Collective Nouns Research Articles

Exploring Rule-based and Idiosyncratic Loanword Plural Forms in Arabic

This study sought to explore how loanwords in Arabic are pluralized, whether loanword plurals are rule-based or idiosyncratic and the productivity of each type of loanword plural form: The Masculine Sound Plural (MSP), Broken Plural (BP), two or more Plurals, Zero Plural (ZP), Borrowed/Foreign Plural (BP) and Hybrid Plural (HP). It also aimed to shed light on the factors that contribute to the emergence of new, idiosyncratic plural forms. Analysis of a sample of 265 loanwords used in Standard and Colloquial Arabic collected from some Internet websites and glossaries showed that 37% of the loanwords in the sample have no plural forms (a Zero Plural) such as invariable singular nouns referring to food and drink (pizza, cappuccino), names of diseases and medications (bilharzia, Panadol), names of chemicals (potassium; ); sports (judo), sciences or areas of study (انثروبولوجيا anthropology), non-count nouns (ديزل diesel), Proper Nouns with a unique reference كونغرس) Congress ), noun referring to genus لافندر) lavender), and collective nouns (باغاج baggage). Results also showed that 35% of the loanwords take a BP only, whether it is a sole plural or a second or third plural form for the same loanword; 22% have double plurals as in nouns referring to some nationalities, ethnicities and religious groups, specialists and political loanwords; 16% have a BP (كادر /ka;dir/ > كوادر /kawa:dir/ cadres); 13% have a MSP together with another plural; 15% retain their Foreign Plural (يوتيوبرز YouTubers; موفيز movies; شيبس chips; داتا data); 4% have multiple plural forms (Malay (pl): الماليز (BP), ماليزيون (MSP), ماليزيات (FSP) and 1.5% have a HP (شوزات shoes+a:t/). Findings also showed that 46.5% of the loanwords follow the Arabic pluralization rules in the MSP, BP and FSP formation, even in the case of loanwords with double and multiple Plurals. Loanwords with a FP and HP represent a new morphological phenomenon in Arabic that was not reported by any prior study in the literature. The factors that contribute to the emergence of new idiosyncratic plural forms are discussed. Findings are also discussed in the light of some integration/adaptaion models of Arabic morphology. Recommendations for Arabic, English and translation pedagogy are given.

Serbskie rzeczowniki motywowane leksemem ‘дете’ (‘деца’)

The text focuses on Serbian nouns motivated by the form дете (деца) ‘child’ (‘children’) which belong to the standard language. The starting point is the dictionary definition of the Serbian lexeme дете (деца). The current state of etymological research on the general original meaning of the word ‘child’ in Slavic and other European languages is also analyzed. Next, the motivated words are finally divided into diminutive and augmentative, as well as compound derivatives, their dictionary definitions are provided, and they are examined from the word-formation perspective. The Serbian word дечак (дечкo) is also included in the analysis. The extracted linguistic material comes from Речник српскога језика (Dictionary of the Serbian Language), published by Matica Srpska – the most comprehensive lexicographic work on contemporary standard Serbian language to date. Therefore, the text also contains an analytical outline of this publication. The analysis of the collected linguistic material showed that in the Serbian standard language the derivatives and noun compounds motivated by the lexeme дете (деца) form a significantly large group. The study also proves that both the basic motivating word дете and its variant – which functions as the plural form – the collective noun деца, could participate in the motivation of the formed diminutive, augmentative, compound forms and the form дечак (дечкo). At the same time, a broader etymological introduction to the word дете (деца) against the Slavic and European background showed that the word originally had a much lower social status than it has today. This may be indicated by the analyzed augmentative (and pejorative) derivatives. On the other hand, diminutives and pejoratives will constitute a primary ‘product’ created within the close family, which later became the lexemes of the standard language (although it should be borne in mind that they can also take a disparaging or ironic meaning in a specific communicative con-text). The analyzed compounds, on the other hand, could originally belong to legal discourse, and then, as they began to be used more and more widely, they found themselves within the Serbian standard lexicon. In the case of compounds, a curious phenomenon is their ‘double’ motivation, which may stem either from the form дете, or from the form деца, carrying the same meaning.

Journalists as Mindful Users of Language (Change): Gender-Inclusive Spanish in Argentinian News

ABSTRACT In Argentina, arguably a front-runner country in efforts to challenge linguistic sexism, a wide variety of gender-inclusive styles are visible across and within the news media. This suggests that Argentinian journalists’ language does not simply accommodate to structural pressures, as the literature would indicate. To attend to journalists’ agency in processes of sociolinguistic change, this study combines the analysis of news articles with in-depth interviews with their authors, fifteen Argentinian news practitioners working for nine media organizations. The results challenge, first, ideas of journalists as necessarily conservative language users: Interviewees use diverse linguistic varieties when mentioning human referents (ranging from the generic male to indefinite collective nouns and duplication to the non-binary endings -x and -e). Second, mediacentric perspectives—assuming that institutional socialization, professional values, and audiences’ expectations shape journalists’ language—prove limited. Interviewees’ linguistic choices also respond to personal gender and linguistic politics. Argentinian journalists’ meaningful reasons and strategies for deviating from sociolinguistic norms expand our understanding of journalism’s potential to challenge traditional dominant cultural institutions and machismo more generally.

A Discourse of Deviance: Blame, Shame, Stigma and the Social Construction of Head and Neck Cancer.

Cancer of the head and neck is a confronting condition, as the disease and its treatments alter the appearance and function of body organs associated with physical appearance and identity. Many of the risk factors for head and neck cancers, including tobacco, alcohol, and human papilloma virus, can also have significant negative social and moral permutations. Language and action (discourse) plays an important role in constructing disease and illness and shape the way it is managed, both institutionally and socially. This research used a critical constructionist lens to investigate how the common discourses surrounding head and neck cancer are constructed within the healthcare context and how this influences patients and healthcare professionals' responses to the illness. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field noting, journaling and literature reviews. Analysis was guided by a three-dimensional approach to critical discourse analysis that investigated text, discursive practices, and social context. The overarching finding was that deviance dominates the common discourse and shapes head and neck cancer and responses to it. Deviance is channelled through metaphors, adjectives, descriptors, and collective nouns and is made overt through labelling, avoidance, blaming, shame, and categorization. Discourse is contextualized by a sociocultural understanding that when someone deviates from what is perceived as normal, they are devalued. Open dialogue and reflection on head and neck cancer discourse could enable better understanding of how people experience their condition and inform more supportive responses.

Semantic Integration in It-Clefts: A Multifactorial Exploration of Agreement Variability in World Englishes

Agreement variation is a critical issue in discussing syntactic configuration and semantic integration. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed to account for how semantic integration contributes to agreement variation: the lexical-grammatical hypothesis and the notional hypothesis. Using data from NOW, a large corpus of World Englishes, this study presents a multifactorial analysis of the probabilistic factors that constrain agreement variation in it-clefts, an important but low-frequency construction, with collective nouns as clefted constituents. We employ random forests and conditional inference trees to examine how the Outer circle varieties have developed preferences different from those of the Inner circle varieties for agreement patterns of it-clefts. The principal findings include: (1) singular agreement is the default pattern worldwide, while plural agreement appears probabilistically along the continuum of collective plurality; (2) Inner circle speakers use more plural agreement than Outer circle speakers, with British English users employing more plural agreement than American English users; and (3) Semantic integration exerts more influence on Inner circle speakers in agreement implementation than on Outer circle speakers, who are more easily affected by morpho-grammatical markers. The quantitative case study on the collective noun team corroborates the lexical-grammatical hypothesis that semantic integration encourages plural agreement. This focused attention on agreement variation in it-clefts with collective nouns as clefted constituents further suggests that the extraposition analysis, rather than the expletive analysis, offers a suitable theoretical model for the syntactic configuration of the it-cleft construction.

Collective nouns are conceptually plural: Evidence from the grammatical SNARC effect.

To develop theories of how comprehenders extract the message from a linguistic stream, it is critical to understand how they conceptually represent referents. The experiments reported here focus on singular collective nouns (e.g., committee, team), which introduce a single group into the discourse and test whether they nonetheless are conceptually plural (i.e., construed as consisting of multiple entities) by using the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) paradigm (Dehaene & Changeux, 1993). In this paradigm, participants are typically faster to respond to smaller numbers or numerical stimuli when making a response on their left and faster to respond to larger numbers or numerical stimuli when making a response on their right. In three experiments, participants saw German words on a computer screen and decided whether each one described a single entity or something that could be subdivided into multiple entities (Experiment 1) or whether they would use "ist" or "sind" ("is" or "are") in combination with the word if it were the subject of a sentence (Experiments 2 and 3). The mapping of responses to participants' left and right hands was counterbalanced. Experiment 1 failed to show a grammatical SNARC effect. Experiments 2 and 3 showed a grammatical SNARC effect that extended to collective noun phrases. The results of these experiments suggest that collective noun phrases are instantiated as conceptually plural in comprehenders' minds. We discuss the differential task effects and the implications of these data on theories of language comprehension. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Intensifying expletive constructions and their use on social media: Innovative functions of the hashtag #wokeAF in English tweets

The hashtag has seen increasing attention in the linguistics literature, in recognition of its prevalence on social media and in other modes of communication. Here, we report on a diachronic analysis of the hashtag #wokeAF in English-language tweets posted between 2012 and 2022. First, we trace the use of the word woke from verb to adjective, with novel uses arising in African American Vernacular English. Such uses then spread into mainstream standard English, eventually being used in a novel construction: the intensifying expletive ([adjective + as + expletive]). Although examples of the intensifying expletive are listed in the Urban Dictionary, to our knowledge, this is the first linguistic analysis of the construction. Second, we analyse semantic interpretations and syntactic characteristics of the intensifying expletive #wokeAF, by documenting its occurrence in tweets spanning eleven years. Analysis of the discourse and the context in which the hashtag appears allows us to uncover its novel use as a collective noun, which in our data, is linked to a pejorative stance. In general, we find innovation in the semantic scope of the hashtag and versatility in its position and integration within tweets. Given the pervasiveness of the word woke in the public consciousness, as evidenced by its occurrence in the popular press, this article aims to fill a timely gap while providing an interesting example of language innovation online.

Gender-Inclusive Textisms: How Spanish-speaking educational communities promote linguistic innovations on twitter

Any linguistic reform aimed at gender equality benefits from teacher's capacity as spreaders, and literature has shown that Twitter can be used as an excellent channel for the dissemination of good practice in language use. In a mixed-methods study based on public data mining and semantic content analysis, we examine how teachers use gender-fair language (GIL) in their digital communications on Twitter, what GIL procedures they use and, if Spanish digitalk incorporates specific textisms for GIL. Results confirmed that teachers make a widespread use of GIL procedures, prefer the use of collective nouns as a GIL mechanism, and intentionally incorporate GIL into digitalk through specific textisms, what we have named gender-inclusive textisms (GIT). The findings indicate that teachers are at the forefront of gender-inclusive language activism in educational virtual communities, and therefore, that although Twitter may contain messages that outrage the dignity of individuals, it is also a privileged space for linguistic innovations oriented toward gender equality.

The “volcano theory”. The case of collective nouns involving animal groupings

The aim of this article is to study “collective” nouns (i.e. of the type a gaggle of geese) in English in order to account for the remarkable creation of new expressions that this type generates. My hypothesis is that it is a pattern for lexical innovation as there seems to be boundless imagination in the association of N1 and N2.The first section is about the distinction between “classifiers” and “quantifiers” and about the difference between a “strict” quantifier (a pound of) and an “approximative” one (a drove of pigs), which gives an idea of size based on the common experience of speaker and co-speaker.The second section provides an account of nouns referring to groups of animals. Looking back at the way these nouns were created in the fifteenth century and more specifically at Dame Juliana Berners’s The Boke of St Albans (1486) proves crucial as the motivation for the coining of new expression can thus be better understood.A brief comparison with French shows that even if some productivity can be detected, the pattern has not been as fully used as it has in English.My hypothesis is that, based on a generic pattern (in the case studied “a N1 of N2”/ “un(e) N1 de N2”), lexical innovation is limitless. Syntactic and semantic analyses are however not sufficient: social, historical and anthropological parameters have to be considered in order to explain choices and constraints on productivity.

Animal Soundscapes in Anglo-Norman Texts. By Liam Lewis

Professional medieval thinkers habitually characterized humans as the only truly linguistic animal. Liam Lewis’s book joins recent work on medieval animals by describing cases that elude the strictures of such hierarchical binaries. Lewis’s examples, drawn from Anglo-Norman encyclopaedias, conduct manuals, fables, and hagiography, show that animal noise was not simply the opposite of rational sound but rather something bon à penser. In Philippe de Thaon’s Bestiaire, the earliest vernacular bestiary, Lewis finds some anxiety about sound in the representation of sirens. While illustrations show them with their mouths closed, as if refusing to imagine their threatening song, Philippe’s text itself focuses exclusively on their physical attractiveness, which medieval misogynist moralizing knew better how to handle. With the bestiary’s mandrake, we have a creature whose deadly cry muddles easy distinctions between sentient and non-sentient life. Next, Lewis considers the list of animal noises in Walter of Bibbesworth’s Le Tretiz: humans lead off the list (‘home parle’), followed immediately by the roaring of bears (‘ourse braie’) with the noun glossed in Middle English. As he traces further entanglement of animal sounds and human languages, Lewis also imagines the young readers of Le Tretiz learning their roles as aristocrats and men both by imitating animal sounds, and by gathering geese and women together into the same collective noun, a ‘compaignie’: the category in Le Tretiz of ‘home’, the human or more simply man, allies with (certain) animals while reducing most humans to servitude. The third chapter, on an anonymous Vye de Seynt Fraunceys, relies on Angelo Clareno’s division of zoē, mere life, from bios, holy life, practised by the saints: drawing from Giorgio Agamben, but eschewing Agamben’s gloominess, Lewis studies how St Francis of Assisi allies with animal sounds — crickets’ chirps, sheep’s bleating, and birdsong — to worship with them, or to help human and animal both rise from zoē to bios. His last full chapter considers the fables attributed to Marie de France. Though famously a genre featuring animals that talk, their animal sound matters too: Marie’s goats bleat to summon rescuing dogs, while elsewhere a dog’s reasoning with a thief ends with a bark, as if it’s raising the hue and cry, a human legal mechanism enacted not through language but through noise. Mouth and muzzle, as Lewis observes, are not so obviously different in their effects. Lewis writes well, creatively attends to poetics, and generates new readings without distorting his sources. Overall, I am more pessimistic than Lewis about the positive benefits of ‘reassessing human exceptionalism’ (p. 161). The landed aristocrats who learned to be men by imitating animals asserted their dominance in part by imagining themselves bestial. St Francis is one model; these rapacious men another. Lewis’s book, to its credit, urges us to be more like the former than the latter.

Storying Pandemia Collectively: Sharing Plural Experiences of Interruption, Dislocation, Care, and Connection

During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, a group of academic geographers got together across borders to share our varied experiences. In this paper we illustrate how this storying of pandemia helped us critically and collaboratively understand, (re)imagine and reconfigure ways of living during a global pandemic. We were especially interested in exploring different forms and practices of collective thinking and academic labour, within and beyond the academy. This paper foregrounds emotions and lived experiences, power and positionality, natures, bodies, and relations, and how they have come to our attention in new, different, or more pronounced ways, through everyday geographies of pandemia. Our aim is to emphasise two important aspects: that pandemia is a state of being with/as/through pandemic, and, as a collective noun, pandemia centres plurality, focusing on the potential to attend to the ways experiences of pandemic are redolent with multiple, overlapping exclusions and belongings, openings and closures.

한복의 사전적 정의 검토

This study examines the definitions of hanbok from the following dictionaries: Standard Korean Language Dictionary; Encyclopedia of Korean Culture; Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture; A Dictionary of Korean Traditional Apparel; Oxford English Dictionary; The Collins Dictionary; Urban Dictionary, and one from a webpage on Korean culture promotion by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Korea (ROK). The examination brings to light the problematic wordings and further discusses why they are problematic. Describing the attributes of hanbok as timeless and static, the definitions do not reflect the historical development of hanbok in dynamism. The discussion contends the following. First, hanbok is a collective noun that refers to the category of traditional clothing of Korea, not only a costume for men and women. Second, given that the term hanbok was coined at the turn of the 20th century, its concept and historical timeline are part of Korea’s modern fashion history, not that of pre-modern, from the ancient to Joseon (1392-1910). Third, the trajectory of hanbok shows its evolution in the contexts of being modernized, hybridized, and culturally authenticated, rather than remaining “traditional” and “authentic.” Fourth, hanbok has served as ethnic dress for ethnic Koreans across the globe and national dress of the ROK. Fifth, as the ROK increasingly becomes a multi-ethnic country in the 21st century, the word “uri (lit. our/we),” which is commonly used to describe the ethnic Korean community as a single entity, should be changed to a third-person perspective. Sixth, the elements of clothing that are subject to change, such as stylistic characteristics, occasions for wearing, and construction methods, must be inclusively described. The arguments presented here are anticipated to contribute to revision of the definitions of hanbok in dictionaries and conceptualization of hanbok as an academic keyword in dress/fashion studies.

Pluralia Tantum et verbes supports

It is a long-acknowledged fact that in a wide number of Indo-European languages, some noun phrases occur solely in the plural. As for the French language — the only one concerned in this study — examples as les semailles, les pourparlers, les environs, les pantalons, etc., are very common ones. A subclass of these plural invariable nouns (Pluralia tantum), shows specific properties, e.g., the noun phrase does not behave like a collective noun; it differs in meaning from the version in singular, and the version in plural is always diachronically posterior to the one in singular. The main point is that these plural nouns seem to involve a limited class of verbs in a privileged way. The main purpose of this study is then to question the status of support verb of these verbs, as well as their role in a possible process of idiomatization.

The protection of whistleblowers in South African criminal cases

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to critically analyse the extent of protection available for whistleblowers in South African criminal cases.Design/methodology/approachThis paper first provides a brief background of crime in South Africa and argues that the concept of the whistleblower is just a buss word or collective noun. The methodology of this paper consists of a literature review of whistleblowers and relevant laws that can be used to protect whistleblowers in South African criminal cases.FindingsThis paper concludes that the existing law as primarily contained in the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 provides appropriate protection for whistleblowers in South African criminal cases.Research limitations/implicationsWhistleblowers provide information on criminal, civil and disciplinary wrongdoings. This study focuses on the protection of whistleblowers pursuant to mainly the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper lies in the approach to the handling of whistleblowers in South African criminal cases. This is the first research done with the emphasis on the use of mainly the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 to protect whistleblowers in South African criminal cases. The contribution of the study is that, by using this approach, it can provide protection and save lives, and it may enhance the willingness of whistleblowers to blow the whistle, which will be beneficial to the community of South Africa as a whole.

Syntactic and semantic mismatches in English number agreement

In English, it is possible for a morphologically singular collective noun like government to control both singular (syntactic) agreement and plural (semantic) agreement in the same sentence (e.g. The government has praised themselves). It has been claimed that sentences with the opposite pattern of agreeing elements are ungrammatical (e.g. *The government have praised itself), and there is a corresponding asymmetry in corpus frequencies of these two configurations. Across two acceptability judgement experiments, we show that the acceptability contrast is affected by the relative order of the two agreeing elements, with degraded acceptability in the case where the first agreeing element shows plural agreement and the second shows singular agreement, relative to the opposite configuration. This pattern is found both when the agreeing verb precedes the reflexive, and when the reflexive precedes the verb. Overall, the results suggest that the initial formation of a semantic agreement dependency between an agreement target and a collective controller makes subsequent morpho-syntactic agreement with the same controller less accessible. We argue that any theoretical account of these results would require an important role for incremental processing.  

Emigration of Christians from the Bosnian Eyalet (1683-1718)

The end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century was marked by radical changes on the demographic map of the Bosnian Eyalet as a serhat of the Ottoman state. In addition to mass migrations of the Muslim population from the lost Ottoman territories towards the interior of the Bosnian Eyalet, there were also continuous movements of the Christian population in the opposite direction. The paper follows the movements of some groups of Christians, mainly those who respond to the bishop's call to settle the desolate areas around Pécs, Szeged, Baja and the surrounding area, but also the migration of other non-Muslim populations towards the Venetian territory, as well as migrations to the „Imperial lands“ due to various political, economic and other factors. While the Venetian government encouraged, with money and investiture, the people to bring families to Dalmatia, and the Austrian government received petitions from the priests of Bosnian monasteries about the difficult situation of Catholics, the Ottoman government throughout that time undertook activities to stop defections, therefore, the paper describes some of the procedures and the situations themselves. Some authors exaggerate when they say that, for example, between 100 and 200 thousand Catholics left Bosnia. The paper shows that according to some reports, 74 thousand Catholics lived in Bosnia before 1683, and 25 thousand half a century later. This is an acceptable number of emigrant Catholics compared to the exaggerations of some chroniclers. An important part of the work is the knowledge obtained from sources, who actually are the non-Muslims that go across the border from the interior and from the borders of the Bosnian Eyalet. Ottoman sources usually refer to both Catholics and Orthodox by the name „kefere“ (a collective noun denoting the non-Muslim population in general). For the Ottoman administration, the most important thing is that it is a category of non-Muslims in order to tax them according to that category. Due to such a situation, it is difficult to give a definitive number of Catholics or Orthodox in a certain period according to Ottoman sources. In the paper, we provide a limited analysis of the case according to some unpublished sources, so it can be seen how many Christians, heads of the household, remained in a certain area. Often, however, it is not possible to know whether they are Orthodox or Catholics, because there are no priests among them. Names are often a problem, too, because patronymics are rare, and names can be tied to a nomenclature common to both Catholicism and Orthodoxy. From the episcopal and friar reports, it can be seen that in that period, the conversion of Muslims also took place, so among the migrants to the north, for example, there were thousands of new Christians. The cities of Požega, Osijek and Brod also lost their Muslim population and hundreds of Catholics from Sarajevo, Kreševo, Modriča and Vrhbosna are coming to them. Registry books record their origin, especially in the first years of the 18th century. The Orthodox and Catholic population from the Herzegovina Sandžak settles mainly in the Boka Kotorska area. An extensive cadastral census from 1701 shows that among the people there are many who come from places that are not affected by war activities. The Orthodox population from Backa and Baranja goes to Slavonia and Srijem, but also to Ottoman territory. On the territory of the Republic of Dubrovnik, war refugees from the Bosnian ejalet are most often Vlachs, especially during the periods of the Moravian War (1684-1699) and the Venetian-Ottoman War (1714-1718). The Ottoman authorities demanded that these people be delivered to them, and the Dubrovnik authorities formally agreed, but they often helped the people to stay there or to go further by sea.

Discursive practices of the performative theory of solidarity discourse

This exploratory study examined the discursive practices of solidarity discourse, contributing to the performative theory of solidarity discourse. Five discursive practices were identified. It was noted that plurality and assimilation practice, complete assimilation, and partial assimilation were the most frequently employed practices. Assimilation is accomplished using three strategies: inclusive first plural pronouns, collective nouns, and spatialization. The second discursive practice was appraisal. There are three strategies that are utilized by speakers: to appraise and praise the ‘self’ or one's support, to appraise or bash and attack the ‘other,’ and to appraise and praise the ‘us/we.’ The third practice is representation and positioning, which is realized by intertwined representations of the ‘us,’ the common enemy/challenge representation, and self-positioning/representation. Endorsement is the fourth discursive practice to achieve solidarity through which the speaker endorses policies or ideologies to show solidarity. Finally, storytelling is a practice employed to build solidarity, manage knowledge, achieve performative acts, and shape the future through past events. The current paper contributed to our understanding of solidarity and expanded our perspective on discourse in general, and solidarity discourse in particular. In addition, the application of this study can bridge the gap between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ by addressing the ‘us/we.’

The syntax of plurals of collective and mass nouns: Views from Jordanian Arabic

AbstractThis research paper provides a syntactic account of the observation that plurals of non-count nouns (i.e., collective and mass nouns) in Jordanian Arabic (JA) may express different readings, namely a counting reading and paucity in quantity. We propose that availability of such readings or lack thereof depend crucially on whether or not Division Phrase (DivP) (Borer, 2005) projects in narrow syntax. When DivP projects over nP, a counting reading is available for the plural of singulatives. On the other hand, when DivP does not project, no counting reading is available, and alternatively a small-quantity reading is held. This implies that pluralization in JA is subject to the availability of functional projections that form the relevant DP, hence supplying evidence against the lexical hypothesis of plural formation. As for paucity in quantity, we argue that it is a product of (or a subtype of) the well-known paucal plural (cf. Ojeda 1992; Mathieu 2013).

What's in a Name? Terminology Preferences Among Patients Receiving Methadone Treatment.

Despite recognition of the importance of substance use disorder (SUD) terminology, few studies examine terminology preferences among patients with SUDs. To examine preferences of patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) concerning the terminology used by addiction counselors. From January 1, 2019, to February 28, 2020, participants were recruited consecutively from 30-day treatment review sessions at outpatient methadone treatment programs in the Northeastern United States to complete a cross-sectional survey. Participants were English-speaking adult patients with OUD enrolled in methadone treatment. Participants completed 7-point Likert-type scales from 1 ("Strongly Disagree") to 7 ("Strongly Agree") to rate their preferences for (a) the presenting problem, (b) collective nouns referring to those with the presenting problem, and (c) personal descriptors. We used univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to examine the associations between demographics (i.e., age, sex, and race) and terminology preferences and ordinal logitregression to explore the association between 12-step program partiality and preference for the term "addict." We surveyed 450 patients with mean age of 38.5 (SD = 11.1) years; 59.6% self-identified as male, 77.6% as White, and 12.7% as Hispanic. The highest-rated preferences for presenting problem were "addiction," "substance use," and "substance abuse." The highest-rated collective noun terms were "client," "patient," and "guest." "Person with an addiction," "person with substance use disorder," and "substance-dependent person" were the highest-rated personal descriptors. There were significant differences in terminological preference based on race and age. Twelve-step program partiality was associated with greater preference for the term "addict" (F = 21.22, p < .001). Terminology preferences among people receiving methadone treatment aligned with existing guidelines recommending that clinicians use medically accurate and destigmatizing terminology when referring to substance use disorders and the persons who have them. Demographic differences emerged in terminological preferences, warranting further examination.

ЕТНОКУЛЬТУРНА ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЯ НАЦІЇ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ВІКІВ

In the article, we analyzed the interaction of language and nation. We have reviewed works that reveal the problem of speech markers and sociolinguistic disputes. The aim of our article was to analyze the features of ethnolinguistic identification of representatives of the language group of Ukraine – "Ruthenians". We used a descriptive method. In the article we considered a pseudoscientific direction – neorusyn, which functions in the territory of modern Transcarpathia and beyond the boundaries of Ukraine, where the settlers from the West Ukrainian lands live compactly. We analysed the situation that was formed in the Transcarpathian region since the end of the XIX century and continues to the present time. Rusyn language is a pseudo-scientific hypothesis which is directed at the disintegration of society. With the help of manipulation schemes, is fulfiled the replacement of concept. The Ruthenian language is a pseudo-scientific hypothesis aimed at disintegrating society. During the period of Ukraine's independence, there was no effective language policy that regulated various pseudo-scientific and pseudo-historical movements that threaten the integrity of the state. The neo-Russian movement originated in the 1950s. At this time, Ukrainians living in Galicia, Bukovina, Transcarpathia, Nadsyannia, Kholm, Presov, began to resist the totalitarian regime of Soviet rule. According to chronicles, it can be convincingly stated that the proper name of Russia in the X – XIII centuries. was related exclusively to the lands of modern Kyiv. The ethnonym Rus is a collective noun, from which the derived ethnonym Rusyn was formed with the help of the suffix -in.