Cognitive Metaphor Theory Research Articles

Metaphors to Survive by: Mimicry as Biometaphors, Embodiment of Sign and Cognitive Tools (not only) in Animals?

Abstract Can Cognitive Metaphor Theory (CMT) be applied productively to the study of mimicry in zoosemiotics and ethology? In this theoretical comparison of selected case studies, I would like to propose that biological mimicry is a type of biosemiotic metaphor. At least two major parallels between cognitive metaphors in human cognition and mimicry among animals justify viewing the two phenomena as isomorphic. First—from the semiotic point of view—the argument is that both metaphor and mimicry are cases of semiotic transfer (etymologically: metaphor) of the identity / sign of the source onto the perceived identity / sign of the target. This identity transfer, in turn, triggers appropriate changes in the response (behavior) of the surrounding (human or animal) interpreters (e.g. predators). Semiotically, the mimicry turns the body of its bearer into a sign of something else, resulting in the interpreters’ (e.g. predators’) perception of species X as species Y—hence, a type of embodied sign and cognitive metaphor. Second, ecologically, a species occupying one niche (e.g. a moth: non-venomous, herbivorous primary consumer) is perceived and identified as an occupant of a different niche (e.g. a hornet: venomous, omnivorous predator). Thus, a potential predator’s Umwelt is affected by its perceiving a hornet moth as “a hornet” where there is, in fact, a moth, and its response to this stimulus will not be predation but avoidance. In terms of CMT, we could call this a biosemiotic metaphor (bio-metaphor), e.g. “A MOTH IS A HORNET” or “PREY IS A PREDATOR”. Further correspondences between mimicry and metaphor include the fact that this bio-metaphorical identification by mimicry does not typically require a “perfect” resemblance between the source and the target sign (or species); this seems to correspond to the prototype categorization in CMT where categories are “open-ended” and only a partial similarity is sufficient for metaphorical identification (compare Lakoff, Johnson 1980; Rosch 1983). Such an identification of mimicry as metaphor could be based on Prodi’s argument that “hermeneutics is not a late product of culture, but the same elementary movement of life that is born because something obscurely interprets something else” (Eco 2018: 350; Kull 2018, 352—364). Inasmuch as animal Umwelten are interconnected inter alia by this natural hermeneutics, the trans-disciplinary approach to the study eco-zoosemiotic interpretants on the basis of metaphor-mimicry isomorphism could open new opportunities in comparative studies of semiosis in human and animal cognition and interactions.

Writings by philologists of the past as a basis for shaping linguistic personality of a modern teacher

The objective of this article is to analyze Apollos’ linguistic personality and answer the question whether the linguistic personality of a priest-scholar, author of grammar writings, public figure of the 18th century can be exemplary during the formation of a modern educator’s linguistic personality. Methodology. To solve the declared problem, a comparative analysis of the modern Russian teacher and scholar of the past’s linguistic personality was done. This became possible due to the use of sociolinguistic methods – questionnaire survey and interview, as well as to the use of Yu. N. Karaulov method of analysis of linguistic personality, M.K. Petrov concept of sociocode and G. Lakoff cognitive metaphor theory. The main findings of the research: 1) it has revealed problems of modern education; 2) identified and described Apollos’ value orientations, transmitted to students; 3) formulated a scientific hypothesis: it is necessary to use the writings of linguists/philologists and educators of the past as a basis for the formation of linguistic personality of a modern educator, tutor, mentor, facilitator because linguistic personality of previous centuries’ scholars and methodologists can be recognized as a model linguistic personality for a teacher of Russian language and literature. Application of research findings. The research findings can be introduced to a number of academic disciplines such as “Educator’s professional personality”, “Sociolinguistics”, “Cultural linguistics”, “Communicative-speech training”, “Academic eloquence”, “Genres of academic discourse”, “Stylistics”, “Russian language in the sociolinguistic aspect”, “Sociolinguistic foundations of communication”, etc.), they will also be essential in developing continuing (lifelong) education courses for teaching staff specializing in “Linguistic personality of a tutor: history and contemporaneity”. The novelty and originality of this research stems from the fact that 1) the analysis of pedagogical discourse was carried out in two time slices – year of 2019 and 18th century, that allowed to reveal the specificity of a Russian language and literature teacher’s linguistic personality in synchrony and diachrony, 2) Apollos’ grammar was for the first time explored within the anthropocentric paradigm, 3) the prospects for further study are seen in taking from the best of the past philology to the matrix of modern education.

Когнитивные основания интерпретации метафорического образа в разных лингвокультурах

The article considers Russian and English figurative words and expressions that demonstrate metaphorization of bakery products images. The cognitive basis of metaphorical projections, universal and specific models of figurative analogies are revealed. The material includes 36 English units metaphorically motivated by 12 names of bakery products (biscuit, bun, cake, cookie, doughnut, dumpling, muffin, pancake, pie, pudding, tart, toast) and 98 Russian figurative units motivated by 16 culinary names (baranka, blin, bublik, bulka, kalach, karal'ka, keks, kovrizhka, krendel', lepeshka, pampushka, pirog, pljushka, ponchik, pyshka, suhar'). The speech material consists of the corpus data and includes 167 Russian and 109 English contexts. The analysis methodology is based on the cognitive metaphor theory, the semasiological theory of lexical and phraseological figurativeness, methods of contrastive analysis, linguocultural commenting and corpus research techniques. Static salient criteria of bakery products were revealed (round, spherical, ring-shaped, flat; specific colour; lush, soft, elastic, crumbly structure; high temperature; sweet, pleasant taste), as well as process and dynamic characteristics associated with cooking and food intake procedures. It is proved that these criteria in both linguistic cultures are grounded at the source of figurative characteristics of some human body parts, figure and hairstyle, social and political life phenomena, animate and inanimate objects. The results of the study contribute to metaphorology, linguoculturology, cognitive semantics and pragmatics, comparative lexicology and phraseology; they can be used in teaching of Russian and English as foreign languages, as well as in lexicographic practice.

“The Heave of the Swell” – Metaphors of the Sea in Short Stories from Atlantic Canada (1900-1930)

"“The Heave of the Swell” – Metaphors of the Sea in Short Stories from Atlantic Canada (1900-1930). The paper examines the use of sea metaphors in Atlantic Canadian short stories written between 1900 and 1930. Lakoff and Kövecses’s cognitive concept of the metaphor will provide the theoretical framework for the identification and classification of sea metaphors surfacing in the texts to be analysed. Using the socio-cultural background information provided in the first part of the paper, the more substantial second part will constitute the actual analysis, which will concentrate on the sea metaphor use of the works of prominent Atlantic Canadian short story writers from the golden age of the sea story. Keywords: Atlantic Canada between 1900 and 1930, socio-cultural background, short story, sea-related short fiction, cognitive metaphor theory, metaphors of sea "

What Time Does in Language: a Cross-Linguistic Cognitive Study of Source Related Variation in Verbal Time Metaphors in American English, Finnish and Hungarian

"What Time Does in Language: a Cross-Linguistic Cognitive Study of Source Related Variation in Verbal Time Metaphors in American English, Finnish and Hungarian. Such a universal yet abstract concept as time shows variation in metaphorical language. This research focuses on metaphorical language within the framework of the cognitive metaphor theory, investigating time through a contrastive cross-linguistic approach in three satellite-framed languages. By combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this study attempts to identify what time does in language in a metaphorical context, with a focus on verbs in causative constructions (e.g. time heals) as well as manner of motion verbs (e.g. time rushes), through an empirical corpus-based study complemented by the lexical approach. The two main conceptual metaphors that are investigated in this study are TIME IS A CHANGER and TIME IS A MOVING ENTITY. While these two conceptual metaphors are expected to be frequent in all three languages, differences such as negative/positive asymmetry or preference of a type of motion over another are expected to be found. The primary objective is to explore such differences and see how they manifest and why. The hypothesis is that variations among the three languages related to the source domain (CHANGER and MOVING ENTITY), are more likely to be internal and not external. The purpose is to investigate these variations and to determine what cognitive underpinnings they can be traced back to, with a focus on image schemas. The study reveals that source internal variation does prevail over source external variation. The results show that cross-linguistic differences of such a relevant concept as time do exist but more often through unique characteristics of the same source domain rather than new, distinctive domains. Keywords: cognitive linguistics, corpus linguistics, conceptual metaphor theory, metaphorical entailments, source domain "

BANGOS MOTYVAS NAIVIOJOJE PSICHOLOGIJOJE (REMIANTIS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS PASAULĖVAIZDŽIO MEDŽIAGA)

The present article analyses one of the fragments of naïve psychology – conceptual WAVE metaphor related to the Lithuanian language world-view. The approach to language which is close to cognitive linguistics is taken into consideration: it is referred to cognitive theory of metaphor, that allows to describe the characteristics of abstract phenomena by employing their relation to this what is concrete and understandable and what is fixed in language world-view. On the basis of the names of internal life phenomena as well as word combinations with different forms of the word wave, collected from Contemporary Lithuanian Language Corpus, those phenomena of the domains of feelings and emotions are described, which in the Lithuanian language world-view are perceived as waving.

Allaying the Fears Metaphorically: Representation of Coronavirus Crisis in Saudi English Newspapers

The present study is an analysis of the representation of the crises brought about by the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) at the socio-economic front in Saudi Arabia and the world over, in two Saudi English dailies, Saudi Gazette and Arab News. The study analyses the use of metaphors in the language employed in reporting the news items or presentation of expert opinions on the virus and the disease, and the deeper significance of the use of such metaphors in writing on the pandemic and its causes. Cognitive Metaphor Theory (CMT) has been employed as framework of analysis and the data have been analysed using Pragglejaz Group’s MIP. Six news and opinionated items (two from Saudi Gazette and four from Arab News) have been analysed. The analysis shows that the crisis writing relies heavily on war metaphors, Sinophobia metaphors, and metaphors allaying fears. The metaphorical language used in the selected English dailies plays a big role in allaying the public fears on the spread of the disease and putting the government programs in the right perspective. The use of metaphorical language to talk about the pandemic and its potent causes has been quite effective in addressing the sensitive issues since human psyche displays deep-set prejudices against certain panic conditions and social formations.

Metaphor Analysis of Polysemy and Middle School English Vocabulary Acquisition

Language is an important way for people to communicate. Whether we can master and properly use the polysemy of language will directly affect the accuracy of communication. Polysemy means that the same word form bears multiple meanings. Its function is to reduce the number of words and the burden of memorizing words, which is the embodiment of the principle of human language economy. In the process of word meaning expansion, metaphor mechanism plays an extremely important role. Metaphor is an expression tool to understand and explain another corresponding thing by means of one thing. It is a mapping from one cognitive domain to another. The cognitive theory of metaphor has guiding function and application value to foreign language teaching, especially English vocabulary teaching to a great extent. Vocabulary teaching based on cognitive metaphor theory is helpful to systematically sort out and learn polysemy. The systematic and generative features of cognitive metaphor theory are helpful for English learners to build their logical expansion ability of word meaning. Studying polysemy from the perspective of cognitive metaphor will certainly promote the development and innovation of English vocabulary teaching.

Culturological meaning of the metaphor of “home” in the works Of Michel Houellebecq: “old” and “new” France

The subject of this research is the phenomenon of conceptual metaphor in the works of Michel Houellebecq. Leaning on the cognitive theory of metaphor, the author traces the methods of conceptualization of “new identity” within cultural identity of a modern Frenchman. The article highlights the metaphor of “home”, and reveals the methods of conceptualization of “new identity” (“new” France as a “new home”) in its relation to the cultural tradition (“old” France as an “old home”). M. Houellebecq's criticism of the political myth of “pan-European identity” is followed on the basis of the metaphor of “home”; the reasons of Houellebecq's objections against the simplified division of the levels of such identity into local, national, and pan-European are determined. The goal of this research lies in identification of various aspects of cultural reality of the “new” France reflected in the works of M. Houellebecq using the metaphor of “home” (sorrows of the object of threat on disruption of cultural tradition, unification of lifestyle, and crisis of values). The relevance of culturological analysis is defined by the ability to observe the process of conceptualization of “European identity” in French artistic culture as a moment of cultural dynamics. Reference to the texts Of M. Houellebecq revealed the cognate concepts used for realization of the metaphor of “home” (“old France”/ “old home”, “castle”; “new France” / “hotel”, “high-rise building”, “tower”, ”poultry farm”); as well the predicates that disclose certain aspects of conceptualization (“empty”, “old”, “confined”, “rural”, “destroyed”, “awful”, “disgusting”). The novelty lies in substantiation of heuristic potential of consideration of the image created By M. Houellebecq as a cultural metaphor, which not only reflects social moods, but also designs cultural reality. “Home” manifests as the antithesis to the actual feeling of homelessness on the background of achievements of industrial civilization; it becomes a slogan that fills “emptiness” of everyday existence with cultural meaning. The main result is the substantiation of the writer's contribution to the development of conceptual model of identity of a modern Frenchman using the metaphor of home”.

Bribe and Bribery Labeling in Kenyan Anti-Corruption Discourse: A Conceptual Metaphor Perspective

Corruption in Kenya has been a particularly large problem since its independence from British rule in 1963. This paper explores the motivation behind a cultural specific metaphor of bribe and bribery labeling in Kenya as seen from the conceptual metaphor viewpoint. The study identifies and explains the different terms relating to a bribe and bribery, describes social-cultural values in Kenya, and accounts for the cognitive processes involved in their interpretation. The data includes a list of terms collected from traffic police officers, public transport workers and commuters from different parts of Kenya. These metaphors were identified by the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) created by Pragglejaz Group (2007) and analyzed using the Cognitive Metaphor Theory from Lakoff and Johnson (1987). The results reveal that language spoken by a society is an essential part of its culture, and the lexical distinctions drawn by each language reflect culturally important features of objects, foods, institutions, games, air we breathe and other activities in the society in which the language operates. We argue that conceptual metaphors are conduits of communication, and it is prudent to apply the cognitive linguistic approach for their better contextual appreciation. This paper concludes by suggesting further avenues for research into socio-cultural metaphors, and by calling for the government to innovate new ways of fighting corruption because the players have invented ingenious ways of communicating about it metaphorically beyond comprehension for a lay person.

Cross-linguistic Metaphorical Representation of the #MeToo Movement: Communicating Attitudes

The article focuses on the metaphorical conceptualisation of the #MeToo movement, which has spread virally as a hashtag used on social media in an attempt to demonstrate the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and harassment. The #MeToo movement as a social issue is looked at from the perspective of Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) (Charteris-Black 2005/2011, 2014, Musolff 2004, 2016, Koller 2014, De Landtsheer 2009, Hart 2010). CMA is a blend of Cognitive Metaphor Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis that aims at identifying how metaphors are used to describe socially contested issues and how they reveal speakers’ hidden intentions and attitudes (Charteris-Black, 2014, p. 174). CMA is also concerned with the different functions metaphors may perform. A predicative function, being one of many, is most likely to explain how socially sensitive issues are communicated (Charteris-Black, 2014, pp. 204-207; Musolff, 2016, p. 4). In other words, it implies positive or negative attitudes expressed towards certain issues. Thus, the paper aims to study how the predicative function of metaphor manifests in the discourse of contemporary social concerns cross-linguistically and cross-culturally. In other words, the paper looks into how different attitudes towards the #MeToo movement are communicated via metaphors in Lithuanian and English media and how they shape prevailing public attitudes.

Концептосфера религиозно-философского художественного творчества Г. Флобера

The research objectives are as follows: to reveal specificity of lexical explication of G. Flaubert’s religious and philosophical conceptual sphere, to identify figurative-metaphorical means of concepts representation. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that moral and value concepts in G. Flaubert’s creative work are for the first time described within the framework of the cognitive metaphor theory. The research findings are as follows: the author reveals specificity of lexical explication of the macro-concept LA VÉRITÉ (TRUTH) and related concepts. Using semantic-cognitive and conceptual analysis methods, the researcher examines metaphorical and lexical figurative means of concepts verbalization.

Cognitive Metaphor Theory Integrated into Comparative Theology

Abstract The emergence of the new comparative theology in the west has greatly benefitted from Indian Vedic texts and related ones. Despite their extensive use for western theological reflection, comparative theology, however, has not come to the limelight in India, since most of the western initiatives have been perceived to be camouflaged missionary efforts. This paper proposes the cognitive metaphor theory as a fitting supplement to comparative theology. I argue that combining both has much to offer to study, learn, and relate religions in the multi-religiously coexisting context of India. I explore its possibilities and challenges and address how new comparative theology stays distinct from its nineteenth-century efforts in terms of bridging religious traditions by learning from them. This paper draws much from my own experiences, insights, and studies as a native of Indian culture, brought up in Christian tradition. My studies and researches are focused on comparative theology developed through the lens of cognitive metaphor theory.

METAPHOR AS A WAY OF TERMS COINAGE IN MEDICINE

The article is is focused on metaphorical terms of the medical sphere. The aim of the article is to research the existing theories on the cognitive theory of metaphor and metaphors as ways of term coinage. The following research methods are exploited: continuous sampling method, descriptive method, systematization and classification method, statistical method. The method of continuous sampling was used to identify English-language metaphorical terms from thematic dictionaries on medicine and general engineering. The method of systematization and classification was used to describe the morphological and lexical-semantic characteristics of metaphorical terms. The descriptive method was used to describe the metaphorical transfer of the meanings of common words into terms. The statistical method was used to calculate the terms of different categories and their ratios.The study was carried out in 2 stages. During the first stage, the metaphor as a way of term formation and the basic principle of the cognitive theory of the metaphor were studied. As a result, we found out that metaphorization is a productive way of term formation. According to the lexical-semantic classification terms are divided into anthropomorphisms (those that are related to humans) and non-anthropomorphisms (those that surround humans). During the second stage, 250 metaphorical terms of the medical sphere were analyzed and classified according to morphological and lexical-semantic approaches. Dictionaries of professional language medicine were the material of the research. According to lexico-semantic classification, the majority of the metaphorical terms belong to the class of non-anthropomorphisms. From the morphological point of view, the majority of the metaphorical terms are phrases. Most of them are created with the help of such models as N+N or Adj+N. On the other hand, metaphorical term can be divided into 2 models according to the nature of metaphorization. There are “metaphor+term” and “term+metaphor”. The majority of the analyzed metaphorical terms are created using the model “metaphor+term”.

INVESTIGATING METAPHOR IN MODERN GREEK INTERNET MEMES:


 
 
 
 Internet memes are a quite recent web-genre that makes use of metaphorical conceptualizations and humor. This paper draws on data from humorous metaphors in a small corpus of Greek memes posted on Facebook. The analysis suggests that common conventional metaphors underlie memes, such as emotions are forces, human body is a machine, and people are animals; however, several novel conceptualizations arise, fused into conceptual blends: coronavirus is war, low-paid is diseased, natural forces are people. The findings are interpreted in the light of the cognitive theory of metaphor and humor and they are discussed in terms of contextualizing metaphor and developing metaphoric competence or conceptual fluency within discourse-based L2 learning contexts.
 
 
 

A Conceptual Study of Metaphorical Illustration Applied for Hellfire in Qur’anic Text

This study aims to explore the metaphors of fire and hell from Holy Qur'ān utilizing conceptual analysis and by keeping in view the discussion of cognitive linguistic and cognitive perspectives of metaphor. This research has attempted to apply the semasiological approach to Qur'ānic corpus wherewith the figurative significance of fire and hell is linked with Fire/Hell as a metaphor in the Holy Scripture. The Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (CMT)interpreted by linguists Lakoff & Johnson (1980) and developed later by Lakoff and Turner (1989), and others, e.g. Wreth (1994, 1999) has been applied as the theoretical framework and the translations of specific extracted verses of Holy Qur'ān are interpreted logically and compared with concerning religious aspects. Originally the principles of Cognitive Metaphor Theory have been employed for the study of Conceptual Metaphorical Analysis (CMA) revealing how metaphors of fire and hell have been used creatively affecting the understanding of much broader aspects of life in light of the teachings of Qur'ān. The tenor and vehicle illustration is taken from I.A Richards’ concept of ground, tenor, and vehicle, and the source and target domain are also debated to bring forth a holistically semasiological understanding after the analysis of the metaphors.

Metafory konceptualne: fenomeny umysłu czy konstrukty kognitywistyczne? Cz. II

CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS: PHENOMENA OF THE MIND OR COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTS? PART II
 The author reviewed experimental studies of language metaphor, starting with the pioneer publication of Roman Jakobson from 1965. It has been shown that experimental studies confirm the postulates of G. Lakoff’s and M. Johnson’s cognitive theory of metaphor to varying degrees (more or less). The author also presents the results of a psycholinguistic experiment involving 280 respondents. The experiment based on the verbal-nominal constructions of the modern Polish language showed low consistency of answers, as well as the lack of arguments that the interpretation of metaphorical expressions (i.e. with the participation of polysemant) by respondents is not based on so-called conceptual metaphors.

Seasonal metaphors in Arab journalistic discourse

Abstract The rhetorical fabric of the recent Arab uprisings resorts to mythology and metaphoricity to elicit an ideologically-biased polarization of the popular revolts. Building on some striking resemblances the Greek myth of Persephone and the journalistic construction of the Arab revolts hold in common, this paper delves into the oblique parallelism that informs the use of seasonal metaphors to serve ideological functions. The analysis of this pragmatic aspect of metaphorical structuring elaborates on findings of a corpus study, focusing on the collocational tendencies of the Arab Spring and Arab Autumn metaphors in Tunisian and Saudi press outlets. Empirical results show that the anti-revolts agenda selects negatively valued collocates to occur with the Arab Autumn metaphor, whereas the pro-revolts ideology recruits positively-valued lexis to mirror the emancipatory journey voiced by the Arab Spring trope. The paper uses a blend of cognitive theories of metaphor with research from a critical metaphor perspective to elucidate the ideologies which motivate and guide the figurative construal of the popular uprisings in Arab journalistic discourse.

Semantyka miłości. Analiza metafor w narracjach kobiet i mężczyzn o uczuciach i związkach

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników eksploracyjnych badań jakościowych dotyczących sposobów metaforyzowania miłości erotycznej przez heteroseksualne kobiety i mężczyzn. Analizy odnoszą się do dwóch faz relacji miłosnej – zakochania oraz bycia w związku. Badania bazują na kognitywnej teorii metafory George’a Lakoffa i Marka Johnsona. Analiza metafor orientacyjnych pokazała, że zakochanie doświadczane jest jako dezorientacja, natomiast związek jako układ hierarchiczny. Metafory ontologiczne pozwoliły opisać miłość jako żywioły, procesy chemiczne, przedmioty oraz żywe istoty. Metafory strukturalne nawiązywały do konsumpcji (miłość jako dar, cenny zasób, kapitał), pracy (miłość jako budowa, projekt, nauka, praca terapeutyczna), rozrywki (miłość jako gra, podróż, zagadka), konfliktu (miłość jako wojna, dyplomacja, walka wewnętrzna) oraz choroby. Analiza materiału empirycznego pokazała różnice w sposobie metaforyzowania miłości dotyczące zarówno jej faz, jak i doświadczeń uczestników wynikających z etapu bycia w związku. Okazało się, że kobiety metaforyzują miłość w sposób bardziej złożony niż mężczyźni. Różnice między płciami dotyczą również poszczególnych kontekstów.

OBESITY in Colloquial Polish. Inventory Research Project

This article is an overview of a project that aims to study the way in which colloquial Polish is used to verbalise the state of being obese. The innovation of this project is the attempt to comprehensively study the problem by including both how being obese is evaluated from the perspective of slim people and the individual experience of people who are obese. Rather than speaking, the obese are usually spoken of (by slim people). There is a dominant group of slim people that draws up the conditions of discourse, enacts symbolic violence against obese people, and imposes a particular way of verbalising the state of being obese. This project is intended to overcome this dominance, aiming to not only study texts that are authored by slim people, but also give the floor to obese people, with the aim of objectivising the phenomenon. The problem of verbalising obesity is contemporaneous and emotionally biased. The significant progress in elucidating the causes and consequences of obesity that has taken place over the last two decades has not led to a change in the perception of obesity in colloquial language. In the common consciousness of Polish speakers, an obese person disturbs the culturally established sense of aesthetics of a human body. Obese people are perceived as alien, worse, uglier, lazy, less intelligent, and incongruous when compared with the ideal image of people who are healthy, lean, and successful. The project envisions excerpting lexemes and metaphors used to describe obesity from dictionaries, fiction, public discourse (periodicals, TV programmes), and interviews with obese people. The result of the work will be an inventory – a database with a specific template for describing a unit. An important part of each unit will be information on the axiological and semantic features of the lexemes and metaphors presented in the form of a thematic category code. The project is based on the cognitive theory of metaphor of G. Lakoff, the method of removal of metaphors from text of B. Fatyga and P. Zieliński, the theory of cognitive definition of J. Bartmiński, and the method of studying the personal language of values of J. Puzynina.