Colonization Of Brazil Research Articles

Morfologia urbana e a (ir)regularidade fundiária: uma abordagem no semiárido nordestino

O crescimento urbano desordenado decorrente da falta de planejamento e estruturação do espaço geográfico dá origem ao processo de formação de periferias e a ocupação imprópria de assentamentos. As cidades brasileiras estão marcadas pela desigualdade social: enquanto uns vivem em lugares altamente privilegiados, outros residem em bairros com condições de habitação e saneamento decadentes. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os problemas decorrentes do crescimento e ocupação urbana desordenada no Brasil e a situação de cinco municípios do Semiárido Potiguar no âmbito de (ir)regularidade fundiária. Foi estudada a realidade habitacional de cidades brasileiras, observando-se os contrastes existentes entre os espaços ocupacionais que foram planejados e aqueles que se constituíram de forma indevida e analisados cinco municípios do alto oeste potiguar, especificamente no quesito regularização fundiária. Verifica-se que há uma divisão do espaço urbano do Brasil em regiões com excelente infraestrutura disponível aos seus ocupantes e locais com a ausência de condições mínimas de dignidade, além de um alto índice de irregularidade dominial. Porém, é possível fazer uma reestruturação urbana por meio de programas que visem a regularização fundiária e a, consequente, reformulação das cidades.

Rental housing and the urban poor: understanding the growth and production of rental housing in Brazilian favelas

Rental housing is increasingly becoming the key shelter option for the poor living in and moving into cities, including those living in informal settlements. The paper revisits the production of rental housing in informal settlements within the new contours of a neo-liberalism with stronger social agendas in Latin America drawing on the case of landlords in Brazilian favelas. The contributions of the paper are twofold: first, it explores the different elements impacting the development of rental housing in informal settlements in Brazil, from the socio-economic to the political, from the state to the intra-settlement dynamics; and second, it assesses how these conditions determine the way landlords operate and produce rental housing. The analyses add to our understanding of the contemporary forms of housing informality reproduction in emerging economies and how individuals pervade the circuits of market and survival constructing their livelihoods on the basis of the economic and social resources from renting.

Implementing decisions of the WTO Dispute Settlement in Brazil: is there a place for transparency and participation?

This paper aims to discuss the democracy gap in the implementation process of decisions of the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement System in Brazil and possible measures to increase its transparency and accountability. Although the selection of the implementation measure is a sensible political choice that impacts a wide spectrum of different interest groups in diverse manners, government shall give publicity and transparency to the selecting process, making possible for interest groups and agents to present their arguments regarding the possible implementation paths and connecting state governance structures to stakeholders, and allowing the collective and legitimate construction of public interest.

Entre a ficção e o posfácio de Jean-Christophe Rufin no romance Rouge Brésil (2001): marcas de um fazer literário comprometido

Este trabalho objetiva refletir sobre a construção do fazer literário no século XXI, a partir do posfácio do romance Rouge Brésil (2001), de Jean-Christophe Rufin. Trata-se de uma obra contemporânea que resgata os relatos de viagem da primeira tentativa de colonização francesa no Brasil, batizada de França Antártica, na Baia de Guanabara, em 1555. As principais reflexões desenvolvidas a partir deste encontro alimentarão as discussões a seguir e serão apoiados nas indagações propostas por Compagnon acerca do papel da literatura nos dias atuais, presentes em sua aula inaugural, no Collège de France (2006); na presença do romance histórico ao longo dos tempos e notadamente seu desdobramento para a obra; Por fim, pretende-se identificar em que medida o romance Rouge Brésil, a partir das linhas gerais contidas em seu posfácio, se insere numa perspectiva literária romanesca francesa, cujo fazer literário apresenta-se em consonância com os ditames do mercado editorial, ao conservar a tendência em ler o ameríndio e, por conseguinte, as coisas do Brasil, através das lentes do estereótipo e do clichê

MOLECULAR INVESTIGATION OF HEMOTROPIC MYCOPLASMAS IN HUMAN BEINGS, DOGS AND HORSES IN A RURAL SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL.

SUMMARYThe aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of hemoplasmas in a rural Brazilian settlement's population of human beings, their dogs and horses, highly exposed to tick bites; to identify the tick species parasitizing dogs and horses, and analyze factors associated with their infection. Blood samples from 132 dogs, 16 horses and 100 humans were screened using a pan-hemoplasma SYBR green real-time PCR assay followed by a species-specific TaqMan real-time PCR. A total of 59/132 (44.7%) dog samples were positive for hemoplasmas (21 Mycoplasma haemocanisalone, 12 ' Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum' alone and 21 both). Only 1/100 (1.0%) human sample was positive by qPCR SYBR green, with no successful amplification of 16S rRNA or 23 rRNA genes despite multiple attempts. All horse samples were negative. Dogs >1 year of age were more likely to be positive for hemoplasmas ( p= 0.0014). In conclusion, although canine hemoplasma infection was highly prevalent, cross-species hemoplasma transmission was not observed, and therefore may not frequently occur despite overexposure of agents and vectors.

Urban and architectural risk factors for malaria in indigenous Amazonian settlements in Brazil: a typological analysis.

In the Amazon, m alaria is highly endemic in indigenous populations, which are often considered one of the last barriers to malaria elimination due to geographic isolation. Although the improvement of housing conditions is a good strategy towards the control and prevention of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, this preventive practice has been barely undertaken in Latin America. An analysis of the architectural and urban features of indigenous Amazonian populations is essential to define and adapt these vector control measures. A total of 32 villages of 29 different ethnicities were studied and mapped by reviewing literature and visual information, and using a geographic information system. The most important architectural and urban characteristics influencing malaria were analysed according to the following categories: number of households and dimensions, supporting area, openings, materials, lifespan and location. Housing typologies found were classified within each of these variables. The results of this typological analysis included an easy-to-handle working template and revealing of features that benefit or hamper the presence of malaria vectors in Amerindians communities. Among risk factors, presence of open eaves, permeable walls, open-side constructions, large number of sleepers indoors, temporary-ephemeral houses, linear villages along stream banks, houseboats villages, poor urban drainage and villages surrounded by anthropogenic environments were highlighted. Indigenous settlements very permissive for anophelines were identified in ethnic groups, such as the Yanomami, Palikur, Paumari, Waimiri-Atroari and Wajãpi. Positive features were also recognized, including opaque and closed houses, large radial villages on bare soil, highly elevated stilted houses and the fire indoors, found among the Yawalapiti, Ashaninka, and Gavião-Parkatejê tribes. However, as Amazonian indigenous settlement typologies vary greatly even among villages of the same ethnic group, it is imperative to undertake an individual study for each community. Using the working template in Amazonian settlements it is possible to obtain data that will help researchers not only understand how architectural and urban features affect transmission, but also define vector control measures easily applicable by health authorities and acceptable by these communities.

Padre Antônio Vieira e o projeto colonial: uma análise da IV Parte do Sermão da Sexagésima

Esse estudo tem por objetivo realizar uma análise da quarta parte do Sermão da Sexagésima, Do Padre Antonio Vieira, tomando-se por base a Análise do Discurso Crítica desenvolvida por Noam Fairclough. Conclui-se afirmando que Antônio Vieira, em seu discurso, enfatiza a importância da coroa portuguesa investir na colonização do Brasil, pois, a partir desse investimento, Portugal seria enaltecido no contexto internacional, assegurando sua permanência no centro das decisões políticas mundiais. E se Portugal, uma nação católica, era o centro das decisões políticas, a Igreja, por conseguinte, seria o centro das decisões religiosas.

Countering Inequality: Brazil's Movimento Sem‐Terra

Data from a national survey of formerly landless peasants residing in federal land‐reform settlements in Brazil (Pesquisa Nacional de Educação na Reforma Agrária—) confirm that the Landless Rural Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem‐Terra—) has been far more successful than other settlement movements in assuring a better quality of life for its members. This superior performance is attributed to an organizational structure that demands and assures membership involvement, and a commitment to participatory education in an environment that fosters and supports 's goals and objectives. 's members have higher self‐perceived social status than members of non‐ movements, have better residential environments and more material possessions, and experience an education that emphasizes the movement's principles of social justice, radical democracy, and humanist and socialist values.

La construcción de lo Público y la visión poética de la Democracia en Brasil: un análisis de A Flor e a Náusea

In the world at large, the Second World War was taking place. In Brazil, there was the Vargas dictatorship. Driven by this situation, Carlos Drummond de Andrade published in 1945 A rosa e o povo, the greatest of all his books, containing 55 poems. This work clearly has to do with social realism. As a counterpoint to Drummond's poetry, Sérgio Buarque de Holanda tries, with the work Raízes do Brasil, published in 1936, to predict our future through the analysis of our past. The work is an analysis of Brazilian society and the emergence of our economic and political structures, an innovative analysis that designed the concepts of bureaucracy and ‘patrimonialism’ in our culture. Sergio sought the roots of the problems we currently face in the colonial period. He described the Brazilian as a "cordial man", i.e., acting by feeling, preferring personal relationships to the fulfillment of objective laws. The “culture of personality” addressed by Sergio is a looseness of social ties that gives rise to forms of solidarity and orderly organization. For Buarque, the Brazilian colonization was promoted by the Portuguese adventurer culture that rejects stability and planning and supports the practice of idleness. Thus, based on the texts by Drummond and Buarque we examine Brazilian society from a political and moral point of view, confronting its historic features with the present day.

<b>Escolas étnicas italianas: Urussanga como principal centro ítalo-brasileiro catarinense no início do século XX

Italian ethnic schools in the south of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in the early decades of the twentieth century are discussed. The establishment of ethnic schools in the southern Brazilian settlements, influenced by the predominant Italian ethnicity, was favored by the precariousness of public education inBrazil. Schools subsidized by the Italian government were introduced in the regions colonized by European immigrants and their descendants. Documentary sources showed that these schools received subsidies fromItaly in cash and books, and were visited and inspected by the Italian educational authorities. The Secretariat for Italian Schools in the south of the state of Santa Catarina was established in Urussanga in 1900 since the town was the main Italian-Brazilian center of the state in the early twentieth century.

3D Cadaster of Irregular Settlements in Brazil—Case Study of Belo Horizonte City

3D Cadaster of Irregular Settlements in Brazil—Case Study of Belo Horizonte City

Home gardens: structure, floristic composition and environmental aspects in area of rural settlement in Brazil's Amazon forest

Home gardens: structure, floristic composition and environmental aspects in area of rural settlement in Brazil's Amazon forest

Reconsiderando a política de colonização no Brasil Imperial: os anos da Regência e o mundo externo

A colonização não é comumente associada com o período da Regência na história do Brasil Imperial. Durante muito tempo, os historiadores pensavam que, na tumultuada década de 1830, os empreendimentos de colonização diminuíram, em grande parte, por causa da suspensão do financiamento governamental em 1830. Usando documentação primária de diversos arquivos, o artigo demonstra que os anos da Regência foram, de fato, cruciais para o desenvolvimento da atividade de colonização no Brasil. Como uma época de muita experimentação política, a Regência estabeleceu um projeto de como a colonização seria administrada nas décadas seguintes, sancionando políticas promocionais e favorecendo empresas privadas como os veículos ideais para executá-lo. Mas essas decisões não eram um mero reflexo da vontade soberana das elites políticas no Brasil pós-independência, pois processos e acontecimentos externos no mundo atlântico moldaram diretamente o desenvolvimento da dinâmica da colonização.

Agrarian reform and cooperation between settlers in the Midwest of Brazil: An institutional approach

Cooperation is an important factor in improving the efficiency of agrarian reform, but hardly occurs, which is a serious problem in Brazil. This research tries to explain why cooperation is so difficult in Brazilian settlements. It focuses on the Midwest of Brazil, a region with a high concentration of land, located in the main region for production of commodities. Research combines a New Institutional approach with aspects from the economic sociology. The model developed in the paper is original and highlights factors responsible for cooperation. Research differentiates institutional arrangements according to asset specificity and sunk costs. Beside associations for representation with public authorities, where cooperation is easier, cooperative arrangements need specific investments from the settlers, who require warranties before participating. Institutions serve as warranties for adopted governances. In the case of cooperation in Brazilian settlements, these warranties should come from informal institutions, which can be a problem in some communities. Leadership of a producer can also have an important role in hierarchical networks.

Colonization of Brazil by the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) revealed by mitochondrial DNA

The cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) has recently colonized Brazil. This process offers an excellent opportunity for the study of colonization and dispersal patterns across extensive areas by non-native birds. The aims of the present investigation were a) to determine the genetic diversity of the cattle egret in Brazil and Africa, b) evaluate genetic differentiation between populations in different regions of Brazil and Africa, and c) detect genetic signs of demographic expansion in these two areas. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Control Region (CR) sequences were obtained from 112 cattle egrets in four Brazilian and four African (Kenya, Ghana and Nigeria) populations. Genetic diversity (H, h, θ s ) and population structure (AMOVA, Fst) were assessed and the populations were tested for signs of recent demographic expansion. A total of 35 haplotypes were found: 22 exclusive to Africa, 10 exclusive to Brazil and three shared by both samples. The degree of genetic diversity, determined by mtDNA analysis, was similar between Brazil and Africa, demonstrating that the successful colonization of the non-native area occurred with no significant loss of diversity. The pairwise Fst values among the Brazilian and African populations were all significantly different. The population in southern Brazilian exhibited the lowest degree of differentiation with respect to the African population, followed by the southeastern and northeastern populations of the country. The genetic differentiation data suggest that the colonization of Brazil by the cattle egret began in the southern region and expanded to the southeastern and northeastern regions of the country. This genetic differentiation pattern is in accordance with the higher number of cattle per grazing area in southern Brazil, which may have favored the onset of the successful establishment of the species. The findings indicate that mtDNA genetic diversity was retained during the colonization process and colonization began in the southern region of the country. Moreover, signs of demographic expansion were detected in the African sample.

INTEGRAÇÃO DO MERCADO IMOBILIÁRIO E SEGUNDA RESIDÊNCIA - BRASIL METROPOLITANO the real estate market integration and the second home - the metropolitan Brazil

The integration of the land market in metropolitan regions is one of the aspects responsible for the expansion of second home settlements in Brazil. This expansion of domiciles known as DOU (Domiciles of Occasional Use), from the relative point of view, is concentrated in the peripheral municipalities, once the metropolitan cores are considered controlling centers of land and real estate of this type of habitation. The analysis reveals the trend of monopoly exerted from the metropolitan cores, which results in problems of economic and social order for the municipalities with major concentrations of domiciles of occasional use.

The Medicines Trade in the Portuguese Atlantic World: Acquisition and Dissemination of Healing Knowledge from Brazil (c. 1580-1800)

Portuguese colonial exploration and settlement in Brazil during the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries included a significant, though to date largely underappreciated, dimension of medical inquiry, the impact of which resonated throughout the Atlantic scientific world and beyond. This paper examines the role and influence within Portugal's maritime dominions of medical techniques, remedies and specific drugs originating in colonial Brazil. It focuses attention on the earliest collaborative interaction between indigenous healers and Portuguese missionaries—mainly Jesuits—on the Brazilian colonial frontier, who then passed that knowledge on to European physicians, surgeons and pharmacists working in colonial South American medical facilities. In such institutions, indigenous techniques were most often employed to the edification of Portuguese colonial agents (missionaries, colonial administrative officials, maritime commanders and state-licensed medical practitioners), who would then become the conduits disseminating those techniques to Europe or other colonial locations.

A separação Estado-Igreja no Brasil

O artigo sobre a “SeparaçãoEstado – Igreja no Brasil” tem ointuito de contribuir, sem grandespretensões, com uma temática poucovalorizada na historiografia civil. Estetexto é uma pequena parte de umapesquisa sobre a separação Estado– Igreja no Brasil analisada com oenfoque direcionado para a PastoralColetiva do episcopado brasileiro aoclero e aos fiéis do catolicismo e aoGoverno Provisório da República.

Ancestry evaluation of Sub Saharan male descendant population in Rio de Janeiro inferred by analysis of mitochondrial DNA

The Brazilian population derives from Native Americans, Europeans, mainly Portugueses, and Africans, mostly Bantu speakers who were brought to the country as slaves between the 16th and 19th centuries. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the maternal genetic ancestry of individuals from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) population that have declared themselves as sub-Saharan African descendents. The analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region revealed a very high number of African lineages (81%), followed by Amerindians (14%) and a lower number of Europeans ones (5%). The results are in accordance with the historical writing which shows that, in the first 3 centuries of the Brazilian colonization process, the population increasing was mainly dependent on crosses among Portuguese men and African or Native American women.

Em busca do Brasil: Edgard Roquette-Pinto e o retrato antropológico brasileiro (1905-1935)

This dissertation deals with the history of physical anthropology and discussions about race and nation at the beginning of the twentieth century, focusing on the anthropological studies carried out by the doctor and anthropologist Edgard Roquette-Pinto. As a scientist linked to the National Museum between 1905 and 1935, he dedicated his trajectory to researching the anthropology and ethnography of Brazil, through which he sought not only to describe the formative racial characteristics of the country, but also to valuate the biological feasibility, psychological character and social conditions of the population. By linking Roquette-Pinto’s nationalist activism, his public actions and his dialogue with the anthropological thought of the time, the aim of the dissertation is to analyze the relations between anthropology, nation and politics, emphasizing the national and international frontiers involved in the debate. As it will be demonstrated, Roquette-Pinto’s anthropology was based both on a national context and Brazilian intellectual and scientific concerns, and the international debate on race and populations. On the one hand, the dissertation analyzes the interlocution and the controversies between the anthropologist and Brazilian writers, such as Euclides da Cunha, Manoel Bomfim, Oliveira Vianna, Renato Kehl and Gilberto Freyre, seeking to understand how controversies about racial miscegenation, immigration and the settlement of Brazil were central to the construction of interpretations, diagnostics and projects of national reform. On the other, it is also shown how his anthropological writing was constructed in dialogue with physical anthropologists, historians and foreign eugenists, mostly German and American, including Charles Davenport, Madison Grant, Eugen Fischer, Rudiger Bilden and Franz Boas. One of the arguments defended in this dissertation is that the anthropology of Roquette-Pinto becomes more intelligible when analyzing the international debate involving anthropological studies and intellectual networks. The dissertation is a contribution both for the history of anthropology in Brazil and for the history of the circulation of ideas about race, national identity and population in an international context.