Cold Body Research Articles

어머니의 유아에 대한 의생활 양육태도와 건강 관련 착의 행동

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the mothers’ thermal sensation, wearing behavior and parenting attitudes on young children’s clothing. Eighteen mothers of 5 year old children (9 boys and 9 girls) participated in the study. The following results were obtained from the in-depth interviews and survey. First, in relation to clothing and health, most of the mothers responded sensitively to the clothing material and skin irritation and preferred to use natural clothing materials. Some of the mothers seemed to be concerned about clothing for cold prevention and body temperature regulation when the children are exposed to a cold environment. Second, in general, the mothers

Easing Regulations May Do More Good Than Harm

Easing Regulations May Do More Good Than Harm

Knowledge and health-seeking practices of mothers attending primary health-care centers in Baghdad Al-Karkh sector about danger signs in newborns

Background: High-risk neonate defines as one who requires more than the standard monitoring and care offered to a healthy term newborn infant; therefore, early detection of neonatal illness is an important step toward improving newborn survival. Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the knowledge and health-seeking practices of mothers attending primary health-care centers about WHO recognized danger signs in newborns. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in primary health-care centers selected conveniently in Baghdad-Alkarkh district. Participants were 275 mothers of child-bearing age group selected conveniently; the data were collected during the period from March 1 to June 30, 2017. A general questionnaire used for the data collection. Results: About 81% of mothers in study sample listed three or more of the who recognized danger signs. About 71.7% of mothers tend to seek advice or treatment for the illness outside the home. The proportion of good knowledge and health-seeking practices was higher in (Educated, employee, mothers who had a history of antenatal care attendance with higher number of visits). There was no relationship between number of children and family support with seeking care outside the home. Mothers who had good knowledge of danger signs of their babies tend to seek care from health facilities more frequently 75%, and this relation was statistically significant, 61.2% of mothers who perceive illness in newborns delayed seeking advice or treatment outside the home, 66% not taking newborn to the health facilities because they expect self-resolution of the illness. There is good knowledge and perception of mothers toward some danger signs such as fever, poor feeding, and jaundice while fair toward others such as cold body, chest indrawing, and signs of local infections. Conclusion: There are good knowledge and perception of mothers about the WHO recognized danger signs in newborns; however, there is a gap between mothers' knowledge and their health-seeking behavior for sick newborn and explored their deep perceptions, constraints, and various treatments.

Age at castration (surgical or immunological) impacts carcass characteristics and meat quality of male pigs

In order to accurately estimate body composition at slaughter and to meet specific market targets, the influence of age at time of castration (surgical or immunological) on body composition and boar taint indicators must be determined for male pigs. In all, 48 males were randomly assigned to one of four management regimens: (1) entire male pigs (EM), (2) EM surgically castrated at ~40 kg BW and 10 weeks of age (late castrates; LC), (3) conventional, early surgical castrates (within 4 days of birth; EC) and (4) EM immunized with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog (primary dose at 30 kg BW and 8 weeks of age; booster dose at 70 kg and 14 weeks of age; IM). Pigs were fed corn and soybean meal-based diets that were not limiting in essential nutrients. Back fat was sampled on days −3, 8, 18 and 42, relative to administering the booster dose of GnRH analog at day 0, to determine androstenone concentrations (n=8 or 9/group). Fat androstenone concentrations in IM were lower than EM between days 8 and 42 after administering the booster dose (173 v. 863 ng/g, respectively; P<0.01), and were not different from surgically castrated males (EC and LC) after day 18. Slaughter occurred at ~115 kg BW, 42 days (6 weeks) after administering the booster dose for IM, and 10 and 20 weeks after surgical castration for LC and EC, respectively (n=8 or 9/group). At slaughter, live BW, liver weight as a percent of live BW, dissectible bone as a percent of cold carcass side, body protein and water contents and whole-body protein deposition decreased with time after surgical castration (linear; P<0.05), whereas dressing percentage, dissectible fat, probe fat depth and body fat content increased with time after surgical castration (linear; P<0.05). The IM had intermediate dressing percentage and dissected fat to EM and EC, whereas liver weight as a percent of live BW and body protein and lipid contents were not different from EM. Whole-body lipid deposition tended to be greater in IM than in EM between 14 and 20 weeks of age (373 v. 286 g/d; P=0.051). In conclusion, castration of male pigs after 6 weeks of age has a lasting effect on physical and chemical body composition. The relationship between time after castration and body composition may be developed to predict carcass composition and can be used to determine the ideal immunization schedule aimed at specific markets in the future.

Near-field radiative thermoelectric energy converters: a review

Radiative thermoelectric energy converters, which include thermophotovoltaic cells, thermoradiative cells, electroluminescent refrigerators, and negative electroluminescent refrigerators, are semiconductor p-n devices that either generate electricity or extract heat from a cold body while exchanging thermal radiation with their surroundings. If this exchange occurs at micro or nanoscale distances, power densities can be greatly enhanced and near-field radiation effects may improve performance. This review covers the fundamentals of near-field thermal radiation, photon entropy, and nonequilibrium effects in semiconductor diodes that underpin device operation. The development and state of the art of these near-field converters are discussed in detail, and remaining challenges and opportunities for progress are identified.

White Adipose Tissue Undergoes ‘browning’ in Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri) During Cold Acclimation

Cold induces a transformation of adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) into ‘beige’ adipocytes with a brown adipose-like phenotype in a process known as ‘browning’. In the present study, cold acclimation was characterized over 49 days of exposure to 5°C (with controls housed at 25°C) in Tupaia belangeri using physiological indices, positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) scan, adipose tissue morphology study, and flow cytometry. The results showed that during cold acclimation, body mass and WAT mass and content increased significantly, and there were significant effects of cold exposure on the mean standardized uptake values (SUV) for inguinal, omental, and mesenteric WAT. Adipose tissue morphology showed that the abdominal omental WAT had taken on characteristics of beige adipocytes, including smaller lipid droplets, and expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Flow cytometric analysis showed that a new cell population had appeared in WAT by day 49. In the R1 (original) and R2 (new) groups of cells, 69.6% and 95.3% of the cells were positive for UCP1, respectively. All of these results indicate that cold exposure induced WAT browning, which would increase thermogenic properties in T. belangeri under cold acclimation.

Dynamic measurement of near-field radiative heat transfer

Super-Planckian near-field radiative heat transfer allows effective heat transfer between a hot and a cold body to increase beyond the limits long known for black bodies. Until present, experimental techniques to measure the radiative heat flow relied on steady-state systems. Here, we present a dynamic measurement approach based on the transient plane source technique, which extracts thermal properties from a temperature transient caused by a step input power function. Using this versatile method, that requires only single sided contact, we measure enhanced radiative conduction up to 16 times higher than the blackbody limit on centimeter sized glass samples without any specialized sample preparation or nanofabrication.

Study of exposure to cold stress and body physiological responses in auto mechanic employees in Hamadan city

Study of exposure to cold stress and body physiological responses in auto mechanic employees in Hamadan city

Estimation of Cold Carcass Weight and Body Weight from Several Body Measurements in Sheep through Various Data Mining Algorithms

Estimation of Cold Carcass Weight and Body Weight from Several Body Measurements in Sheep through Various Data Mining Algorithms

Changes in carbohydrate metabolism after kidney transplantation and their effects on cardiovascular risk

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of deaths after transplantation, with diabetes mellitus being the main risk factor in development. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of new onset diabetes mellitus in connection with the cardiovascular risk predicted by the HEART Score. 44 patients were involved in our study; after overview of baseline data, OGTT was performed, followed by patient classification into the following groups: normal, impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance, and new onset diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance and kidney function were also assessed. Concerning baseline data, cold ischemic time (p = 0.016), body weight (p = 0.035), BMI (p = 0.025), and HbA1C (p = 0.0024) proved to be significantly different between normal and diabetic patients. Significant difference was found based on HOMA IR between the two groups 1.69±0.51 vs 6.46±1.42; p = 0.0017). Based on the HEART Score, patients with new onset diabetes mellitus were put into Group 3, which also reflects the risk which diabetes carries for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular risk can be decreased with increased allograft survival by early diagnosis and management of diabetes. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(38): 1512-1516.

Effect of Natural Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infection on Carcass Yield and Characteristics of Sudan Desert Sheep

This study was conducted to detect the effect of natural gastrointestinal parasitic infection along with age and level of energy on the carcass yield and characteristics of Sudan Desert sheep. Forty-eight lambs were divided into eight groups of 6 animals each and fattened for 60 days. A total of twenty four animals (3 from each group) were selected for slaughter at the end of the fattening process. The study revealed significant differences in slaughter weights (P < 0.05), carcass weights (P < 0.05) and carcass characteristics. Both hot and cold empty body weights and dressing percentages were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by internal parasitic infection and dietary energy level. Wholesale cuts yields and loin composition were not significantly affected by infection except for muscle percentage (P < 0.05).

Thermodynamic origin of nonimaging optics

Thermodynamic origin of nonimaging optics Lun Jiang, a and Roland Winston, a* a University of California, Merced Abstract. Nonimaging Optics is the theory of thermodynamically efficient 1 optics and as such depends more on thermodynamics than on optics. Hence in this paper a condition for the best design is proposed based on purely thermodynamic arguments, which we believe has profound consequences for the designs of thermal and even photovoltaic systems. This new way of looking at the problem of efficient concentration depends on probabilities, the ingredients of entropy and information theory while “optics” in the conventional sense recedes into the background. Much of the paper is pedagogical and retrospective. Some of the new development of flowline designs will be introduced at the end and the connection between the thermodynamics and flowline design will be graphically presented. We will conclude with some speculative directions of where the new ideas might lead. Keywords : nonimaging optics, thermodynamics, geometric flowline, *Corresponding author, email to:rwinston@ucmerced.edu Introduction Nonimaging Optics is the theory of thermodynamically efficient optics and as such depends more on thermodynamics than on optics. It is by now a key feature of most solar concentrator designs. What is the best efficiency possible? When we pose this question, we are stepping outside the bounds of a particular subject. Questions of this kind are more properly in the province of thermodynamics which imposes limits on the possible (like energy conservation) and the impossible (like transferring heat from a cold body to a warm body without doing work). And that is why the fusion of the science of light (optics) with the science of heat (thermodynamics), is where much of the excitement is today. When the problem of maximal concentration from extended sources was first confronted 2 , the tools of Hamiltonian mechanics were utilized, because classical geometrical optics was concerned with “point sources” 3,4 . In this paper we first present the failure of classical point source optics. The purpose to repeat the illustration of this paradox, is to show that, the conventional point and line understanding of geometric optics cannot fully represent the nature of the physics behind modern optical designs.

Relative thermalization.

Locally thermal quantum systems may contradict traditional thermodynamics: heat can flow from a cold body to a hotter one, if the two are highly entangled. We show that to recover thermodynamic laws, we must use a stronger notion of thermalization: a system S is thermal relative to a reference R if S is both locally thermal and uncorrelated with R. Considering a general quantum reference is particularly relevant for a thermodynamic treatment of nanoscale quantum systems. We derive a technical condition for relative thermalization in terms of conditional entropies. Established results on local thermalization, which implicitly assume a classical reference, follow as special cases.

Effects of Macrophage Depletion on Sleep in Mice.

The reciprocal interaction between the immune system and sleep regulation has been widely acknowledged but the cellular mechanisms that underpin this interaction are not completely understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of macrophages in sleep loss- and cold exposure-induced sleep and body temperature responses. Macrophage apoptosis was induced in mice by systemic injection of clodronate-containing liposomes (CCL). We report that CCL treatment induced an immediate and transient increase in non-rapid-eye movement sleep (NREMS) and fever accompanied by decrease in rapid-eye movement sleep, motor activity and NREMS delta power. Chronically macrophage-depleted mice had attenuated NREMS rebound after sleep deprivation compared to normal mice. Cold-induced increase in wakefulness and decrease in NREMS, rapid-eye movement sleep and body temperature were significantly enhanced in macrophage-depleted mice indicating increased cold sensitivity. These findings provide further evidence for the reciprocal interaction among the immune system, sleep and metabolism, and identify macrophages as one of the key cellular elements in this interplay.

Genetic parameters for cold tolerance and body weight of Chinese fleshy prawn, Fenneropenaeus chinensis

The inability of Fenneropenaeus chinensis to tolerate low temperatures is of major economic concern in temperate climates, as it reduces their growing season and leads to over-winter mortality. In this study, the heritability of body weight under low grow-out temperature and cold tolerance in F. chinensis were first investigated and estimated using 88 ful-sib families, which might provide crucial information in Chinese fleshy prawn breeding programs. The heritability for body weight under suitable and low temperature of F. chinensis were both moderate (0.158 0±0.307 5 and 0.132 0±0.026 9 respectively); the large coefficient of variation (approximately 21%) and moderate estimate of heritability for body weight indicated substantial potential for selective breeding. The heritability estimate for cold tolerance was low (0.019 2±0.023 5), and showed no significant differences from zero (P>0.05). A weak genetic correlation between cold tolerance and body weight was also estimated in the present study, also showing no significant differences from zero (P>0.05). Thus, more research needs to be conducted on the more accurate heritability estimate of cold tolerance and genetic correlations between traits in F. chinensis to further improve the achievement of breeding goals.

Monitoring System for Atmospheric Water Vapor with a Ground-Based Multi-Band Radiometer: Meteorological Application of Radio Astronomy Technologies

High-resolution estimation of thermodynamic properties in the atmosphere can help to predict and mitigate meteorological disasters, such as local heavy rainfall and tornadic storms. For the purposes of short-term forecasting and nowcasting of severe storms, we propose a novel ground-based measurement system, which observes the intensity of atmospheric radiation in the microwave range. Our multi-band receiver system is designed to identify a rapid increase in water vapor before clouds are generated. At frequencies between 20 and 30 GHz, our system simultaneously measures water vapor as a broad absorption peak at 22 GHz as well as cloud liquid water. Another band at 50–60 GHz provides supplementary information from oxygen radiation to give vertical profiles of physical temperature. For the construction of this cold receiver system, novel technologies originally developed for observations of cosmic microwave background radiation were applied. The input atmospheric signal is amplified by a cold low-noise amplifier maintained below 10 K, while the spectrum of this amplified signal is measured using a signal analyzer under ambient conditions. The cryostat also contains a cold black body at 40 K to act as a calibration signal. This calibration signal is transported to each of the receivers via a wire grid. We can select either the atmospheric signal or the calibration signal by changing the orientation of this wire. Each receiver can be calibrated using this setup. Our system is designed to be compact (\(<\)1 m\(^{3}\)), with low power consumption (\(\sim \)1.5 kW). Therefore, it is easy to deploy on top of high buildings, mountains, and ship decks.

Cold head maintenance with minimal service interruption

Turn-key superconducting magnet systems are increasingly conduction-cooled by cryogenerators. Gifford-McMahon systems are reliable and cost effective, but require annual maintenance. A usual method of servicing is replacing the cold head of the cryocooler. It requires a complicated design with a vacuum chamber separate from the main vacuum of the cryostat, as well as detachable thermal contacts, which add to the thermal resistance of the cooling heat path and reduce the reliability of the system. We present a rapid warm-up scheme to bring the cold head body, which remains rigidly affixed to the cold mass, to room temperature, while the cold mass remains at cryogenic temperature. Electric heaters thermally attached to the cold head stations are used to warm them up, which permits conventional cold head maintenance with no danger of contaminating the inside of the cold head body. This scheme increases the efficiency of the cooling system, facilitates annual maintenance of the cold head and returning the magnet to operation in a short time.

Lung transplantation in childhood and adolescence: unicentric 14-year experience with sex matching as the main prognosticator.

Lung transplantation (LTx) is an accepted therapy for selected infants, children and adolescents with end-stage lung and pulmonary vascular disease. It remains a challenge for a selected group of patients. In 2011, the number of paediatric lung transplantations (PLTxs) worldwide was 107. In France, a total of 131 PLTxs have been performed since 2000 (data from ABM: Agence de biomédecine), 65 of which were conducted at our institution. All patients under 18 (4.8-17.11) years of age matching inclusion and exclusion criteria, who underwent LTx at our institution were included in this study (n = 58). We analysed the outcomes of these patients in terms of survival rates, controlling for indications for transplantations and surgical procedures. Secondary outcomes were analysis of surgical and medical complications and identification of prognostic factors in the field of LTx in these categories of ages. The 30-day mortality rate was 10%. Kaplan-Meier survival rates at 1 month, 1, 3, 5 and 10 years were 90, 81, 66, 60 and 57%, respectively; the median survival was 91 months. Reduced-size transplantation was performed in 33% of double-lung transplantation (DLTx) patients without negatively impacting survival. In our series, female sex, the presence of a sex mismatching and, in particular, the occurrence of a male donor to a female recipient (F/M group) have been poor prognostic factors after PLTx. The overall survival after PLTx was encouraging (57% at 10 years). A PLTx should be offered to the small number of patients with end-stage pulmonary disease. The limited number of paediatric donor organs can be overcome by using reduced-size organs without a survival disadvantage to the patients. In our series, male sex and sex matching seemed to be positive predictive prognostic factors after PLTx but further studies are required to confirm these results and to also clarify the role of age of donor, time of cold ischaemia and body mass index in PLTx.

Genetic parameters and genotype by environment interaction for cold tolerance, body weight and survival of the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei at different temperatures

The inability of Penaeus vannamei to tolerate low temperatures is of major economic concern in temperate climates, as it reduces their growing season and leads to over-winter mortality. In this study, the heritability of body weight and survival under two grow-out temperature conditions, genotype by environment interaction for body weight and survival at different grow-out temperatures, and the heritability of cold tolerance traits of P. vannamei were investigated and estimated. The heritability estimates for body weight in normal controls (CK) and low-temperature groups (LTT) were, respectively, moderate (0.3191 ± 0.0622) and low (0.1368 ± 0.0889), and those for survival were all low (0.1094 ± 0.0265 and 0.0598 ± 0.0229, respectively). The genetic correlations between the CK and LTT groups for body weight and survival were 0.4788 ± 0.2073 and 0.2968 ± 0.2284 respectively, and both of them showed significant differences from unity (P < 0.05). Furthermore, their K-values were all higher than 0.50, which indicated that the genotype-by-environment interaction effect was substantial in both growth and survival at different temperatures. The cold tolerance heritability estimated from a cold temperature challenge (18 °C to 8 °C) using cooling degree hours for each individual (CDH) and survival rate of each family at half lethal time (SR50) were low (0.0258 ± 0.0205 and 0.0211 ± 0.0196 respectively), and negative genetic correlations between these cold tolerance traits and body weight (− 0.7702 ± 0.4583 and − 0.8253 ± 0.4553 respectively) were also estimated from the cold challenge. However, they showed no statistically significant differences from zero. Thus, more research needs to be conducted on the more accurate heritability of cold tolerance trait and genetic correlations between traits in P. vannamei to further improve the achievement of breeding goals.

The effects of cold and lower body negative pressure on cardiovascular homeostasis.

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to determine how cold exposure and lower body negative pressure effected cardiovascular variables. Methods. Eleven males (20.3 years ± 2.7) underwent two 20-minute exposures to LBNP. During the 2 trials, the subjects were exposed to cold air (10°C) (COLD) and to ambient temperature (23°C) (AMB). The trials consisted of a 100-minute pre-LBNP period followed by a 20-minute exposure to LBNP and then a 15-minute recovery period. Cardiovascular variables were recorded every 30 minutes using bioimpedance. Results. When LBNP was applied during the AMB trials, stroke volume immediately decreased. During the COLD trial, there was a five-minute delay before the decrease in stroke volume. Heart rate increased immediately after LBNP initiation during the AMB trials but there was a delay in the increase during the COLD trials. That same pattern was followed with mean arterial blood pressures. Cerebral oxygenation was significantly lower throughout the COLD trial as compared to the AMB trials. Six subjects reported symptoms of syncope or presyncope during the AMB trials but there were no reports of symptoms during the COLD trials. Conclusion. From analysis of this data, cold improved the subject's tolerance to LBNP.