Collective Farms Research Articles

СОСТОЯНИЕ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ПРОДУКЦИИ РАСТЕНИЕВОДСТВА В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТЫВА ОТ ПРЕДКОВ ПО НАСТОЯЩЕЕ ВРЕМЯ

The territory of the Republic of Tyva has been developed since the ancient population, as evidenced by the excavations of burial grounds by archaeologists, rock paintings (petroglyphs) from the ancestors. This is proved by the names of rivers, mountains, lakes, localities and folk epics passed down from generation to generation. The culture of agricultural production in the region has traditionally been developed by historical heritage, customs and passed down from generation to generation. With the development of cattle breeding, agriculture of the local way of life developed, where forage crops were mainly cultivated. Forage is harvested both for the winter stall period and for the summer as an insurance feed in dry years. During the planned economy, collective farms and state farms were established in the republic, where animal husbandry and field breeding developed. During the reform period, many farms were reformed, there was a reduction in the number of livestock in the public sector, the acreage of agricultural crops. The climatic conditions of the region are harsh. The yield of agricultural crops is not stable, it varies in dry years from 9.0 c/ha (2017) to 19.4 c/ha with sufficient humidity (2019). In 2021, the average yield of grain crops in the republic was 12.7 c/ha. Potato yields are more stable at the level of 101.3 c/ha (2019) to 110.9 c/ha (2020). Spring rape and buckwheat have begun to be cultivated in the fields of the region. In recent years, there has been a tendency to increase the production of crop production.

УСТНАЯ ИСТОРИЯ ПОВСЕДНЕВНОСТИ ЖЕНЩИН ТЫЛА СЕМИПАЛАТИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В ГОДЫ ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЫ

In this article, the author uses oral history, the history of everyday life relevant in our time as a method of study in history. Using the method of oral history, the author interviews women from the rear who worked on collective farms, industry, etc. during the Great Patriotic War. As a result of research, it can be seen that Through interviews our respondents showed an understanding of the events experienced in life through the prism of personal path, feelings, experiences, suffering and the heaviness of memories. But despite the difculties of that time, they managed to stand frm and win the war. The memories of every woman are a historical fact flled with special heroism and dedication.

Analysis of post-slaughter indicators of cattle bred on a collective farm (APK) named after Michurin, Vavozhsky district

The scientific and economic experiment was conducted in the conditions of the Michurin collective farm in the Vavozhsky district. The purpose of the research was to conduct a scientific and economic experiment to study the meat productivity of black-and-white cattle of different sex and age groups bred in the conditions of the Michurin collective farm (SHPC), followed by an assessment of the compliance of the beef obtained with the requirements of GOST 34120- 2017. The following experimental groups were formed in the experiment: 1 experimental group (AC) – adult cattle (cows of two or more calves); 2 experimental group (MCP) – young cattle, first-calf cows – young female cattle that calved once; 3 experimental group (MT) - young cattle, heifers aged from 8 months to two years. 4 experimental group (MB) - young animals, bulls aged from 8 months to two years. In the course of scientific and economic experience, it was found that among all sex and age groups of cattle entering for slaughter and primary processing at LLC Uvinsky Meat Processing Plant, only fattening bulls (a group of young animals) fully comply with the requirements of the modern standard GOST 34120-2017 in terms of carcass weight, morphological composition of carcasses.

«ДОМА ТЕРПИМОСТИ» В РОСТОВСКОЙ И СТАЛИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТЯХ В ПЕРИОД НЕМЕЦКОЙ ОККУПАЦИИ В 1942–1943 гг.

The article deals with the organization and functioning of the Nazi brothels in the occupied territory of the Rostov and Stalino (Donetsk) Oblasts during the Great Patriotic War. In the conditions of the “war of annihilation” and the “new order”, Soviet women found themselves in an exceptional situation of double gender discrimination: as “Untermensch” and as “trophies”. One of the forms of sexual collaboration was working in legal “brothel houses”. Formally “girls” were considered one of the most protected groups of the population in the occupation: they received significant income, rations, medical care, and a guarantee from being sent to Germany. In Soviet society, such women became outcasts. The authors analyze the opening of brothels in the Rostov region in and in the city of Stalino, their organizers, main and attendant staff, working conditions and venereal diseases of women. The study is based on the documents from two state archives: the State Archive of the Russian Federation (fund of the Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of the Atrocities of the German Fascist Invaders and Their Accomplices and the Damage They Caused to Citizens, Collective Farms, Public Organizations, State Enterprises and Institutions of the USSR) and the State Archive of the Rostov Oblast (fund of the Commission for Accounting for Damage and Atrocities inflicted by the German Fascist Occupants on Institutions, Enterprises and Citizens of the City of Rostov-on-Don and the Rostov Oblast). These documents are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The authors relied on the approaches of gender history, military daily life and historical anthropology.

Выявление следов антропогенной деятельности советского периода по данным аэрофотосъемки в дельтах рек Бугульдейки и Голоустной (Байкальский регион)

In 2021 and 2022 unmanned aerial photography of the deltas of the Goloustnaya and Buguldeyka Rivers, located on the northwestern shore of Lake Baikal, were performed. Using the photogrammetric method implemented in the “Agisoft Metashape” software, ultra-high-resolution orthomosaics and digital surface models (DSM) were built. When deciphering the obtained materials, technogenic surface changes that are not associated with land development in recent decades were found. The involvement of historical data made it possible to identify traces of anthropogenic activity in the river deltas belonging to the Soviet-era of the country’s development. In the Goloustnaya River delta, which is now almost uninhabited over a larger area, and represents a steppe with islands of relict poplars, the locations of the houses of the Zarechny and Podkamenny uluses, which existed from pre-revolutionary times until 1958, were revealed. The boundaries of these settlements and agricultural land belonging to their inhabitants and collective farms were reconstructed. In both deltas, traces of large-scale logging works, unique photographs of which are presented for the first time in this article, were preserved on the surface. Places of accumulation of sunken forests on the shores of Lake Baikal and in some channels of the Goloustnaya River were revealed. On practice, the obtained data can be used in historical reconstructions, for example, when creating models of the arrangement of deltas in the Soviet-era for regional museums in modern villages and visitor centers of the Pribaikalsky National Park. The results may also be useful in environmental surveys combined with timber extraction in order to clean the bottom of water bodies.

ОПОЗИЦІЙНІ НАСТРОЇ ТА ФОРМИ ОПОРУ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ ПІВДЕННО-ЗАХІДНИХ ЗАЛІЗНИЦЬ ПІД ЧАС ГОЛОДОМОРУ

In the article, the author analyzed the specific features and causes of resistance and anti-Soviet sentiments that prevailed among employees of the South-Western Railways in 1932–1933. A key feature that determined the social status of the workers of these sphere in the 1920s and 1930s, especially low-skilled ones, was their close connection with the countryside. Their way of life was not too different from that of farmers – they had homesteads, and members of their families worked in collective farms. Despite the efforts of the Soviet government to “proletarianize” the railway workers, it mostly failed to do so. Similarly, propaganda did not succeed in turning the railway workers against the farmers, in particular against the “kurkuls”. On the contrary, as evidenced by the reports of the GPU, during the Holodomor, the railway workers showed solidarity with the farmers and sympathized with them. Witnessing the confiscations of grain and the deportation of “dekurkulized” families, they understood the artificial nature of the famine and blamed the authorities for its organization. Anti-Soviet sentiments among the workers were caused primarily by a lack of food supplies and delays in the payment of wages, and, as a result, starvation. They were unenthusiastic about the regime's campaigns in the countryside, including grain procurements, in which they were sometimes involved. The railway workers also compared the current situation with the past and noted the injustice of the Communist Party's policy. Typical forms of everyday resistance on the railways were “anti-Soviet conversations”, rumors about the possible start of the war, leaving the workplace (individual and collective), refusal to do “striking work”, intentional damage to railway property and creation of emergency situations. All these types of resistance did not require serious planning and coordination of actions. Instead, active, planned and well-organized forms of resistance were infrequent.

Документы обследования бюджетов как источник для изучения повседневности колхозников в 1945-1955 гг.

The article is devoted to the analysis of documents of the Russian State Archive of Economy and the State Archive of the Russian Federation on the survey of collective farmers' budgets as a source for studying the daily life of collective farm workers in the first post-war decade. In the funds of these archives, there are many documents with the results of the survey of collective farmers' families, including information about their income and expenses, food turnover, livestock, and labor costs in personal and collective farm. The article discusses the organization and progress of the survey, difficulties encountered in its process and possible errors in the array of collected information, describes forms for collecting primary information and provides examples of analytical reports and analysis of income changes obtained on the basis of the collected data. The chronological scope of the article is limited to 1945-1955. The introduction of new archival documents into scientific circle and the long time tracking of trends in income and expenses, food consumption, the purchase of industrial goods and the use of rural household contributes to a detailed reconstruction of the daily life of collective farmers.

КАССЫ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЙ ВЗАИМОПОМОЩИ КАК ИНСТИТУТ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ КОЛХОЗНИКОВ НАКАНУНЕ И В ГОДЫ ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЫ (НА МАТЕРИАЛАХ УРАЛЬСКИХ АРХИВОВ)

The article highlights a little-studied form of social protection of the eve and during the Great Patriotic War – public mutual assistance funds for collective farmers. The party and state policy and the activities of the authorities to preserve and develop the system of funds were studied and the evolution of their network were studied in materials from the Greater Urals (Bashkir ASSR, Udmurt ASSR, Kurgan, Molotov, Chelyabinsk, Chkalov regions). The problems that arose in the public mutual assistance funds for collective farmers, primarily related to the formation of their material and financial resource base and adaptation in wartime conditions, were identified. The differences between the two stages of development (pre-war and war) of the funds as an institution of social protection of collective farmers, which arose in line with the Soviet social policy in the collectivized village on the «from the bottom up» initiative, was revealed. It was concluded that social assistance, social support, and social services have become the three main areas in the activities of public mutual assistance funds for collective farmers, and despite the unfavorable conditions during the years of war, this social institution was not destroyed and continued to perform its functions.

EVOLUTION OF THE SOIL LAND USE (DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE)

The production of crop production depends on the condition and level of use of agricultural land. (Research purpose) The research purpose is identifying general trends in the change of acreage from 1920 to 2020. (Materials and methods) We have identified three historical periods of the development of land use by soil lands. Characterized the reforms of the formation and development of agriculture in Russia (Results and discussion) A retrospective analysis of the dynamics of the acreage of agricultural crops of three time historical periods was carried out. It was established that in the first historical period (1920-1941), as a result of collectivization and industrialization of agriculture, the area of agricultural land increased from 113.0 to 150.4 million hectares. It was revealed that in the II historical period (1945-1990), the development of virgin and fallow lands increased the area of agricultural land by 56.7 million hectares and in 1960 amounted to 203 million hectares. The peak values of the increase were observed in 1985 - 210.3 million hectares. It was noted that in the III historical period (1991-2021) there is a systematic reduction of the tractor fleet, which led to the disposal of agricultural land. If in 1990 the acreage was 117.7 million hectares, then in 2020 this indicator decreased by 37.8 million hectares and amounted to 79.9. (Conclusions) It was established that the reproduction process in agriculture is impossible without land resources. Of the lost 32.68 million hectares of land, it is necessary to restore and return to active agricultural use, first of all, the most valuable lands for agriculture - arable land, pastures and hayfields.

Elimination of illiteracy in the 20-30s of the 20th century as a social and political project of the Soviet Government: philosophical aspect

Elimination of illiteracy in the 20-30s of the 20th century as a social and political project of the Soviet Government: philosophical aspect

Эвенки Якутии в XX–XXI веках: пространственно-временная дифференциация численности и расселения

The article reveals features, intra-regional and local differences in the dynamics of the number of Evenks living in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) over a long historical period. Based on data from the Soviet Union and Russia population censuses from 1926 to 2020, maps of changes in the number and rate of increase/decrease of Evenks have been compiled. Intra-regional and local differences in the dynamics of the number and settlement of the Evenk population of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) were revealed using QGIS. The maps cover the inter-census periods matching with the stages of the ethnic history of the Evenks: the first stage was in 1926–1959 with collectivization and the beginning of the transfer of nomadic household farms to sedentarization; the second stage was in 1959–1989 with the enlargement of collective farms (from kolkhozy to sovkhozy ) and the final sedentarization of the nomadic population; the third was in 1989–2002 with the processes of ethnic mobilization and the fourth stage was in 2002–2020, characterized by an increase in the number and expansion of the area of the Evenk ethnic group in Yakutia. The analysis of the maps confirms that the historical territories of the concentration of Evenks in the north-western, south-eastern and southern regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are preserved. The dynamics of the Evenk population is determined by the geographical location, the features of economic activity and the space in the ethnic palette of the republic. The stable growth of Evenks is characteristic of mono-ethnic national-territorial formations that have only a rural population and economic specialization associated with traditional activities—Zhiganskij and Olenekskij uluses (districts). In recent years, there has been a shift in the placement and an increase in the number of Evenks in Central Yakutia. For the North-Eastern regions, the decline in the number of Evenks is associated with the change of their ethnicity to another at the beginning of the XXI century.

ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ ТРАДИЦИОННОЙ КАЛЕНДАРНОЙ ОБРЯДНОСТИ В РАБОЧИХ БУДНЯХ СЕЛЬСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ АЛТАЙСКОГО КРАЯ В 1950-1970-Е ГГ.

This article is devoted to the consideration of individual elements of traditional calendar rituals in the conditions of work in brigades of collective farms, state farms and MTS in the Altai Territory in the 1950-1970s. and the introduction of new rituals. Based on the analysis of interview materials, the authors draw conclusions about the possibility of celebrating traditional holidays during the period under review and building relationships in this context between workers and the management of collective farms, state farms and MTS. The aspect of the introduction of the “new Soviet ritual” in the Altai region is considered, and a change in the attitude of younger generations to the “old holidays” is noted.

НАСИЛЬНИЦЬКА КОЛЕКТИВІЗАЦІЯ В ЗАХІДНИХ ОБЛАСТЯХ УРСР У ПІСЛЯВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД

The article reveals the violent nature of the so-called «socialist transformations» carried out by the Soviet totalitarian system, which were the most clearly manifested in the nationalization of agriculture in the production region. Over the centuries, a single-person farm type of management developed in the western Ukrainian region, and the peasant cherished private ownership of land as the highest value. The purpose of the forced collectivization of the western Ukrainian countryside was to strike a blow at the wealthy and middle-class economy, to socialize them and thereby undermine the basic social base of the national liberation insurgent movement. The peasantry was attracted to the collective farms by methods of economic coercion, intimidation and resettlement from the farms and as a result of other repressive measures. The peculiarity of obtaining agricultural production was that one, being carried out mainly by workers sent from the eastern regions. Due to the fact that the proper material and technical base was not laid for collectivization in its first years, internal tension grew in the village, which, at the same time as the destruction of the traditional system, led to the undermining of agricultural production and the impoverishment of the population. For a long time, the ideas of violent collectivization brought to Ukrainian territory from outside were not accepted and supported by the main mass of rural workers. The establishment of Soviet power in the Western Ukrainian region was carried out by traditional forced command-administrative and repressive-punitive methods already tested in the pre-war period, completely ignoring the local socio-economic and spiritual-cultural specifics, relying on the repressive machine and the military forces support.

Влияние танинов коры лиственницы даурской (Larix dahurica Turez) в составе энерго-протеиновой кормовой добавки в рационе молочных коров на гомеостаз организма и молочную продуктивность

Research has been carried out. at the Federal State Budgetary Institution Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after. L. K. Ernst.The purpose of the study was to increase the energy-protein value and use of nutrients in the diet in the nutrition of dairy cows by introducing into it an energy-protein concentrate and an extract of Dahurian larch bark (Larix dahurica Turez), ExtraKor, (EPC + EB, produced by Ametis JSC), which includes proanthocyanidins (condensable tannins) – 65 %, dihydroquercetin – 16 % and phenolic acids in terms of ή-hydroxybenzoic acid – 14 %. The research was carried out on the dairy farm of the collective farm named after. M. A. Guryanova, Zhukovsky district, Kaluga region, on two groups of kholmogor × black-and-white crossbred cows in free-stall conditions with the formation of production and technological groups according to calving dates in an amount of 20–25 heads with milking in the milking parlor on a milking machine that takes into account daily milk yield . In the control and production groups, analogs by age of 10 animals each were selected to study the state of metabolism and chemical composition of milk. The main diet for feeding cows consisted of traditional feed and was designed to produce 25 kg of milk per day. The cows of the experimental group were additionally included in the diet with 1 kg of EPC+EB, made from recycled products of the confectionery industry and microbiological synthesis protein with the inclusion of Dahurian larch bark extract (Larix dahurica Turez) in dosages per 1 kg of product 682, 300 and 12 respectively. 1 kg of concentrate contained 957 g of dry matter, protein 137,8 g, fat 51,7 g, fiber 19,8 g, BEV 602,4 g, incl. sugar 167,9 g, calcium 25,0 g, phosphorus 4,6 g, magnesium 0,55 g, metabolic energy 11,18 MJ/kg. The inclusion of EPC+EB in the diet of dairy cows during the transit period of the production cycle balanced the energy-protein nutritional value of the diet and had a positive effect on protein-nitrogen, lipid-carbohydrate, mineral metabolism, on the functional state of the liver and on morpho-hematological parameters, which generally reflected on the productive health of cows, which led to a higher realization of the bioresource potential of milk productivity in relation to the control ones. As a result, the cows of the experimental group have an average daily milk yield at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd months. lactation was 20,7; 23,8 and 24,5 kg, which was 11,5; 24,6 % (p<0,01) and 20,0 % (p<0,05) higher than in controls, respectively. The fat content in milk in cows of the experimental group was 4,49 (p<0,02) and 3,83 % (p<0,01) versus 3,91 and 3,26 %, and protein 3,32 (p<0,001) and 2,95 % (p<0,001) versus 2,91 and 2,63 in cows of the control group, respectively, in the 1st and 2nd month of lactation.

State Food Commerce in the First Post-War Years (Based on the Materials of Leningrad)

The history of post-war everyday life would be incomplete without a story about state commerce. Post-war commercial trade is associated by many with the film The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed. Not too well-fed post-war reality contrasts with a chic restaurant where operatives ambush Fox. Meanwhile, an expensive restaurant with music is not a figment of the imagination of the filmmakers, but part of post-war reality. State commerce is a special page in the history of Soviet trade, not the first and not the last attempt by the state to make money in a situation of commodity shortage. Under conditions of rationed supplies, people still had the opportunity to legally, without cards, buy industrial and food products at exorbitant prices. In Leningrad, trade at special prices became widespread from the middle of 1944. Shops opened in the city, night restaurants began to work. Despite the high prices, the turnover of commercial stores and restaurants grew rapidly. In addition to meeting the growing demand for goods, the emergence of commercial stores contributed to lower prices on the collective farm market.

THE EFFECT OF CATTLE FEEDING RATION’ VITAMIN-AND-MINERAL ADDITIVES INFLUENCE ON MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS’ QUALITY

The dairy products’ quality and nutritional value determination, as well as their properties ability during storage preserving, on the raw milk technological characteristics are based. The raw milk technological properties formation’s great quality an important role plays the dairy cows’ nutrition. Highquality compound feed is the first and main element of a lot of livestock problems’ solving. Its uniformity and nutritional composition is livestock high quality products foundation. Their milk studies’ results obtained from cows’ black-and-white breed as "Bashkir" type from the SPK collective farm "Hero" enterprise are presented. This enterprise with technical means for compound feeds’ production and distribution is provided. The cows received "Megamix-Optilak" premix with ration, that compound feed as a components’ mixture in various dosages for its production was added. The "Megamix-Optilak" is a premix for lactating cows, that taking into account the dry matter consumption up to 22 kg per head per day was developed. During the feed mixtures’ preparation for the animals’ experimental group, a system of feed mixtures homogeneity’s optical assessment was used, that the premix uniform distribution for the mixer's modes operating and control optimization at the bulk feeds’ composition had ensured. Positive results regarding the milk quality and the extracted from it products (as the milk fat content till 1,75% and the fat yield during milk separation increasing were obtained, the protein content in 0,77% and the curd yield in 6,54% increasing), due to the feed high quality. The resulting product uniformity at the outlet at an optical system using was evaluated.

EXPERIENCE OF TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTHERN URALS: FROM MACHINE AND TRACTOR STATIONS TO SCIENTIFIC AND PRODUCTION FACILITIES

The efficiency of the use of the machine and tractor fleet in agriculture depends on the degree of development of education, science and production in the country. It was these three structures that were rapidly developed in the early 30s of the XX century in the agrarian region, which was the Southern Urals. (Research purpose) The research purpose is analyzing the technical and technological support of agriculture in the Southern Urals, using the experience of operating machine and tractor stations. (Materials and methods) Analyzed the documents of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, statistical yearbooks of the Chelyabinsk Regional Department of National Economic Accounting, chronicles of districts and cities of the Chelyabinsk region. (Results and discussion) We have identified at each historical stage of the development of agriculture in the Southern Urals the main tasks that faced the machine and tractor stations. It was shown that the reasons for the low efficiency of the tractor columns were the inconsistency of the work plans of the detachments with the plans of the collective farms; the variety of models of tractors of domestic and imported production used in the fields; the lack of qualified labor for the maintenance and operation of agricultural machinery. The tasks set by the agro-industrial complex for education, science and production were identified, which consisted in the development of new agrotechnical methods of tillage, the creation of a system of frequency of planned and major repairs, increasing the number and nomenclature of spare parts for agricultural machinery produced by factories, the introduction of a system of training and retraining of personnel for agricultural production, improving labor organization. (Conclusions) Machine and tractor stations not only played an important role in the technical and technological support of agriculture in the Southern Urals, but also were able to develop their potential to the level of scientific and technical productions that produce automated lines for the restoration of worn-out parts of agricultural machinery.

Harvesting State Support: Institutional Change and Local Agency in Japanese Agriculture by Hanno Jentzsch

Reviewed by: Harvesting State Support: Institutional Change and Local Agency in Japanese Agriculture by Hanno Jentzsch Kae Sekine (bio) Harvesting State Support: Institutional Change and Local Agency in Japanese Agriculture . By Hanno Jentzsch. University of Toronto Press, 2021. xiv, 268 pages. CAD $70.00. Drawing from his exhaustive fieldwork in rural and semiurban Japan for several years, Hanno Jentzsch argues that local agency negotiated and translated national institutional change in the agricultural sector into local practice based on neoinstitutionalist theory and political economy. The backdrop to his book Harvesting State Support is the process of national agricultural reform since the mid-1990s—including market liberalization, the government's withdrawal from market interventionist policies, deregulation, and structural reform—induced by Japan joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). Employing the case of the municipality of Hikawa in Shimane Prefecture, as well as a number of others, Jentzsch invites the reader to discover the processes of farmland consolidation led by national regulatory change and how local actors, such as farmers, local agricultural cooperatives called JA (Japan Agricultural Cooperatives), local administrations, and emerging agribusinesses responded to the change by mobilizing local institutions. The farm consolidation policy was designed to let small-scale [End Page 154] family farmers, often part-time and aging, release their farmlands and to allow emerging, large professional corporate farms, the so-called "bearer farms" which were expected to become more competitive in the international market, to acquire and accumulate these farmlands. However, the author reveals that the results of this policy were heterogeneous among different agricultural localities; while municipalities such as Hikawa achieved a high rate of farmland consolidation, other municipalities had lower levels of consolidation. Based on his case studies, the author points out that village institutions, such as local social ties, norms, and practices in agricultural production and farmland use, significantly influenced farmland exchange and the establishment of hamlet-based collective farms, and therefore the interpretation of national regulatory framework in local practices. Jentzsch found that in some localities where the geographical boundaries of the local JA and local administration correspond with each other, village institutions successfully contributed to consolidating farmland under new macroagricultural reform while protecting the vested interests of local actors. But in localities where these boundaries had been disrupted—by the merger of local JAs from the 1990s induced by financial liberalization and of local municipalities caused by fiscal decentralization from the 2000s—village institutions could not be successfully mobilized in response to national agricultural reform. This book consists of five parts that include 13 chapters. Part 1, "Institutional Change in Japan's Agricultural Sector" (chapters 1–3), is the introduction while part 2, "Japan's Agricultural Support and Protection over Time" (chapters 4–5), illustrates the evolution of Japan's agricultural policies from the postwar period to the second administration of Abe Shinzō that ended in 2020. Part 3, "Local Agricultural Regimes and Village Institutions" (chapters 6–7), explains the significance of local agricultural regimes, local institutional actors, and village institutions that implemented and translated national agricultural reform into local processes in more or less organized ways from the mid-1990s. Part 4, "Village Institutions as Dynamic Resources: Local Renegotiation of Agricultural Support and Protection" (chapters 8–11), provides fine-grained analyses on how the integration of village institutions into local agricultural regimes brought local variations in farmland consolidation, in the roles of entrepreneurial farms and hamlet-based collective farms in local agricultural regimes, and in the impact of boundary changes of JAs and municipalities on the ability of village institutions to effectively respond to the liberalization of the national agricultural regime. Part 5, "Conclusions" (chapters 12–13), summarizes the findings of the study. Jentzsch outlines the implications for the trajectory of Japan's agricultural support and its protection regime. Further, he sketches his own theoretical contribution that emphasizes the effectiveness of local perspectives and insights regarding informal institutions to uncover [End Page 155] the dynamics of local institutional actors in translating macroinstitutional arrangements and to refine the meso-theory of institutional change. The significance of this book is threefold. First, Jentzsch makes Japanese agricultural and rural politics and local realities available to international scholars who can neither access the Japanese literature nor conduct...

КРЕСТЬЯНСКИЕ КОМИТЕТЫ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЙ ВЗАИМОПОМОЩИ КУЗНЕЦКОГО ОКРУГА В 1922-1932 гг.

The article is devoted to the current and littlestudied problem of the activities of the crusades in the Kuznetscom district. With the involvement of documents of the regional archive, the author traces the process of renewal and development of peasant committees of public mutual assistance in the prefarm de reven, determines the role of local party bodies, district and district social welfare departments and district committees of public mutual assistance in organizing the internal life of peasant committees. The categories of recipients of social assistance of the poor peasantry were identified: former Red Army soldiers and Red partisans, disabled and victims of white terror, Red Army families, widows and orphans, Labor soldiers, sick and old who were in material need. The main sources of social power were identified, these are: membership fees; funds of peasant mutual assistance committees, which were replenished by obtaining orphan property, voluntary collection of donations, self-maintenance of their members according to the approved norm from tithing, funds from the sale of crops collected from public farms. Labor assistance to large widows was reduced to you-bringing firewood, hay, spring plowing and other hard work. It was established that in the second half of the 1920s. with the development of free trade, the economic activity of rural mutual assistance societies increased, covering about 50% Crean households, including part of the middle peasants. Their activities became more diverse and were aimed at increasing public supply, organizing joint ventures (mills, rental of agricultural equipment, etc.). The expansion of the possibility of labor cooperation was facilitated by the exemption of peasant committees from taxes and fees, and the provision of loans. The general problem was the extremely unsatisfactory failure by the apparatus of the district and village councils to meet the needs of peasant committees. During the period of mass collectivization, their land and seed funds provided significant material assistance for the economic formation of collective farms.

ARTISTIC LIKES AND AESTHETIC ORIENTATIONS IN THE WORKS OF KOSTY GORDIENKA “PRO COMMUNE”

The research focuses on the fact that showing the destruction of the patriarchal world of the Ukrainian village as a heroic struggle between light and darkness, a tragic past and a happy future, transferred to the plan of the present time, glorification of the economic and social innovations of the Bolsheviks, related to collective farming, determines the general thematic dominant in literature of a socialist orientation. The article focuses on the fact that forced to adapt to the format of the then government, Kost Gordienko changes his artistic preferences and aesthetic orientations, but also masters the methods of developing ideologically oriented prose that corresponded to the voluntarist intentions of revolutionary culture. It is emphasized that Kostya Gordienko’s attention is focused on the problem of the Ukrainian village during the period of drastic social changes, on the topic of the land-nurture and its owners, which was understandable and close to the writer due to many objective reasons. In the picture of the world modeled by Kost Gordienko, the concrete and realistic representation of the Ukrainian village during the period of Soviet “reformation” is fundamental, hence the noticeable stylistic, plot and figurative homogeneity. It is indicated that in order to realize his creative intentions, the novelist uses essay genres, which gave a much larger space for reproducing the dynamics and panorama of the “new time”, for depicting the actual everyday life of “communist life”. The stylistic manner of the writer has a narrative-journalistic and artistic-informative character, characterized by the use of extensive factual material. The conclusions indicate that Kostya Gordienko’s works of 1928–1930, which are diverse in terms of style and poetics, demonstrate the process of the writer’s adaptation to political and ideological requirements: first, the combination of an individual artistic vision and defined political attitudes, then the subordination of artistic thinking to the dictates of power. The most popular small-format genres – essays and short stories – are focused on reproducing the dynamics and panorama of the “new time”.