparticles within the agar/P(N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylamide) (agar/P(NIPAm-Am)) dual-networks. The dual-network photonic crystal hydrogel offers a combination of structural color, mechanochromic behavior, water retention, solvent identification features, making it an exciting prospect for applications such as chromogenic display and sensing.

How product-background color combinations influence perceived brand innovativeness

The current research examines when and how product-background color combinations (analogous vs. complementary) influence consumers' perception of brand innovativeness. Across four studies, the authors find that analogous combinations lead to higher perceptions of brand innovativeness compared to complementary combinations. The effect occurs because analogous combinations are more difficult to process and, thus, result in higher perceptions of brand innovativeness. However, this effect is reduced for those familiar with the target brand. Importantly, by enhancing perceptions of brand innovativeness, analogous combinations can positively or negatively influence consumers’ purchase intentions, depending on their self-construal. Our findings provide valuable insights for both theory and marketing practice.

Creating, Developing, and Evaluating Herbal Lipstick Utilising “Beta Vulgaris”

Herbal lipsticks are made from natural ingredients like plant extracts and oils, often avoiding synthetic chemicals. They're popular for their nourishing properties and sometimes offer subtle tints. Beetroot extract is prized for its rich colour and potential benefits for the lips, like hydration and nourishment. The cosmetics industry is witnessing a paradigm shift towards natural and sustainable beauty products, driven by consumer demand for safer alternatives. In response, this study explores the formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstick utilising Beta Vulgaris, commonly known as beetroot, as a natural colourant. Beetroot extract, rich in betacyanins, not only imparts vibrant hues but also offers potential skincare benefits due to its antioxidant properties. This report outlines the formulation process, detailing the extraction of colourant from Beta Vulgaris and its integration into lipstick bases. Through the exploration of Beta Vulgaris as a natural colourant for herbal lipstick formulations, this research contributes to the advancement of natural cosmetics and underscores the potential of plant-based ingredients in meeting the growing demand for clean beauty products. Herbal lipstick formulations typically include a combination of pigments, perfumes, waxes, preservatives, antioxidants, oils, and colours. The advantages of herbal lipstick lie in its safety, cost- effectiveness, non-toxicity, and utilisation of pigments sourced from readily available plants and vegetables. Given the prevalence of side effects associated with synthetic formulations, this study sought to develop and evaluate herbal lipstick formulations using natural colourants. The evaluation parameters included colour intensity, pH levels, skin irritation potential, perfume stability, solubility, surface anomalies, and ageing stability. The findings of this study indicate that herbal lipstick formulations utilising natural colourants exhibit fewer or no side effects compared to synthetic alternatives. Furthermore, they have the potential to enhance consumer acceptance due to the incorporation of diverse natural ingredients and harmless colourants.

Classification of Coffee Fruit Maturity Level based on Multispectral Image Using Naïve Bayes Method

The current research about the classification of coffee fruit ripeness based on multispectral images has been developed using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method to extract patterns from highdimensional multispectral images. The high complexity of CNN allows the model to capture complex features but requires more time and computational resources for model training and testing. Therefore, in this study, classification is performed using a more straightforward method such as Naïve Bayes because its complexity only depends on the number of features and samples. The method only considers each feature independently, so it has high speed and does not require a lot of computational resources. Naïve Bayes is applied to color and texture features extracted from multispectral images of coffee fruit. There are 300 features consisting of 60 color features and 240 texture features. Experiments were conducted based on the comparison of training and testing data and the use of each feature. The combination of color and texture features showed better performance than color or texture features alone, with the highest accuracy reaching 91.01%. In conclusion, using Naïve Bayes is still reasonably good in classifying the ripeness of coffee fruit based on multispectral images.

Opportunities to reduce environmental burden by recycling fabric waste in a woollen fabric company

PurposeWool fiber is accepted as one of the natural and renewable sources and has been used in the apparel and textile industry since ancient times. However, wool fiber has the highest global warming potential value among conventional fibres due to its high land use and high methane gas generation. This study aimed to recycle the wool fabric wastes and also to create a mini eco-collection by using the produced yarns.Design/methodology/approachThis manuscript aimed to evaluate the fabric wastes of a woolen fabric producer company. Fabric wastes were opened with two different opening systems and fiber properties were determined. First, conventional ring yarns were produced in the company’s own spinning mill by mixing the opened fibres with the long fiber wastes of the company. In addition, opening wastes were mixed with different fibres (polyester, long wool waste, and Tencel fibres) between 25% and 70% in the short-staple yarn spinning mill and used in the production of conventional ring and OE-rotor yarns. Most of the yarns contained waste fibres at 50%. Recycled and virgin yarns were used as a weft and warp yarn and a total of 270 woven fabric samples were obtained and fabric properties were examined. Also, a fabric collection was created. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was made for one of the selected yarns.FindingsAt the end of the study, it was determined that it was possible to produce yarn and fabric samples from fiber blends containing high waste fiber ratios beyond 50%. All the woven fabric samples produced from conventional ring and OE-rotor yarns gave higher breaking, tearing and stitch slip strength values in the weft and warp direction than limit quality values of the company. In addition, abrasion resistance and WIRA steam stability properties of the fabric samples were also sufficient. Environmental analysis of the recycling of the wastes showed a possible decrease of about 9940034.3 kg CO2e per year in the global warming potential. In addition, fiber raw material expenses reduced yarn production cost about 50% in case of opened fabric waste usage. However, due to insufficient pilling resistance results, it was decided to evaluate the woven fabrics for the product groups such as shawls and blankets, where pilling resistance is less sought.Originality/valueThe original aspects of the article can be summarized under two headings. First, there are limited studies on the evaluation of wool wastes compared to cotton and polyester fibres and the number of samples examined was limited. However, this study was quite comprehensive in terms of opening type (rag and tearing), spinning systems (long and short spinning processes), fiber blends (waste 100% and blends with polyester, long wool waste and Tencel fibres) and yarn counts (coarser and finer). Recycled and virgin yarns were used as a weft and warp yarn and a total of 270 woven fabric samples were obtained using different colour combinations and weave types. All processes from fabric waste to product production were followed and evaluated. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost analysis was also done. The second unique aspect is that the problem of a real wool company was handled by taking the waste of the woolen company and a collection was created for the customer group of the company. Production was made under real production conditions. Therefore, this study will provide important findings to the research field about recycling, sustainability etc.

76‐4: Implementing a Photo‐detectable AM‐LED Display Using Discrete ICs

An AMLED display featuring photodetection is implemented by using discrete ICs. For pixel driving, a PDIC (pixel driving IC) is presented. The size of PDIC was 400×800 μm 2 . For photosensing, a charge integrator is used. For both emitting and sensing LEDs, the proposed circuit comprises PDIC, switches, CI, and control signals. It is verified that the implemented AMLED display can distinguish photocurrents caused by the reflected lights from the colored objects depending on the color combinations of emitting and sensing LEDs.

Novel Chromogens for Immunohistochemistry in Spatial Biology.

Spatial relations between tumor cells and host-infiltrating cells are increasingly important in both basic science and clinical research. In this study, we have tested the feasibility of using standard methods of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a multiplex staining system using a newly developed set of chromogenic substrates for the peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes. Using this approach, we have developed a set of chromogens characterized by (1) providing fine cellular detail, (2) non-overlapping spectral profiles, (3) an absence of interactions between chromogens, (4) stability when stored, and (5) compatibility with current standard immunohistochemistry practices. When viewed microscopically under brightfield illumination, the chromogens yielded the following colors: red, black, blue, yellow, brown, and green. By selecting compatible color combinations, we have shown feasibility for four-color multiplex staining. Depending on the particular type of analysis being performed, visual analysis, without the aid of computer-assisted image analysis, was sufficient to differentiate up to four different markers.

Technical study on the early twentieth century’s embroidered women waistcoat in Gyalrong Tibetan area in Sichuan, China

In the early twentieth century, traditional handicraft was challenged by the latest technology in China. It is reflected by ethnic costumes combining new and old, as in the waistcoat of this study. This waistcoat made at Gyalrong Tibetan area in Sichuan, China, displays unique local features in terms of its brilliant colors and comprehensive craftsmanship. This study employs techniques such as optical microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate various aspects of this waistcoat, including its fabrics and dyes. The results showed that the waistcoat was primarily made of cotton and silk, with a bamboo paper layer, and that silk as well as twisted gold and silver threads were employed for the embroidery. Various embroidery techniques were applied, with patterns, color combinations, and characteristics being consistent with those of Tibetan and Shu (蜀) embroidery. In terms of dyeing technology, a wide range of colors were achieved through multi-step dyeing processes using natural dye stuffs like pagoda bud, and synthetic dyes like magenta. These findings indicates that modern technologies were well integrated into traditional garment manufacture in the early twentieth century in China.

Color-to-Gray Conversion Method Based on Chroma Difference

Most of the images encountered in daily life are color images, yet grayscale remains prevalent in many fields due to its reduced data size and simplified operations. When reducing the dimensions of a three-channel color image to a single-channel grayscale, a portion of the original color information is inevitably lost. To yield high-quality grayscale images, this study introduces a color-to-gray conversion method based on chroma difference. This method defines a novel color distance metric for color-to-grayscale conversion, incorporating pixel chromaticity differences alongside brightness variations. The discrepancy in gray pixel values in the output grayscale image effectively mirrors the overall differences among input color image pixels. Optimization is conducted using the conjugate gradient method, ensuring appropriate reflection of luminance information from the input image and chromaticity data from the original color image within the grayscale rendering. Experimental validation confirms the efficacy of this approach. However, as the method accounts for all pixel pairs, it occasionally considers unnecessary pairs, leading to potential distortion in color differences between pixels and consequent inadequacies in chromaticity variation. To address this issue, a weighting factor is introduced, prioritizing color combinations with similar color differences. Experimental findings demonstrate that grayscale images produced using the proposed method outperform those generated by alternative approaches in preserving color differentials and retaining detailed features of the original image. The resulting output exhibits clear and natural outlines, as supported by both subjective and objective assessments.

Quantitative study on the color of traditional dwellings in Jianxi River Basin, Fujian Province, based on the lab color space model

ABSTRACT The color palette of traditional dwellings is intricately shaped by the characteristics of the geographical environment and the long-standing lifestyle of residents, thus constituting a vital component of rural culture. However, the rapid development in recent years has resulted in the dilapidation of rural features, including haphazard colors employed in buildings. With the advancement of science and technology, the studies of color have transitioned from a qualitative to a quantitative approach. Through a comprehensive comparison of RGB, HSB, CMYK, and Lab color spaces, as well as an evaluation of color card comparison method, software analysis method, and instrument measurement method; this paper reveals that employing the instrument measurement method in conjunction with the Lab color space enables independent assessment free from subjective influence. This approach facilitates more objective and accurate collection of color data while ensuring seamless and lossless transmission between devices. Therefore, to safeguard and enhance the authenticity of traditional dwellings and preserve the architectural style of traditional villages, this paper focuses on investigating the color palette of traditional dwellings in the Jianxi River Basin. The CM-700d spectrophotometer is employed for color data collection, while quantitative analysis is conducted using the Lab color space to unravel the color logics in this region. The findings reveal that earth yellow (average Lab (50.35,7.40,19.63)) constitutes the main color of rammed earth walls, complemented by dark brown (average Lab (38.72,2.97,8.58)) tiled roofs and gray-brown (average Lab (41.95,4.30,12.75)) stone wall bases as accent color; additionally, gray-yellow (average Lab (49 .82,1 .93,10.98)) brick gatehouses serve as accent colors. The integration between these colors and nature is harmonious; however, the absence of distinct color layers and highlights in the traditional dwellings necessitates incorporating bright architectural decorations along with arrangements of flowering plants. This paper conducted a quantitative analysis on the color of traditional dwellings with three main objectives. Firstly, to establish a comprehensive color database that can effectively preserve and promote regional traditional dwelling colors, while aiding designers in capturing regional color characteristics. Secondly, by collecting precise color data, this paper lays the groundwork for future applications of digital color technology. Lastly, it aims to explore the regional color logic and its potential integration with future studies on color evaluation to uncover preferred color combinations among the public for dwellings.

The Effect of Icon Color Combinations in Information Interfaces on Task Performance under Varying Levels of Cognitive Load

In human–computer interaction interfaces, icons serve as highly symbolic elements that convey information and significantly influence the performance of visual search and other tasks. Thus, the selection of appropriate colors plays a crucial role in the design of human–computer interfaces. This study aimed to investigate the effects of icon color combinations on human visual search task performance across various cognitive load conditions. The experiment was divided into two parts, involving a cognitive load test experiment and an icon search task, wherein the former required participants to select the target icon from 16 de-colored icons, and the latter involved selecting the target icon from 16 color combinations of 8 colors (background colors: black, red, blue, and purple; foreground colors: white, yellow, green, and turquoise). A total of 20 participants (11 females and 9 males, all aged between 18 and 24 years) were recruited for this experiment to perform both tasks sequentially. Through a comprehensive consideration of factors such as the NASA-TLX scale, retrieval time, etc., the experimental results revealed that cognitive load increased with time pressure, resulting in varying optimal color combinations for different cognitive load levels. Additionally, background colors did not affect task response time under different cognitive loads, whereas white foreground color was superior to turquoise foreground color in a medium cognitive load environment. Meanwhile, our results recommend prioritizing white-on-black as the preferred color combination, given that it demonstrated excellent cognitive performance in all three cognitive load environments. Conversely, white-on-blue is not recommended as a color combination for the design of high cognitive load environments. Concerning medium cognitive load environments, yellow-on-red or white-on-purple color combinations were preferred. Finally, in low cognitive load environments, white-on-purple is recommended as the primary color combination. Overall, this study provides a theoretical reference for the future design of interactive interface icons across various contexts.

Creating Patterns for Handicrafts and Embroidery

In this era of design and fashion , matching technology with aesthetics , selecting colors plays a major role in enhancing the beauty of designs .colors are a vital part of design artists to realm the designs , emotions , and make the paintings appear real .The color combination generator in this abstract deals with the enhancing of colors with the computational algorithms and make it simple for artisans compute the color for their use . The colors they use play a vital role in developing paintings and all other delusions such as combinations of arts , and creativity.This paper deals with the enhancing of handicrafts with the modern cultures trends such as coding , developing codes for several patterns in handicrafts to reduce the efforts of craftsmen engaged in the crafting , and framing of crafts such as ceramic crafts , pottery crafts , textile crafts , decorative and jewelry crafts.

JWST MIRI and NIRCam unveil previously unseen infrared stellar populations in NGC 6822

ABSTRACT NGC 6822 is a nearby (∼490 kpc) non-interacting low-metallicity (0.2 Z⊙) dwarf galaxy which hosts several prominent H ii regions, including sites of highly embedded active star formation. In this work, we present an imaging survey of NGC 6822 conducted with the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) onboard JWST. We describe the data reduction, source extraction, and stellar population identifications from combined near- and mid-infrared (IR) photometry. Our NIRCam observations reach 7 mag deeper than previous JHKs surveys of this galaxy, which were sensitive to just below the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB). These JWST observations thus reveal for the first time in the near-IR the red clump stellar population and extend nearly 3 mag deeper. In the mid-IR, we observe roughly 2 mag below the TRGB with the MIRI F770W and F1000W filters. With these improvements in sensitivity, we produce a catalogue of ∼900 000 point sources over an area of ∼6.0 × 4.3 arcmin2. We present several NIRCam and MIRI colour–magnitude diagrams and discuss which colour combinations provide useful separations of various stellar populations to aid in future JWST observation planning. Finally, we find populations of carbon- and oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch stars which will assist in improving our understanding of dust production in low-metallicity, early Universe analogue galaxies.

Trademark protection in the sphere of fashion and with the help of artificial intelligence

A registered trademark can offer legal safeguard for a designer's name, brand name, emblem, logo, color or combination of colors, pattern, and so on. Ukrainian designers frequently establish trademarks by registering their names, sometimes accompanied by a graphic picture. Not just the brand name and designer's name, but also other aspects can be registered as a trademark. Regrettably, securing legal protection for a certain color or color combination is a challenging task. It requires providing evidence that a particular color is strongly linked to a specific fashion brand, such as the turquoise shade of a Tiffany box or the crimson hue of a Christian Louboutin sole. Registering a trademark is an effective method for preventing the importation and production of counterfeit goods. Nevertheless, it is impractical to safeguard the complete collection from plagiarism due to the insufficient time available for registering a trademark for a newly updated collection every month (ZARA, HM, OVS). Representatives of the Ukrainian fashion industry prioritize safeguarding their brands over safeguarding intellectual property rights for the models they produce. On one side, this scenario is justifiable, as Ukrainian designers hardly infringe upon the law, unlike worldwide companies. It is recommended to register an industrial design when a designer makes a distinctive model, technology, or print. The future of trademark protection lies in artificial intelligence. The verdict delivered on 8 February 2023 in the MetaBirkin case carries favorable consequences for the fashion industry and trademark proprietors at large. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that in this specific instance, the unauthorized utilization of the trademark was unequivocally acknowledged. Hermes has effectively shown its deliberate plan to enter the intangible assets market prior to the disputed circumstances. Therefore, trademark owners who encounter challenges in presenting proof of premeditated intention to participate in the non-traditional technology market should implement all essential procedures and regulations to safeguard their brand rights in the meta­network and other domains. Expanding trademark registration to encompass the sale of NFTs and digital goods in general is of utmost importance. Given that the fashion industry and its protection are developing at a rapid pace, the following problems arise in Ukraine in this area related to the protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine: illegal use, theft or counterfeiting of works, patents, trademarks and other objects intellectual property; length of court cases combined with distrust of mediation; piracy and smuggling. Therefore, certain elements used in each collection, such as the trademark or designer print on the fabric, are legally protected.

Making It Last: Training Conservators in Sustainable Solutions for Treating Outdoor Painted Sculpture

ABSTRACT Outdoor painted sculptures (OPSs) are a regular feature of public spaces and private collections throughout the world. Their painted finishes can appear deceptively simple, but their esthetic is a subtle combination of color, texture, and reflectance, making them challenging to care for and repair. OPSs are exposed to direct sunlight, rain, wind, pollutants, human interactions, and biological debris from plants and animals. Conservation of these artworks is a matter of preserving an artist’s esthetic intent, rather than the original paint system, which will inevitably need to be replaced. This paper discusses the development of the Getty Conservation Institute workshop Treatment Strategies for OPS, to develop skills in this specialized area of conservation. The full repainting of an artwork is expensive, laborious, logistically challenging, and includes the use of chemicals and processes with significant carbon footprints: improving the economic and environmental sustainability of these treatments has become imperative. The workshop teaches participants strategies that help stave off full repainting, such as working with specialized painters for lasting localized repairs, removing graffiti without altering the sculpture’s finish, and creating regular maintenance programs that help prevent deterioration.

Analisis Pengukuran Usability Aplikasi DAPODIK Kabupaten Karawang Dengan Metode Use Questionnaire dan IPA

Choosing an internet-based application as a communication tool is considered a smart decision due to its ability to deliver information or messages to users anywhere without being limited by region or location. An application created by an institution can provide important information about the institution's activities to users, while users can access detailed data through the application. Currently, the Dapodik application has been implemented in various schools in Kabupaten Karawang. However, the use of this application faces several problems, including frequent system errors that cause double transactions and require a long time to update data. Based on these problems, this study was conducted to determine the extent of the advantages and disadvantages of the Dapodik application. The research was conducted using the Use Questionnaire and Importance Performance Analysis methods using a questionnaire distributed to 50 application users using google form. The results of this study obtained with the Importance Performance Analysis method produce a priority map for improving the Dapodik application. The map is divided into quadrant I as the top priority from the user's perspective. In quadrant II, there are aspects of the Dapodik application which are areas of achievement or excellence that must be maintained because they have met user expectations, namely the appearance of the Dapodik application is easy to recognize, the Dapodik application is easy to operate and the color combination of the Dapodik application is pleasing to the eye and not boring.

MOUSE AND KEYBOARD MOTION SENSING USING HAND SIGNS

The project presents a way for Human- Computer Interaction (HCI) that employs a web camera or an integrated camera to control the movement of the indicator instead to the current methods, which typically involve manually entering buttons or altering the positions of a physical mouse. Instead, it can perform the functions that a physical computer mouse does, and it does it through camera and technology for computer vision to manage different mouse events. The Virtual Mouse color recognition application constantly acquires real-time image data and processes it using several filtering and conversion phases. The application utilizes an image processing technique to obtain the coordinates of the desired colors that have emerged within the frames holding a list of color combinations, each of them correlates to a different mouse function. The program will run the mouse function and transform it to an actual mouse function which will be able to applied on the user’s PC if the current color combination passes. The main aim of the project is to virtually interface with the system in virtually every manner imaginable. Keywords: Gesture Recognition, Human Computer Interactions, Graphical User Interface, Open-Source Computer Vision.

Analisis QFD dalam Upaya Pengembangan Board Game Labirin Matematika sebagai Produk Intelektual UNTIRTA

The research uses the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) approach to study the development of the Mathematical Labyrinth board game application. The problem with this study is the incomplete quality of the Math Labyrinth application, such as unavailable tutorial on the use of the application in video form, a lack of language choices on the application, a design that does not match the color display on the game board, and bugs or errors still found on the app. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is intended to help solve the problem through user feedback to meet user expectations of the Mathematical Labyrinth application. The method used in this research is quantitative research. The sample population in this study was taken using non probability sampling method with purposive samplings in data collection with 36 respondents. Data analysis techniques using the IBM SPSS Statistic 20 analytical tool. Based on the results of the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) analysis on further product development, the developer team needs to pay attention to priority technical interests such as the entire mode on the game can be played, improve the features of the application more attractive, can train the ability to think and as an alternative to learning, the application works well, improves the ease of use of the app, and improves color combinations that fit the game board.

Investigation of the fastness properties and color strength of dry and wet reeled Tasar silk yarns

Tasar silk is extremely sought-after due to its natural beauty, toughness, sustainability, and cultural significance. Despite the historical need for Tasar textiles in their natural hue, weavers have created a limited number of unique designs and variants of Tasar silk. Since the younger generation requires 100% Tasar fabric in a range of items with diverse patterns and color combinations, it has become more vital to dye the Tasar yarn a distinct color. The fastness characteristics and color strength of Acid, Reactive, and Lanaset dye on dry reeled and wet reeled Tasar silk yarns were compared in this paper. In order to assess the yarn samples' color intensity and resistance to rubbing, sweat, washing, and light, they were treated appropriately. The findings of the fastness test showed that, in comparison to other yarns, acid and reactively colored yarns had lower washing and sweat fastness, respectively. Better light fastness was seen in fibers colored with Lanaset. Comparing reactive dyeing to acid and Lanaset dyeing, the former demonstrated a stronger color.