Head And Tail Research Articles

Penggunaan Teorema Binomial dalam Menentukan Peluang Suatu Kejadian

The theory of opportunity arises from human activity which inspires bettors who try to find information on the chances of winning bets. Scientists who also like to play bets, experts make the theory of probability as a basic study of statistics and conduct mathematical analysis from a review of game examples. In this case, examine the toss of coins. To determine the probability of an event occurring in a coin toss, first calculate the number of sample points using the formula 2n where n is the number of sample spaces. In this case, the concept of the binomial theorem is used to determine the probability of an event occurring in the toss of a coin. The binomial theorem is very helpful in determining the probability of an event. Because it is very easy to determine the probability of an event is very rarely done.

Evaluation of effectiveness of low level laser therapy in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement-An in vivo study

To assess the acceleration of tooth movement in canine retraction and to assess the interleukin 1β level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid. 0.022 slot MBT brackets, 0.018 inch stainless steel arch wire, Low level laser (Gallium-Aluminium-Arsenide Laser), ELISA kit, Micro-capillary tube, Digital Vernier calliper, Dontrics gauge, NiTi closed coil springs Open labelled split mouth, non-experimental interventional institutional based study. By coin toss method, each of the participant’s mouth was randomly assigned either to the laser therapy (group 1) and 40 reference sites (group 2). On the experimental site orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance, a combination with low level laser therapy (Gallium-Aluminium-Arsenide laser) to the canine on the days 3,7,14 and then every 15 days for 2 months was initiated. Then 5µL of Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) was collected to analyse the interleukin 1β levels using the ELIZA kit. The measurements were made with the help of a digital Vernier calliper. The laser group showed a significant greater reduction in the canine to molar distance than the site treated with conventional technique. The interleukin 1 β levels raised significantly for the site treated with laser as compared to the other. We observed that: Increased inflammatory response in the form of raised interleukin levels and Faster distalization of the canine when adjunct with low level soft tissue laser. The entire data was statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21.0, IBM Corporation, USA) for MS Windows. In Statistics, unpaired t-test is a used to compare equality of two population means and F-test is used to compare the equality of two population variance using that the samples were drawn from different populations. There was a clinically appreciable amount of retraction seen resulting in faster space closure between the canine and the first permanent molar in the group that had low level laser than the other group that was treated by the conventional therapy. We also observed a considerable rise in the interleukin 1 β levels in the laser group.

Effect of short-term mindfulness-based stress reduction on sleep quality in male patients with alcohol use disorder.

Sleep disturbance is one of the most prominent complaints of patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD), with more than 70% of patients with AUD reporting an inability to resolve sleep problems during abstinence. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been shown to improve sleep quality and as an alternative therapy to hypnotics for sleep disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of short-term MBSR on sleep quality in male patients with AUD after withdrawal. A total of 91 male patients with AUD after 2 weeks of routine withdrawal therapy were randomly divided into two groups using a coin toss: the treatment group (n = 50) and the control group (n = 41). The control group was received supportive therapy, and the intervention group added with MBSR for 2 weeks on the basis of supportive therapy. Objective sleep quality was measured at baseline and 2 weeks after treatment using the cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC). Indicators related to sleep quality include total sleep time, stable sleep time, unstable sleep time, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time, wake-up time, stable sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and apnea index. These indicators were compared by an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) between the two groups, controlling for individual differences in the respective measures at baseline. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the age [t (89) = -0.541, P = 0.590), BMI [t (89) = -0.925, P = 0.357], educational status [t (89) = 1.802, P = 0.076], years of drinking [t (89) = -0.472, P = 0.638), daily intake [t (89) = 0.892, P = 0.376], types of alcohol [χ2 (1) = 0.071, P = 0.789], scores of CIWA-AR [t (89) = 0.595, P = 0.554], scores of SDS [t (89) = -1.151, P = 0.253), or scores of SAS [t (89) = -1.209, P = 0.230] between the two groups. Moreover, compared with the control group, the total sleep time [F (1.88) = 4.788, P = 0.031) and stable sleep time [F (1.88) = 6.975, P = 0.010] were significantly increased in the treatment group. Furthermore, the average apnea index in the patients who received MBSR was significantly decreased than in the control group [F (1.88) = 5.284, P = 0.024]. These results suggest that short-term MBSR could improve sleep quality and may serve as an alternative treatment to hypnotics for sleep disturbance in patients with AUD after withdrawal.

Peritoneal Lavage with Antiseptics in the Management of Peritonitis in Patients with Perforated Duodenal Ulcer

Background : Postoperative wound infection is a common consequence following laparotomy for peritonitis. Peptic ulcer perforation followed by peritonitis remains as an important cause of mortality. In severe peritonitis, the use of exploratory laparotomy and intra-operative lavage with large amount of saline solution has been the standard of care to reduce risk of postoperative infections. Objective: To compare the outcome between povidone iodine mixed normal saline (N/S) lavage and conventional normal saline lavage in the management of peritonitis in a tertiary care public hospital in Bangladesh. Methodology: This was a randomized clinical trial conducted in the department of Surgery, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogura during July 2013 to December 2013. There were total 50 patients, selected by purposive sampling as a diagnosed case of peritonitis due to peptic ulcer perforation. All the patients were divided into 2 groups by using coin toss as group A (conventional N/S) and group B (povidone iodine mixed with N/S). The data were collected using the pretested data collection sheet. Results were tested by chi-square test to see their level of significance with a p-value at <0.05. Results: The maximum (17, 34.0%) patients presented as peritonitis due to peptic ulcer perforation was from 18-30 years age group. The mean age of the patient was 29.16±9.25 years (age range: 18-61 years). The female to male ratio were 5.25:1 and 3.16:1 in group A and B respectively. Some (22, 44.0%) of the patients showed 13-18 hours delay since first symptom appeared. Fever (88.0% vs 80.0%), surgical site infection (SSI) (32.0% vs 24.0%), burst abdomen (20.0% vs 12.0%), intra-abdominal sepsis (8.0% vs 4.0%) were evident as postoperative complications in the groups A and B respectively. Only 1 (4.0%) patient died among group A patients due to sudden cardiac arrest. Mean hospital stay was a little lower among group B patients with milder complications and good outcome (though difference was not statistically significant). Conclusion: The outcome was observed better in case of using povidone iodine mixed with normal saline for peritoneal lavage. J Monno Med Coll June 2022;8(2): 36-39

The influence of normal distribution dispersion of fracture size on blockiness and REV of fractured rock masses

The fractures of different sizes in rock masses are important for describing rock fragmentation. The distribution dispersion of fracture size influences the blockiness level of the rock masses. Based on a normal statistical distribution, the volume ratio of blocks to rock (B) was obtained to describe the blockiness level. For exploring the effect of the dispersion of fracture size on blockiness level and the representative elementary volume (REV) of rock masses, the laboratory model and numerical simulation were established, and the theory of statistics and the method of analytical solution were applied. In addition, 4,525 practical rock models were established to qualitatively reproduce the behavior of B with changing domain size. The results show that by comparing the degree of convergence, the REV of a rock mass is determined by the fracture size rather than the degree of fracture dispersion. The value of B increases with the distribution dispersion of fracture size, indicating a higher blockiness level. From the experimental analysis of coin tossing, when the number of trials exceeds 69, the random results are nearly stable. In this study, 100 calculations were performed. A formula to calculate the blockiness by considering the dispersion degrees of fracture size was obtained. Moreover, a positive linear correlation between B and the coefficient of variation of fracture size was obtained. The rate of increase in B has a parabolic relationship with the ratio of fracture size to fracture spacing (L).

Mining Project Failure Indicators From Big Data Using Machine Learning Mixed Methods

The literature revealed approximately 50% of IT-related projects around the world fail, which must frustrate a sponsor or decision maker since their ability to forecast success is statistically about the same as guessing with a random coin toss. Nonetheless, some project success/failure factors have been identified, but often the effect sizes were statistically negligible. A pragmatic mixed methods recursive approach was applied, using structured programming, machine learning (ML), and statistical software to mine a large data source for probable project success/failure indicators. Seven feature indicators were detected from ML, producing an accuracy of 79.9%, a recall rate of 81%, an F1 score of 0.798, and a ROCa of 0.849. A post-hoc regression model confirmed three indicators were significant with a 27% effect size. The contributions made to the body of knowledge included: A conceptual model comparing ML methods by artificial intelligence capability and research decision making goal, a mixed methods recursive pragmatic research design, application of the random forest ML technique with post hoc statistical methods, and a preliminary list of IT project failure indicators analyzed from big data.

Clinical Competence and Clinical Performance of Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: In organizational analysis, competence and performance are fundamental issues. To ensure the quality of ‎nursing care, it seems essential to evaluate nurses’ clinical competence (CC) and clinical performance (CP) as the largest group ‎of professionals in the healthcare system. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the ‎CC and CP of nurses and other related factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 220 nurses from various wards of Shahid Beheshti hospital in Kashan, Iran, in 2020. The samples were randomly selected based on the quota assigned to each section (coin toss). Then, 220 selected nurses filled out the CC questionnaire by self-reporting, and among them, the performance of 50 nurses was observed randomly (tossing a coin) in an entire work shift. The data collection tools included a personal information questionnaire and a checklist ‎for evaluating CC and CP. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistical ‎methods, t-tests, analysis of variance, and Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in all tests. Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.15 ± 6.26 years. Moreover, the participants’ mean scores of work experience and work experience in the current ward ‎were 7.57 ± 5.73 and 4.02 ± 3.88 years, respectively. The nurses’ mean scores of CC and CP were 80.79 ± 12.09 (out of 100) and 70.30 ± 11.94 (out of 100), respectively. Female subjects had a significantly higher mean score in terms of CC than male subjects. Additionally, ‎married nurses had a higher mean score than single nurses (P < 0.05). Nurses in the critical care wards and ‎emergency wards scored the highest (89.09 ± 12.09) and lowest (76.39 ± 12.65) regarding CC, respectively, ‏which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Furthermore, nurses with official employment had the ‎highest mean CC score; nevertheless, nurses with designated employment had the lowest mean CC score, which was statistically ‎significant (P < 0.05). According to the correlation test, nurses’ CC and CP were ‎also associated with age, marital status, work experience in the current ward, and type of employment (P < 0.05).‎ Conclusions: The CP and CC of the nurses participating in this study were satisfactory. Regarding the relationship between the CP score with marital status, workplace sector, employment status, age, ‎general work experience, and current work experience, it is suggested to consider the aforementioned ‎variables in programs for the improvement of nurses’ CP.

A Core Calculus for Equational Proofs of Cryptographic Protocols

Many proofs of interactive cryptographic protocols (e.g., as in Universal Composability) operate by proving the protocol at hand to be observationally equivalent to an idealized specification. While pervasive, formal tool support for observational equivalence of cryptographic protocols is still a nascent area of research. Current mechanization efforts tend to either focus on diff-equivalence, which establishes observational equivalence between protocols with identical control structures, or require an explicit witness for the observational equivalence in the form of a bisimulation relation. Our goal is to simplify proofs for cryptographic protocols by introducing a core calculus, IPDL, for cryptographic observational equivalences. Via IPDL, we aim to address a number of theoretical issues for cryptographic proofs in a simple manner, including probabilistic behaviors, distributed message-passing, and resource-bounded adversaries and simulators. We demonstrate IPDL on a number of case studies, including a distributed coin toss protocol, Oblivious Transfer, and the GMW multi-party computation protocol. All proofs of case studies are mechanized via an embedding of IPDL into the Coq proof assistant.

The effect of parent-based occupational therapy on parents of children with cerebral palsy: a randomised controlled trial

Background/Aims Parents of children with cerebral palsy face higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, sadness, exhaustion and burnout. Parent-based therapies have been found to increase parents' satisfaction with therapy, parent–child interactions and reduced parental stress. This study examined the effects of parent-based occupational therapy on stress levels, coping skills, and emotional skills and competencies of parents of children with cerebral palsy. Methods A total of 15 children and their parents who were admitted to the paediatric rehabilitation unit for occupational therapy were divided into two groups (control group: n=7, study group: n=8) using the coin toss randomisation method. The control group received standard occupational therapy, while the study group received parent-based occupational therapy for 45 minutes a session, twice a week, until 10 sessions had been completed. Participants were evaluated before and after the intervention. Results The study group showed a decrease in stress levels (P=0.034) and increases in coping skills (P=0.016), and emotional skills and competencies (P=0.036). In addition, only an improvement in parents' stress levels (P=0.046) was observed in the control group. Conclusions The parent-based occupational therapy programme was more effective regarding stress levels, coping skills, emotional skills and competencies of the families of children with cerebral palsy compared to classical occupational therapy. This study is important in terms of demonstrating the benefits of parent-based occupational therapy for parents of children with cerebral palsy.

Quantum Game—Research on “PQ” Problem

This paper reviews the coin flipping problem of PQ in a classical two-player game, and shows that when one player adopts quantum strategy, he can beat his classical opponent and gain higher returns. By means of quantitative means, the whole PQ problem is put in a more general and fair condition, and it is generalized and studied again from many aspects and angles. Finally, we get some more essential and important conclusions, and through some examples to explain the conclusions and its practical significances. At the same time, this paper gives the definitions of imperfect fair games and perfect fair games, revises the quantum coin flipping game to make the game fair, and studies a multi-round version of quantum coin flipping. Some basic conclusions of fair quantum game are obtained, and the meaning of perfectly fair game is explained in practice.

Rachlin's extended self: Influences on a Brazilian research group.

We pay tribute to Rachlin's work stating that researching and writing for posterity is an act of self-control and altruism. We show how Rachlin's work influenced a series of seminars at the University of São Paulo (Brazil) based on his book from 1989, Judgment, Decision, and Choice. This influence is illustrated through two empirical exercises conducted during our seminars, where students were actively involved in data collection and analysis. The first exercise is about judgment of randomness involving coin tossing. The second is a replication of a procedure by Jones and Rachlin (2006) about social discounting of monetary quantities. We use these empirical examples to highlight some of Rachlin's major contributions to the science of behavior and their implications to our seminars and to ourselves as researchers.

Comparing the effect of parental education via both lecture and film upon vaccination uptake for children under one year of age: A cluster randomized clinical trial

Background and AimVaccination is the most cost-effective action in preventing infectious diseases. Despite Iran's success in high vaccination coverage, in some areas there is a delay in vaccination. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effect of education on immunization via lecture and film upon parental delay in vaccination uptake for children under 12 months of age. MethodsA multicentre cluster-randomized clinical trial with comprehensive urban health centres (CUHCs) in Shooshtar city, Khuzestan province, Iran as the unit of randomization was conducted. Overall, 8 CUHCs were randomized to receive education either via film (n = 165) or lecture (n = 164). In order to assign CUHCs to two groups, a simple random sampling method of coin tossing was used. Parents with children under 12 months and with a history of delayed vaccination were included in the study. Consecutive sampling was performed until the number needed for the cluster was reached. Interventions were delivered in small groups of 5–8 participants. Demographical data and clinical histories were collected from parents directly via a personal characteristic’s questionnaire. Clinical data was extracted from vaccination records, the child's vaccine card and the vaccine information registration system. Statistical analyses of intervention effects were performed as per-protocol analysis. ResultsIn terms of individual characteristics and vaccine information significant differences between the two groups were only observed in relation to the parent of the participant, the child's gender, the number of children in the family, and timely injection of the vaccine in the previous child (p < 0.05). The chance of delay in vaccination after the intervention, without and considering the effect of intervening variables was 78 % and 74 % higher in the lecture group than in the film group, respectively (OR = 1.786, CI = 1.152–2.774 vs AOR = 1.743, CI = 1.011–3.007). Overall, 37.6 % of children in the film-based education group and 51.8 % of children in the lecture-based education group received their next vaccine with a delay of more than 7 days. ConclusionEducation delivered via film can reduce the delay in vaccination more effectively. These findings, along with those of other studies conducted around the world suggest that multimedia education should be considered more widely in the field of education in children's vaccination.

Gingival Depigmentation by Application of Diode Laser at 810 nm (Denlase) and 470 nm (Bluelase) Wavelengths: A Split-mouth Randomised Clinical Trial

Introduction: Gingival hyperpigmentation is a common aesthetic concern that often requires treatment to achieve a pleasing smile. While various methods for depigmentation have been described in the literature, the scalpel method is widely advocated. Laser technology, particularly diode lasers, has emerged as a preferred treatment option due to their unique properties. Aim: To compare the efficacy of two different diode wavelengths, namely Denlase and Bluelase lasers, in terms of pain intensity, aesthetic appraisal, and the rate of repigmentation. Materials and Methods: This split-mouth randomised clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Periodontics at Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavarm, Andhra Pradesh, India. over a period of one year with follow-up. A total of 16 patients were included, and the right and left quadrants (both maxilla and mandible) were randomly assigned to either the Denlase or Bluelase group using the coin toss method. Depigmentation using diode lasers at 810 nm and 470 nm wavelengths was carried out in the respective groups. Pain perception, aesthetic appraisal, and recurrence of pigmentation were evaluated at 1, 3, 6, 9 months, and one year. The data were analysed using Friedman’s analysis and the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: A total of 16 subjects, with a mean age of 27.64±7.64 years and of both genders, were included in the study. Statistically significant differences (p=0.001) were reported in pain perception, aesthetic appraisal, and the rate of repigmentation at 1, 3, 6, 9 months, and one year, respectively. Intergroup comparison revealed an increase in the mean amount of repigmentation at three months in the Denlase group, indicating a recurrence of pigmentation after three months. Conclusion: The Bluelase diode laser (470 nm) demonstrated superior results compared to the Denlase diode laser (810 nm) in terms of pain intensity, aesthetic appraisal, and repigmentation.

On the Benefit of Nonlinear Control for Robust Logarithmic Growth: Coin Flipping Games as a Demonstration Case

The takeoff point for this paper is the voluminous body of literature addressing recursive betting games with expected logarithmic growth of wealth being the performance criterion. Whereas almost all existing papers involve use of linear feedback, the use of nonlinear control is conspicuously absent. This is epitomized by the large subset of this literature dealing with Kelly Betting. With this as the high-level motivation, we study the potential for use of nonlinear control in this framework. To this end, we consider a “demonstration case” which is one of the simplest scenarios encountered in this line of research: repeated flips of a biased coin with probability of heads p, and even-money payoff on each flip. First, we formulate a new robust nonlinear control problem which we believe is both simple to understand and apropos for dealing with concerns about distributional robustness; i.e., instead of assuming that p is perfectly known as in the case of the classical Kelly formulation, we begin with a bounding set P0,1 for this probability. Then, we provide a theorem, our main result, which gives a closed-form description of the optimal robust nonlinear controller and a corollary which establishes that it robustly outperforms linear controllers such as those found in the literature. A second, less significant, contribution of this paper bears upon the computability of our solution. For an n-flip game, whereas an admissible controller has 2n-1 parameters, at the optimum only O(n2) of them turn out to be distinct. Finally, it is noted that the initial assumptions on payoffs and the use of the uniform distribution on p are made mainly for simplicity of the exposition and compliance with length requirements for a Letter. Accordingly, the paper also includes a new section with a discussion indicating how these assumptions can be relaxed.

EMOTIONLESS DECISION. A COIN FLIP INVESTMENT DECISION, IS THAT WORTHED?

Abstract- This article tries to test whether emotionless decisions (a coin flip) in investment decision-making could outperform human judgment due to superiority in avoiding behaviour bias caused by emotion. However, research about a coin flip in the investment decision is rarely can be found due to a lack of a solid foundation. Research problem in this article: Would the coin flip in investment decisions outperform human judgment in terms of investment wealth under the short-term trading range? The originality of this research is no prior research has been interested in checking the superiority of coin flip decisions in real investment due to the risk of uncertainty. This research finds a suitable environment (stock market competition) as the place to check the validity of the idea. This research uses a simple coin flip experiment to decide whether to sell or hold the investment asset during the stock competition. The result of investment wealth from the coin flip will be compared with the rest of the participants. A standard normal distribution (z) and (t) is used to check whether the coin flip wealth consistently falls into the top 5% or 1% of the right tail. Before that, the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test is conducted to ensure the distribution follows the normal distribution shape. Using a coin flip for investment decisions is not outperform human judgment and winning the competition. Investment decision-making is an art between handling complex rational thinking about risk and managing the emotion in the process.&#x0D; Keywords: Coin Flip Decision; Investment Decision; Stock Competition; Emotionless Decision

Law as a Game of Chance: Rabelais’ Bridlegoose and DC’s Two-Face

The Batman villain Two-Face and Rabelais’ Bridlegoose in The Third Book of Pantagruel ([1546]1894) are identified with the law – or at least, the law distorted, exaggerated, caricatured. Two-Face decides matters based on the tossing of a double-faced coin, one side of which is defaced; in some respects, he is the successor to Rabelais’ Judge Bridlegoose, who decides the judicial cases before him by a throw of the dice. They both surrender their decision-making to the aleatory, in a manner that prompts us to gaze upon (or askance at) the [im]possible moment of decision. This article takes a comparative approach to draw out how these two characters illuminate broader questions of law and justice, through considerations of parody, satire, deconstruction, and play, having significance for the philosophy of law.

A clinician-friendly test battery with a passing rate similar to a ‘gold standard’ return-to-sport test battery 1 year after ACL reconstruction: Results from a rehabilitation outcome registry

ObjectivesTo 1) present passing rates for different clinician-friendly (CF) test batteries and 2) determine the relationship between passing CF test batteries and passing gold standard (GS) return-to-sport (RTS) muscle function testing, 1 year after ACL reconstruction. Study designCross-sectional registry study, level of evidence: 3. SettingPrimary care. ParticipantsData from 588 patients (52% women, mean age 29.3 ± 9.8 years) were extracted from the Project ACL registry. Main outcome measuresThe passing rates for the different test batteries. ResultsThe passing rate for GS test battery was 28% (95% CI, 24–32%) and the passing rate for the CF test battery with the lowest passing rate was 27% (95% CI 24–31%). The two CF test batteries with the strongest relationships with passing GS test battery showed that 51% (95% CI 43–59%) and 49% (95% CI 44–55%) of the patients who passed the respective CF test battery also passed the GS test battery. ConclusionA CF test battery can be as demanding to pass as a GS test battery, 1 year after ACL reconstruction. However, passing a CF test battery only gives patients a chance similar to a “coin flip” of also passing a GS RTS test battery.

Titanium-base abutments may have similar long-term peri-implant effects as non-bonded one-piece abutments.

Design A single-centre (private practice), prospective, longitudinal, split-mouth, single-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial reported peri-implant parameters of individualised abutments bonded to titanium (Ti) bases during a five-year follow-up. The study complied with the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration and the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guidelines. It was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the University of Freiburg (013/1630) and registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00006163).Case selection The included subjects had to be over 17 years of age, have an American Society of Anaesthesiologists score of 1, be a non-smoker, have a full-mouth plaque index (PI) below 20%, full-mouth bleeding index (BI) 20%, and planned with at least two dental implants but not adjacent to each other. Participants were excluded if they required simultaneous augmentation, were pregnant or breastfeeding, or had a history of periodontitis. Marginal bone loss (MBL) was the main clinical outcome, while local bleeding on probing (BoP), probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque Index (PI), local recession (REC), and relative attachment level (RAL) were also evaluated. The study timeline consisted of a screening (visit 1) and implant surgery (visit 2). Stage two was three months after implant surgery (visit 3), impression was two weeks after stage two (visit 4), followed up by baseline with a standardised radiograph (visit 5), one-year follow-up with radiographic and clinical parameters (visit 6), two-year follow-up (visit 7), three-year follow-up (visit 8), four-year follow-up (visit 9) and five-year follow-up (visit 10). In total, 24 subjects received two bone-level implants (Conelog, Camlog Biotechnologies, Basel, Switzerland) in the same arch and region up to 1 mm subcrestally. Their implant-abutment connection was an internal 7.5 degree conical connection platform-switch. Each subject received two abutments (one control and one test) as per the split-mouth design. The control abutments consisted of individualised, one-piece, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) titanium abutments, whereas the test abutments were CAD/CAM titanium abutments bonded to Ti-bases. The decision which implant was restored and in which way was made by a coin flip. The surgeon, patient and prosthodontist were blinded regarding the treatment allocation.Data analysis Descriptive measures and quantitative parameters were obtained from means, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values and 95% confidence intervals. The means of clinical parameters (six sites per implant) were MBL, BoP, PPD, PI, REC, and RAL. Paired t-tests were used for intragroup comparisons at different intervals as well as for intergroup comparisons within each time point. All data collected were considered until participants dropped out (that is, intention-to-treat principle). The significance level alpha was set to 0.05. The post-hoc power calculation of the MBL intergroup comparison dammed this trial as underpowered (power = 34%).Results All implants were osseointegrated after the healing stage and no implants were lost during the trial. Two subjects dropped out (one after the two-year follow-up and the other at the last appointment). Regarding MBL, no significant intergroup differences were found between the abutment groups. Nonetheless, significant intragroup differences were found at several visits (visit 6 to visit 10) compared to the baseline MBL (visit 5), indicating continuous bone level alterations. Concerning the BoP, no significant differences were identified. In terms of PPD, significant intergroup differences were found at visits 9 (p = 0.006) and 10 (p = 0.024), favouring Ti-base abutments. There were significantly intergroup differences in terms of REC (p = 0.014) at visit 10, with higher values in the one-piece abutment group. No differences were found in terms of PI.Conclusions A preliminary conclusion of this underpowered trial was that Ti-base abutments have a similar long-term effect to one-piece abutments on human peri-implant tissues.

Simulation statistical modeling in the study of the laws of large numbers

The paper considers the theoretical foundations of the Monte Carlo method based on the limit theorems of probability theory. Simulations of a coin toss and the number of determination are given and described. The authors proved experimentally that sufficiently high accuracy of solving problems with the Monte Carlo method application is guaranteed only when a large number of experiments are carried out. Therefore, the Monte Carlo method is practically implemented only with the computer. The procedure for generating random numbers is a fundamental basis of the statistical test method. The average values tend to some constant with an unlimited increase in the number of experiments. It was found on the basis of a comparative analysis of the obtained results when studying the laws of large numbers by the method of simulation statistical modeling in MathCad and MS Excel. The Limit theorems guarantee the high quality of statistical estimates obtained by the Monte Carlo method for a large model dimension n. However, practically acceptable estimates of the simulated system’s characteristics can often be obtained even at relatively small values of n (of a few tens and hundreds). It has been proven that averaging the values obtained over several runs of the model significantly improves the quality of statistical estimates.

P-value, compatibility, and S-value.

Misinterpretations of P-values and 95% confidence intervals are ubiquitous in medical research. Specifically, the terms significance or confidence, extensively used in medical papers, ignore biases and violations of statistical assumptions and hence should be called overconfidence terms. In this paper, we present the compatibility view of P-values and confidence intervals; the P-value is interpreted as an index of compatibility between data and the model, including the test hypothesis and background assumptions, whereas a confidence interval is interpreted as the range of parameter values that are compatible with the data under background assumptions. We also suggest the use of a surprisal measure, often referred to as the S-value, a novel metric that transforms the P-value, for gauging compatibility in terms of an intuitive experiment of coin tossing.