Collective Nouns Research Articles

ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ГРУППЫ ИМЕН СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ СО ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ СОВОКУПНОСТИ В ЯКУТСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The originality of the study involves identifying semantic motivation of functional features of the Yakut collective nouns, which is surely of interest from the viewpoint of studying the language in the functional and semantic aspect. The lexical stratum expressing the quantitative concept of generalization in the Yakut language was divided into three basic lexico-semantic groups: collective nouns denoting the multitude of people and objects as the inseparable whole, nouns with the meaning of generalization used to count discrete objects and collective substantial nouns used to designate a certain weight and size of non-discrete objects.

Laconian βοῦα 'Band of Boys' as a collective noun

Laconian βοῦα 'Band of Boys' as a collective noun

集合名词个体化现象考察及动因阐释

集合名词个体化现象考察及动因阐释

Toward Transcultural Theory

Toward Transcultural Theory

Linguistische Analyseverfahren zur Erfassung der Individual/Massennomen-Distinktion und Kollektiva im Deutschen und Türkischen

Linguistic methods of analysis that allow a categorial classification on the basis of morphological, syntactic and semantic criteria are used for the determination of the count-/mass-noun distinction and collective nouns. The purpose of this study is to clarify whether such categorial assignments are also possible for the German and Turkish language. In the first part of the paper, explanations of some terms ("count nouns", "mass nouns" and "collective nouns") are given. Following up, a categorial classsification of German and Turkish nouns is attempted within the context of the enlisted linguistic methods of analysis (morphological criterion ("quantity plural"T1, "element affinity" T2); syntactic criterion (“use in numeral or measurement constructions" T3, "count nouns not without determinator in NP function (or [_] NP context" T4, "element attribute” or “genitive attribute" T5, "element specification apposition" T6); semantic criterion ("sortal plural" T7) (cf. Kuhn, 1982, s. 84-97). As the basis of the categorical assignments, the differentiations in German are taken into consideration and compared with the corresponding phenomena in Turkish. Unlike German, the Turkish language, however, has a special feature that "reflects a different morphosyntactic implementation of 'multiplicity' in the use of plural forms" (cf. Johanson und Rehbein, 1999, s. vii-xx und translated by N. D.). This peculiarity of the Turkish language is assigned to the linguistic phenomenon "transnumerality". In the languages of the world, there is, besides the marking of the grammatical category number, also a pattern according to which there is no number agreement within the noun phrase. Accordingly, German belongs to the first type of number use, in that it has multiple markings for the plural forms, whereas Turkish can be assigned to the second type. The overarching principle in the grammatical expressions of the Turkish language seems to be the concept of economy, according to which morphological economy is ranked higher than semantic transparency (cf. Ortmann, 2002).

Oles Honchar's Individual Author's Word Formation Model: Parts-of-Speech Aspect

The individual language style of a writer is first of all the author's choice, creative use of those resources of the native language, which correspond to the constants of his world outlook in the best way. The purpose of the research is to trace the relationship between Oles Honchar’s worldview and his individually outlined linguistic means of constructing new words/lexemes. The case study is based on the Oles Honchar's artistic texts. The method of contextual analysis is used to clarify the semantic structure of new words and comparative analysis – to reveal productive tokens of different part-of-speech word classes. The key findings of the study argue that Oles Honchar's most productive model is noun-word formation, which serves as a means of portraying characters. The most frequent are suffix-based formations. Quite often, the writer refers to the creation of collective nouns. The word-formation models, based on typical national models, can be considered as individually pronounced ones. Some occasionalisms have a clear folk or colloquial basis. In the prefix-based word formation pattern, there is a tendency to use the prefixes anti-, over-, pseudo-. Adjective word formation testified to the use of productive in the Ukrainian language suffixes -ast-, -ist-, -ovit-. Complex adjectives in Oles Honchar's linguistic innovations are not frequent. The study has also revealed that verb word formation can is unproductive. In most cases, adjectives of quality are the basis for the creation of occasional adverbs. Oles Honchar’s novelties convincingly prove that individual author's word formation models are an integral feature of his style and vision of the world. We see the prospect for further studies in comparing the register of the analyzed occasionalisms with the word usage tendencies of other authors.

La descendencia colectiva, aumentativa e intensiva del sufijo latino -ARIA en las lenguas románicas

Mientras las funciones agentiva y locativa del sufijo latino -aria ya han recibido su debida atención en la literatura, los colectivos así como su desarrollo aumentativo e intensivo solo se mencionan de paso en los manuales clásicos. En el presente trabajo se estudia cómo nacieron estas últimas funciones y qué extensión lograron en las diferentes variedades románicas. Se verá que alcanzaron su extensión máxima en la Península Ibérica y que los derivados de este tipo se concentran en un pequeño número de nichos semánticos.

Composition of English News Stories: Strategies or Schemas?

The research deals with the composition of the English news story revealing that it rests on the interaction of strategies, tactics and schemas of perceptual origin. The material of the research is the BBC news stories. The paper applies cognitive and discursive methods to revealing the composition of English news stories. The results obtained show that strategies determine the choice of predicates structuring an event. Schemas of perceptual origin define the representation of event components in terms of human perception of environment: focusing, with the concentration of attention on one entity; identification, with the introduction of a single entity into the reader’s visual field; zooming-in by the use of the nouns indicating a transformation of a far distance into remote, close or immediate. In this case remote event models are comparatively few in number, because they offer a general picture of what is happening, without going into detail. In case of the subjective zooming-in model the desired effect is evoked by the interaction of collective nouns pointing to a group, i.e. distant perspective, and units in the plural, implying a distant position. The event-subjective perspective is implemented by a sequence of uncountables, denoting a general state of affairs, countables in the plural and in the singular, representing participants from the near or close distance. The tactics include verbalized contents into the composition of the text introducing the sections of context, commentaries, referring to witnesses or sources of information. The conclusions indicate the interaction of strategies, perceptual schemas and tactics in organizing English news stories.

The Acquisition of Vocabulary by Using Children Song and Kinesthetic Learning Strategy in Bali Public School

Many learning strategies were made in order to enrich children’s vocabulary. The present research is aimed at seeing if a great combination of learning strategy could affect children in acquiring vocabulary. The research was using a combination of children song and kinesthetic learning strategy to acquire vocabulary. The subject of the research was the second grade students of Bali Public School with 3 samples from Class A and Class B. Group A was using the combination of children song and kinesthetic learning strategy and Group B was using children song alone without kinesthetic learning strategy. The data were obtained through pre-test and post-test that consist of multiple choice questions. The obtained data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Furthermore, the data are presented using formal (words and natural language) and informal (table and diagrams) methods. The vocabulary that the children had acquired through this combination included adjective, verbs, collective nouns and countable nouns. The process of acquiring vocabulary through kinesthetic learning strategy on the second grade students included the symbolic, centration and elimination of egocentrism process.

Collective suffixes and ad hoc categories: from Latin -āliato Italian -aglia

AbstractThe expression of ad hoc categories ranges from discourse-level to syntactic and morphological strategies. Considering derivation in particular, it has been observed that also collective suffixes can be used for the identification of context-dependent sets. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relation between collectives and ad hoc categories by focusing on the Italian suffix -agliaand by discussing its diachronic relation with the Latin neuter nouns ending in -ālia. The discussion concerning the notion of collective will take into account a recent proposal that distinguishes between collective nouns, aggregate nouns, and superordinates. As will be shown, aggregate nouns are of particular interest for interpreting some Latinpluralia tantumin -āliathat denote sets of heterogeneous entities with similar properties. The same possibility to derive aggregate nouns characterizes the suffix -agliathat, when attached to proper nouns, can also convey associative meanings, or denote categories including persons and situations that share the named exemplar as a common denominator. As the analysis will show, the development of these functions correlates with the mechanisms of (inter)subjectification.

CICERO'SLIBERATORES: A REASSESSMENT

One of the simplest methods used by Cicero for depicting a personality or characteristic of an individual within his correspondence was to use a nickname. When describing groups, the natural progression was to use collective nouns that helped to define some essential quality of this collective. The enormity of Caesar's assassination provided an opportunity to use a plethora of terms for the conspirators, most conspicuously seen in Cicero's treatment of Cassius and Brutus following the death of Caesar. The act itself had a polarizing effect. On one side were the invective terms for assassins, murderers and parricides (sicarii,homicidae,interfectores,parricidae). On the other side were the favourable terms, such as liberators (liberatores), heroes (heroes) and tyrannicides (tyrannoctoni). Cicero also included in his correspondence Greek words, as well as their transliterations into Latin. Each word would seem to have its own subtle characteristics, focussing on different aspects and interpretations of the conspirators and their act of tyrannicide or political murder. The collective nouns themselves and the context in which they are used not only will provide the first indication of how Cicero felt about the conspirators but may also give an insight into Cicero's perception of the general feeling about the political situation in Rome at this time.

May the advanced biometric electronic signature be applicable in public administration?

Electronic signature is a technology-neutral collective noun. Therefore, several different implementations compose the known types of electronic signatures. Many classifications may be defined, for instance from technological and legal aspects. In reference to acceptability, legal status of a given signature seems to be the most important attribute for transaction partners in the e-Administration. Full probative force is usually required by Public Administration and it is also a need for building trust between untrusted partners. It can be achieved by the well-known qualified electronic signature. The qualified signature creation method requires a secure qualified electronic signature creation device and qualified certificate, although in many cases a simpler but still secure signature is also able to fulfil legal requirements ensuring the validity of transactions. On the citizen side, device dependency and relating costs were considered the major obstacles against overall usage of electronic signature technology between 2005 and 2015. Our paper intends to argue that creating advanced electronic signature is not impossible by using the signatory's biometric data and it may also be an optionally client-friendly, but not a device-free part of the e-Administration, beside the citizen card.

An animacy hierarchy within inanimate nouns: English corpus evidence from a prototypical perspective

Existing animacy hierarchies, derived from either typological grammars or cognitive perception, appear to be elaborated exclusively within animate entities, leaving the inanimate nouns an undifferentiated class. However, it by no means indicates that all the inanimate nouns are equally inanimate without any hierarchic structure. According to the prototypical approach, animacy is a gradient hierarchy contingent on human egocentric assessment and interpretation. A thing's animacy depends on how much resemblance it bears to us, specifically, how many human prototype features it possesses. Based on this theory, our research investigated the animacy hierarchy within previously undifferentiated inanimate nouns. The method is to use predicate (typically finite) verbs as a linguistic externalization of human prototype features, which can then be quantified and weighted, based upon an actual corpus. The results attest to the presence of an animacy hierarchy of five inanimate categories. Collective nouns, spatial and temporal nouns, concrete nouns, psychological nouns, followed by other abstract nouns, rank in descending sequence along this hierarchy. Further syntactic exploration shows that this hierarchy can impact word order just as do existing animacy hierarchies. This study might shed some theoretical and methodological light on future animacy research.

Verwandtschaft oder Entlehnung? Die Beziehung der ripuarischen Kollektiva mit "ge-" + "-ze" zu den mittelniederländischen mit "ge-" + "-te"

A typical characteristic of Central German dialects, especially of the Ripuarian dialect, is that it has collective nouns with ge- + -ze (cf. gesteinze) besides those with ge- + -e (cf. gesteine) corresponding to Dutch gesteente and gestene. A relationship between ge- + -ze and ge- + -te has been assumed for a long time. A corpus-based comparison is given in order to explain the genesis of these different formation types (ge- + -e, ge- + -ze, ge- + -te) and their relations. It seems likely that earlier Dutch formations influenced their Ripuarian counterparts. Rarely, the circumfix ge- + -te also occurs in Ripuarian texts and may be autochthone. One main result is that the suffic -ze in Ripuarian restores the collective formation in the circumfix ge- + -e when it was destroyed by the e-apokope. This is a rare instance where an element of word formation is replaced by another one in order to neutralize the isolation effect of sound change. Dieser Beitrag ist ursprünglich im Peter-Lang-Verlag erschienen (https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/plg/jwf/2018/00000002/00000001/art00006)

Are superordinates such asfurnitureandbelongingscollective nouns?

AbstractOne area of debate as to the boundaries of the class of “collective nouns” concerns non-count singular nouns such asfurniture, which are typically used for several units of different kinds. Arguments for and against inclusion have been put forward, but ultimately, what has been noted is a number of similarities and differences compared with count collective nouns. This makes both positions as legitimate, especially as collective nouns are a partly heterogeneous class (e.g. only those denoting humans, or sometimes animals, license plural override:the committee were…vs.*the bouquet were…). The present paper addresses the issue from a different angle, comparingfurniturenouns not just with other singular nouns (whether collective or superordinate), but with count nouns in the plural (e.g.toys). This new angle enables us to propose thatfurniturenouns are superordinate hyperonyms ofplural, rather than singular, categories. This notion accounts for all the similarities and differences noted betweenfurniturenouns and count collective nouns, and leads to the conclusion thatfurniturenouns are clearly not collective nouns. The analysis is then extended to non-count plural nouns that denote units (e.g.belongings), which have been neglected, or sometimes rejected on arbitrary grounds. The present study shows that they are not collective nouns either, and that they, too, are superordinates, some of them hyperonyms of plural categories.

Грамматические маркеры политической оценки в наивном политическом дискурсе форумных комментариев

В статье дефинируется понятие наивный политический дискурс. Рассматриваются основные специфические лингвистические маркеры негативной политической оценки в форумах болгарских онлайн-изданий. Наблюдение базируется на примерах из онлайн-изданий газет Дневник и Сега за период 2013–2016 г. Специальное внимание уделяется грамматическим экспонентам негативной политической оценки, среди которых выделяются имена с собирательной семантикой, специфическое употребление родовых форм, формы деминутива и др.

Are there any collective nouns among lexical plurals in English?

AbstractThe grammatical tradition has excluded lexical plurals from the category of collective nouns on the sole basis of their morphology (no discrepancy between singular form and so-called plural reference); but this criterion has led to hesitations, some linguists including, for instance,cattleorpeople. This study therefore considers other, semantic, criteria to establish more convincingly whether lexical plurals that denote pluralities of entities may be collective nouns. Relying on distinctions between meronymy and (non-taxonomic) hyperonymy, collectiveness and cohesion, and(a) crew(collective sense) /(several) crew(uninflected plural), it concludes that they are definitely not collective nouns, but aggregate nouns (or senses of nouns). Two sets are established. Some, mainly denoting humans, typically originate in the collective sense of the noun through a coercion mechanism; the others, mainly denoting objects, result from an operation of abstraction. For some of these, the notion of “hyperonyms of plural classes” is put forward.

Patterns of verbal agreement with collective nouns taking pluralof-dependents: a corpus-based analysis of syntactic distance

In this study, I investigate the patterns of verbal agreement of twenty-three singular collective nouns in English which take plural of-dependents (e.g., a group of children or a bunch of people). The main aim is to explore the extent to which this constituent may influence the number of the main verb, by considering factors such as the role of overt morphological markers for number in the oblique noun and the influence of syntactic distance on the patterns of verbal agreement. The data will show strong conditioning effects of the plural of-dependent on the verb, in triggering plural verbal number, for example. Contrary to what has been claimed hitherto, syntactic distance does not result in an increase of semantic (i.e., plural) agreement in this type of construction. In fact, the non-overtly marked plural noun people, whose influence on verbal agreement is strong in local syntactic domains, shows a considerable decrease in the proportion of plural verbal forms which it takes with increasing distance, contrary to overtly marked plural nouns. Finally, in light of the grammaticalisation suffered by homologous constructions such as a lot of, I will also consider the role of verbal agreement in the possible idiomatisation of the structures that I scrutinise here.

THE COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS BETWEEN ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH

The noun in Albanian language classified as common and proper . The common nouns in turn divide into countable and uncountable . Collective nouns and substance nouns are subclasses of the other classes. The structure of noun formation between Albanian and English on the general aspect of morphology and syntax still didn’t study in the way of comparative, contrast and generative. Those fields are our object of study. In Albanian and English we find some concepts of studies for noun for example: “Emer quhet ajo pjese e ligjerates qe emerton qenie te gjalla dhe sende dhe ka kategorite gramatikore te gjinise, numrit, rases, te shquarsise e te pashquarsise”. [1] Nouns can be broadly into a small number of classes that have meaning and grammatical behavior. “ Nouns (alb. Em e r) belong to open class set of items. The set is indefinitely extendable since new nouns are constantly created and are added to the existing register of English nouns. The server denotes people, objects, places, events and phenomena”. [2] There is an important distinct common and proper nouns. Common nouns can be countable and uncountable. Countable nouns refer to entities which can be counted, they are singular and plural forms (a cow, two cows) etc.). Both in the singular and plural there is a contrast between definite and indefinite forms ( a cow, two cows, the cows ). Uncountable nouns refer to entities which cannot be counted and uncounted for number. Though they do not combine with the indefinite article, the contrast between an indefinite and definite form (e.g. milk, the milk )… [3] [1] Fatmir Agalli (...), Gramatika e gjuhes shqipe I, Tirane, 2002, p. 81. [2] Shukrane Germizaj, A Comprehensive handbook of English Grammar , Prishtina, 2004, p.147. [3] Douglas Biber, Sitg Johansson, Grammar of spoken and written English , London, England, 1999, p.245.

Critical Discourse Analysis on Medan Local Newspapers’ Editorial

The aim of this paper is to explore how critical discourse analysis is realized in editorial local newspaper in Medan, Indonesia. The analysis was grounded based on Norman Fairclough’s assumption on critical discourse analysis that discussed three dimensions of analysis, such as micro analysis, macro analysis and meso analysis The data collected were the editorials of Medan local newspaper between June untill December 2012, they are the editorials of Analisa, Andalas, Medan Bisnis, Orbit, Sinar Indonesia Baru (SIB), Waspada that observed three major topic of discussions like topic on politics, state officials, and social phenomena. Findings are in micro analysis includes language use such as the realization of genre, passive voice, collective noun and naming individual, in macro-analysis shows that the editorials position to control the government’s attitude due to social phenomenon, and in meso analysis are the editorial’s role in giving his thought. These findings shows that the Medan local newspaper have just enjoyed for free press in delivering the news