Coffee Growers Research Articles

The Role of Shade Trees in Coffee Production Systems: The Case of Yayo District, Ilubabora Zone, Oromiya Region, Southwest Ethiopia

Coffee is one of the world’s most important crops given the highest number of people living directly or indirectly from it. Farmers have an excellent local knowledge about different tree species which are either retained or planted on their farms. The main purpose of this study was to investigate coffee growers’ local knowledge on the roles of shade trees in coffee production systems at Yayo District in Ilubabor Zone Southwest part of Ethiopia. A total of 120 (20 key informants and 100 households) participated in interview. Data were collected by using semi structured interview and field observation. The data were analyzed by preference ranking, direct matrix and using descriptive statistics. A total of 20 most commonly used coffee shade tree species belonging to 16 genera and 7 families were identified in the study area. Fabaceae was the most species rich plant family followed by Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae .The coffee farmers in the study area are mentioned benefits of the shade trees such as for improvement of soil fertility and moisture, to protect from unsuitable environmental stress, for longer life span of coffee plants, reducing erosion, increase coffee yields and quality, and reduce weed and grasses. Among shade tree species best compatible with coffee plant such as Albizia gummifera, Acacia abyssinica, Albizia schimmperia, Millitia ferruginea, Albizia grandibracteata ,Cordian africana and least were Corton macrostachyus were highly favored in that order. However, farmers considered as preferred coffee shade trees species by characteristics were mainly based on tree height, fast decomposition rate, small deciduous compound leaves, and umbrella crown shape and root depth. Coffee farmers of the study area managed their owned shade tree species through pruning, mulching and composting, thinning, weeding and hoeing and debarking and intercropping operations. To agreement endorsement of the extension of coffee shade agroforestry knowledge, the rural households must participate in pieces of training to improve their productivity and maximize the benefits of coffee shade in coffee production system.

Land cover changes in coffee cultural landscapes of Pereira (Colombia) between 1997 and 2014

Understanding how and what land cover changes and transitions have occurred in a territory is crucial to planning and managing high-demand surfaces. At the landscape level, the challenge is determining the allocation and management of various land cover options. Therefore, for natural resources planning and management, a study characterizing and analysing the territory of interest should be included. This work aimed to analyse the changes and land cover patterns in the city of Pereira, Colombia, within the framework of the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape. The evaluated period was between 1997 and 2014, and a Geographic Information System, ENVI 4.8 programme and QGIS programme were used for multitemporal analysis. To describe the land cover transitions, two temporal moments were analysed with Landsat satellite images: one moment was for the year 1997, which was taken in August (Landsat 5), and the other moment was for the year 2014, which was taken in July (Landsat 8). At level 1 of CORINE (Coordination of information on the environment), the areas of land cover corresponding to agricultural areas, forests and semi-natural areas decreased most in the analysis period, while artificial surfaces increased. At level 3, the cover with the greatest decrease in territory was coffee crops, which showed a negative annual loss rate of -3.97%, followed by permanent crops (-2.67%). The continuous and discontinuous urban fabric showed the greatest growth with a positive annual rate of 4.14%. In conclusion, the land cover that lost the most territory was coffee crop, mainly due to political-economic factors, such as the dissolution of the International Coffee Agreement and the National Federation of Coffee Growers that discouraged coffee cultivation and permanent crops. Likewise, sociocultural factors, such as smallholder farmers have guided the changes in land cover and have stimulated productive styles to adapt and remain, increasing heterogeneous agricultural areas.

Effects of coffee maturation regulators

The maturation of coffee fruits is a concern of coffee growers, as it directly influences the efficiency of the harvest and can interfere with the quality of the product. Therefore, the use of maturation regulators that act by controlling the speed of maturation are being increasingly used. As such, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the regulators Ethrel® and MathuryTM, in 4 treatments composed by the control, application of Ethrel®, application of MathuryTM, application of the combination of Ethrel® followed by the application of MathuryTM. Thus, the maturation stage of the fruits, the type, and the final grade regarding the quality of the drink were evaluated. After that, the data of the evaluated characteristics were submitted to statistical analysis by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The maturation regulators used in this experiment did not interfere with the quality of the product and the classification of the coffee. However, treatments with application of Ethrel® alone or combined with MathuryTM provided anticipation and uniformity of coffee fruits.

Dictatorships, Coffee and Bananas: The Political Economy of Sovereign Debt in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, 1871−1911

AbstractCosta Rica suspended payments on its London debt in 1901, at the beginning of a democratisation process and during a crisis in the world coffee market. Meanwhile, autocratic Nicaragua, also a coffee exporter, continued paying its foreign creditors. This article assesses the causes of these distinct outcomes, which are at odds with the influential hypothesis that democracy makes for better borrowers. Strongly represented in Congress, Costa Rica's coffee elite pushed for the end of a tax on coffee as the legislative became more powerful. The executive had used that revenue to service the debt, which went on default as a consequence. Politics were radically different in Nicaragua: coffee growers were weaker and President Zelaya ruled without legislative tutelage. Hence, his government could raise a similar tax to honour the sovereign debt. With a clean record, the dictator borrowed abroad to build a modern army, the backbone of his autocratic regime.

Plant growth and phosphorus uptake of coffee seedlings through mycorrhizal inoculation

Soil phosphorus (P) availability is a limiting factor for coffee seedling growth. Usually, large amounts of P fertilizers are required, generating nutritional imbalance, increasing production costs, and raising environmental concerns in water pollution. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance plant P uptake and growth and reduce the dose of P fertilizers. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a substrate containing Paleudult soil and quartz sand, with low level of soluble P (1 mg kg-1), to establish the effect of AMF inoculation with Rhizoglomus fasciculatum on coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv. Colombia) seedlings growth and P uptake under three levels of P in soil solution (0.002, 0.02, and 0.2 mg L-1). AMF colonization was significantly reduced when contents of P in solution increased. Shoot dry weight and P foliar concentration were increased by the AMF inoculation when soil P in solution was 0.02 mg L-1; these effects were lower at 0.2 mg L-1 and null at 0.002 mg L-1 P. Results showed that AMF inoculation can play an important role in the growth of coffee seedlings as long as the content P in soil solution maintains intermediate level. At the lowest P level, the response of coffee seedlings to AMF inoculation was ineffective, while at the highest level, AMF application was unnecessary for coffee growth.

HOLISTIC RISK INDEX FOR DECISION-MAKING IN MANAGEMENT OF RUST Hemileia vastatrix IN COFFEE PLANTATIONS IN HONDURAS

One of the diseases that most affect coffee plantations (Coffea arabica) is the fungus Hemileia vastatrix, which causes rust. The lack of a decision-making method with a holistic approach limits the effective management of this disease. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the Holistic Risk Index (HRI) for rust in coffee-growing zones of El Lago de Yojoa, El Paraíso and Olancho, Honduras. First, a participatory diagnosis of coffee industry was implemented; surveys were conducted to determine the socioeconomic status of 43 coffee producers, also their coffee farms were sampled. The diagnosis indicated that deficient management of the coffee plantations, the incidence of pests and a precarious economy for coffee growers were the most important problems. One threat variable (leaves with rust); three vulnerability variables (altitude, coffee variety and shade); and three response capacity variables (technification, harvesting and productive coffee trees) were identified. The HRI and resilience were related by means of a power equation and from that result the criteria for categories were determined. When comparing the three coffee-growing zones with a multivariate analysis of variance and a canonical discriminant analysis for the set of HRI component values, the El Paraíso coffee-growing zone was different from the Lago de Yojoa zone, but these two zones did not differ from the Olancho zone. The same result was found for the response capacity, where the harvest and technification variables had a greater influence in El Paraíso and the productive category variable of coffee trees was more important in Olancho. Finally, a work plan was proposed to reduce the risk and increase the resilience of producers to rust.

SUSTAINABILITY IN BARISTA SKILLS; MONITORING AND EVALUATION FROM BARISTA’S KNOWLEDGE IN SPECIALTY COFFEE AT THE COFFEE LAB DUBAI 2021

Today’s number of coffee shops is inseparable from the third-wave in the coffee supply chain, especially the recent growth of specialty coffee. Sustainability is the main goal for all sectors, including the standardised solder of the supply chain in the coffee shop. Numerous Baristas do not yet understand the importance of sustainability in their coffee bar and management realm. To raise sustainability so that it is aligned with skills and behaviour in ethical business, it is essential to apply sustainable education in the Barista concept of thinking, understand their philosophy as coffee brewers and connect all stakeholders in the coffee supply chain to consumers who need this information. This issue is a sustainability challenge for Barista to be strengthened by knowledge. The continuation of a blended curriculum for professional coffee through the coffee skills program of the Specialty Coffee Association with the “Introduction to Coffee” module will eliminate the barrier of deficiencies for Baristas. It makes Barista’s existence an agent of change in bringing sustainability to the coffee supply chain. This curriculum was delivered along with additional coaching, assessment, and interview at the end of the activity to measure material for Barista knowledge. The current object for this study was Barista at The Coffee Lab Dubai, the United Arab Emirates.

Pemanfaatan Power Sprayer Guna Mengendalikan Hama Kopi di Desa Klungkung Jember

Coffee is one of the plantation commodities that are in great demand in Indonesia. Coffee production in East Java is the largest in Indonesia, one of the coffee-producing areas in East Java, namely Jember Regency. Some of the factors causing it, one of them from cultivation techniques and inadequate care and maintenance. In particular, many coffee pests are not handled properly. In addition, there is a factor in the level of technology absorption and the application of farm management as well as a less efficient and effective marketing system which has an impact on the income level of farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to innovate cultivation techniques and maintain coffee plants in order to maintain optimal coffee growth and produce better fruit, so as to increase farmers' income. The microcontroller-based sprayer battery is an innovative sprayer to increase coffee production in Klungkung village. The stages of this service activity start from the stage of preparation and coordination with partners, digging information (literature studies) in compiling counseling and training materials from controlling plant pest organisms, especially coffee from spraying techniques according to SOPs, coffee production management, to the coffee marketing system. The results of this dedication is the farmer of Klungkung village get benefits in good coffee cultivation techniques and in spraying pests using Power Sprayer technology.

The Advantages of Using Kaolin-Based Particle Films to Improve Coffee Production in the Minas Gerais Cerrado Biome

Climate change, such as increases in atmospheric air temperature, threatens Brazilian coffee production, which is mainly carried out on small rural properties in a family farming model. Increases in air temperature causes heat stress to the plants, resulting in physiological damage. This work studied the application of processed kaolinite-based particle films (PKPF) as part of environmentally sustainable agricultural practices. This innovative technology aims to increase the productivity of coffee grown in full sunlight and evaluate the interest of coffee growers in incorporating this input in the management of crops as an alternative to the traditional model of increasing production through the expansion of cultivated areas. This is a review of the state of the art of the use of PKPF in coffee, and a descriptive and exploratory research, supported by a literature review and field data collected, through a structured questionnaire applied to a group of coffee producers from the Cerrado in Minas Gerais. The concept of environmentally sustainable coffee production is latent among coffee growers, who adopt practical actions to respect and preserve the environment during the production process. Increases in productivity are related to the adoption of technological innovations such as the use of PKPF in the management of plantations, being a viable alternative to increasing the plantation areas, and thus reducing native vegetation.

Coffee Drying and Processing Method Influence Quality of Arabica Coffee Varieties (Coffee arabica L.) at Gomma I and Limmu Kossa, Southwest Ethiopia

Solar tunnel drying and semiwash processing methods are popular among coffee growers in southwestern Ethiopia. However, the effect of these processing methods on coffee quality has not been studied in detail. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of processing and drying methods on the quality of coffee varieties at Gomma-I and Limmu Kossa areas in the 2016/2017 growing season. Two processing methods (fully washed and semiwashed) and three drying methods (solar tunnel, artificial, and natural sun) were compared using three coffee varieties (741, 7440, and 74110) to test their effect on coffee quality. Coffee beans processed by semiwash method and dried by solar tunnel produced nondefective (primary and secondary) coffee beans compared with others at both locations. Similarly, coffee beans processed by semiwashed method recorded the highest mean value for shape and make and body than wet processing method. Best coffee bean color, greenish color, was produced from coffee beans processed by the fully washed processing method. All coffee varieties processed by semiwashed method produced medium pointed acidity, the second most acceptable grade value for coffee quality for all drying methods. Coffee beans processed by the fully washed method produced more flavor than semiwash processing method. Coffee beans dried by sun and solar tunnel drying methods also produced better flavor than artificial drier. In general, all coffee varieties processed by semiwash method and dried by natural sun and solar tunnel method produced higher preliminary total quality and total specialty coffee value, graded under specialty grade Q1. Hence, coffee growers in the study area can use semiwash processing method and solar tunnel dryer as an alternative/complementary processing method since they produce better or equivalent quality product with full wash and natural sun drying method.

Value Chain Analysis of Arabica Coffee in Karnataka

The present study conducted a value chain assessment to estimate the cost incurred at each stage of the value chain, along with the margins made and the price realized, for pure Arabica and 80:20 Arabica coffee: chicory blend in Chikkamagaluru and Hassan districts of Karnataka. Descriptive statistics, value chain framework, price spread analysis were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that the highest value addition took place at curers and roasters level (downstream actors) and accordingly margins made by these down steam actors were higher than the coffee growers (upstream actors). It was observed that coffee value chains in Chikkamagaluru and Hassan districts are fragmented and largely uncoordinated, with lack of innovative upgrading strategies among the majority of small coffee growers due to lack of capital. This suggest that formation of Farmer Producers Organizations would enable the small coffee growers to take up value addition activities through infrastructure sharing thereby higher value realization through economies of scale. Likewise, it is critical to bring efficiencies and transparency in buying and selling activities across the coffee value chain by implementing blockchain based marketplace.

PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KOPI ROBUSTA TERHADAP PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK REBUNG DAN PUPUK ORGANIK AZOLLA

This study aims to determine the effect of giving bamboo shoot extract and organic fertilizer azolla and its interaction on the growth of robusta coffee (Coffea robusta L.) seedlings. The design used in this study was a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 2 factors with 16 treatment combinations and 2 replications in order to obtain a total of 32 plots of research treatment plots. The results showed that bamboo shoot extracts and the application of Azolla organic fertilizer and their interactions did not affect all observation parameters such as plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), stem diameter (mm), plant wet weight (grams), and dry weight. plant (grams). Where the best bamboo shoot extracts in this study were found in R2 treatment (200 g / plot). The best application of azolla organic fertilizer in this study was found in treatment A2 (10 g / plot).
 
 Keywords: Growth, Coffee, Extract, Bamboo shoots, Azolla

Different sources of phosphorus in coffee tree formation

Arabica coffee is one of the main crops in Brazil and requires balanced nutrition. Among the nutrients, phosphorus is essential in planting so that seedlings can be successful in the after transplanting, allowing a good development and growth. The use of quality seedlings and balanced fertilization is essential for this, however, Brazilian soils, due to their mineral origins, have the characteristic of adsorbing part of the applied phosphorus, making it unavailable to plants. Therefore, the objective of this work is to verify if the sources of phosphorus when applied to the soil can be more efficient in relation to the growth and initial development of the coffee tree. The study was carried out in randomized blocks with five treatments and five replications: T1 - formulation 02-10-00; T2 - formulation 00-15-00; T3 - formulation 10-49-00; T4 - formulation 00-19-00; T5 - control, where phosphorus was not applied. After 120 days, after planting, the characteristics of the seedlings were measured, verifying root length, plant height, fresh matter, dry matter and leaf area index. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Scott-Knott test with 5% probability. It was concluded that the treatments T1 (02-10-00) and T3 (10-49-00) provided better coffee development, proving to be a valid option for the coffee grower aiming at a better performance of phosphorus (P), an element of great complexity in plant nutrition in tropical soils.

The grower-trader relationship: experiments with coffee value chain actors in Uganda

ABSTRACT In this study, we explore the nature of the relationship between smallholder growers and local traders in the coffee value chain in Eastern Uganda. Analysing the results of two lab-in-the-field experiments (trust and dictator games), we highlight the complex relationship between these two value chain actors. We develop three competing hypotheses: (1) coffee growers will send more to fellow growers than local traders due to social identity and fairness motives as well as because of past opportunistic behaviour of traders (2) coffee growers will send more to traders to curry favour, and (3) growers will send growers and traders the same amount because in a relatively competitive market setting there is little room for opportunistic trader behaviour. We fail to reject our third hypothesis. Our results highlight the importance of fully understanding value chain actor relationships and contexts to better design interventions to improve rural markets.

A Bioelectrochemical System for Waste Degradation and Energy Recovery From Industrial Coffee Wastewater

The primary production of coffee involves the extensive use of water resources, since it is not only used for irrigation of coffee plantations, but it is also required in large volumes for the processing of the coffee berry to obtain high quality green beans. It is calculated that for every kg of dry coffee grain produced, up to 40 L of water are consumed, and its disposal represents a significant environmental problem, since most coffee growers are small producers with no access to efficient technologies for wastewater treatment. This situation leads to these liquid wastes to be discarded untreated in natural water sources, generating environmental pollution and public health problems. Bioelectrochemical Systems (BES) have been proposed as an alternative to conventional wastewater treatments, either as a primary bioremediation strategy or for secondary wastewater treatment systems. Among BES, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are designed to exploit the metabolic capability of andophilic microorganisms to degrade the organic matter present in the waste. Anodophilic microorganisms use electrodes as terminal electron acceptors, generating a flow of electrons that can be used in the generation of electricity. In this work, we evaluated the ability of native microbial communities to degrade the organic matter present in wastewater from the coffee agroindustry and its electrogenic potential for the co-generation of electricity was evaluated using an MFC device developed by the authors. Wastewater samples obtained at different stages of the coffee wet process were used as inoculum and feedstocks. The system was operated in fed-batch, in both open and closed-circuit conditions, for 60 days. The degree of decontamination or bioremediation of the wastewater was assessed by measurements of physicochemical parameters. For the characterization of the native microbial community, microscopic and molecular techniques were used and the electrogenic potential was established by assessing the electrochemical performance of the system. With the proposed bioelectrochemical system, a reduction of up to 70% of the initial content of organic matter of the residual water from the coffee benefit was achieved, and open circuit voltages of up to 400 mV were recorded, comparable to those reported for conventional air breathing cathode MFC.

Upgrading Opportunities and Challenges for Small Coffee Producers in Sidama Region of Ethiopia

This study attempted to examine upgrading opportunities and challenges for small coffee producers. The study followed a mixed-method approach, which combined qualitative and quantitative analysis. The study involved a survey of 214 coffee producers, in-depth interviews with several actors and stakeholders, and focus group discussions with two farmer groups. The study identified a growing demand for organic/specialty coffee, availability of farmer groups, promising rules and regulations as some of the opportunities for small coffee producers to diversify upgrading options. However, lack of investment capital, lower levels of farmers’ educational background, lack of continuous training, poor infrastructure and irrigation facilities, the high cost of machinery and processing materials, lack of technical knowledge to produce input and adopt new technologies were the major constraints for upgrading. The majority of producers have participated in product and process upgrading. A limited number of coffee growers have engaged in functional and channel upgrading. Vertical and horizontal coordination can play an important role in upgrading the chain to help farmers compete in wider markets. Therefore, a policy aimed to accelerate the coffee sector in the area could be successful if the opportunities and constraints are taken into consideration through horizontal and vertical coordination of actors.

Analysis of farmers’ market power in the value chain of Arabica coffee in Lam Dong Province, Vietnam

The market that operates effectively will contribute to actors’ profit and welfare in the coffee value chain conversely if the market is affected by imperfect problems. Suppose the value chain lacks market news, short-term storage, information for product and processing, quality check, and market power. In that case, implied chain actors’ profit and welfare will not be reached. A new method can estimate market power by Lerner index through the stochastic cost frontier once the inputs data price is unavailable and the existence or non-existence of constant returns to scale. So this approach is applied to evaluate farmers’ market power in the value chain of Arabica coffee in Lam Dong Province, Vietnam. Primary data were collected through interviews with 200 farmers Da Lat, Lac Duong, Lam Ha, and Don Duong of Lam Dong Province. The estimated results of the market power and Lerner rate are 0.001. This index indicates that the local coffee market is perfect competition. So the coffee growers do not have market power. The RTS index of 0.56 (less than one) illustrates that farmers’ Return To Scale (RTS) is decreased. Therefore, coffee farmers should link together to establish cooperative that increases market power in price negotiation and coffee consumption.

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PLANTING MEDIA AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER (POC) ON THE GROWTH OF ROBUSTA COFFEE SEEDS (Coffea Robusta L.)

Efek berbagai media tanam dan pupuk organik cair terhadap pertumbuhan bibit kopi robusta (Coffea robusta L.). Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 12 minggu (3 bulan) terhitung bulan Maret – Juni 2020. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Agroteknologi Universitas Widya Gama Mahakam Samarinda. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan 2 faktor dan di ulang sebanyak 3 kali. Faktor pertama ialah Media Tanam (M) yang terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu, M1 = Tanah, M2 = Tanah+Sekam Padi (2:1), M3 = Tanah+Serbuk Kayu (2:1), M4 = Tanah+Sabut Kelapa (2:1). Faktor kedua ialah Pupuk Organik Cair (P) terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu : P0 = Top soil (kontrol), P1 = POC Air Limbah Tahu Sereh Wangi 50% (ALTSW) (500 ml ALTSW + 500 ml air), P2 = POC Ekstrak Daun Gamal (EDG) (500 ml EDG + 500 ml air). Keluaran yang diharapkan adalah Memberikan informasi tentang media tanam yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan bibit kopi Robusta bagi masyarakat. Memberikan informasi tentang pupuk organic cair yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan bibit kopi Robusta bagi masyarakat.
 Keywords: Daun Gamal, Limbah Ampas Tahu, Serbuk Kayu

Robusta Coffee Growth Response to Application of Various Liquid Organic Fertilizers in Replacing C-Organic and N-Total Soil

The Ministry of Agriculture through the Agricultural Quarantine Agency (2019) stated that Robusta coffee has contributed 41% of the country's foreign exchange, with an average export frequency of 102 times per month, and will continue to increase. In connection with the growth in export volume of robusta coffee, coffee farmers need additional substances for the soil in the form of nutrients to be able to meet the soil nutrient needs for coffee from planting to harvest. Organic fertilizer in liquid form is one type of fertilizer that can be an option, in addition to facilitating nutrient absorption. This study aims to determine the response of various liquid organic fertilizers at certain concentrations to the vegetative growth of robusta coffee. The content of C-organic and total Nitogen in the soil which has been given the addition of gamal liquid organic fertilizer and tofu wastewater with the addition of citronella can provide a very significant difference in the vegetative growth of robusta coffee plants at the age of 60 HSP at plant height, and 90 HSP in diameter. stem and number of leaves (strands). Based on the results of laboratory tests carried out, it was also known that the macro and micro nutrient content in the soil with the addition of poc of tofu wastewater which was given citronella had a good content compared to the control and soil conditions with the addition of gamal liquid organic fertilizer.

Sustainability certification and water efficiency in coffee farming: The role of irrigation technologies

The unsustainable use of irrigation water is one of the most serious environmental problems in coffee farming. Rapid expansion of sustainability certifications and adoption of advanced irrigation technologies are expected to promote more sustainable water use through changes in water management practices in coffee farming. However, there lacks empirical evidence on the effects of those certification schemes on water efficiency. This study examines the effect of sustainability certification on the water efficiency of coffee growers, considering distinct irrigation technologies used by farmers - overhead sprinkler and micro-basin irrigation technologies. The meta-frontier framework is used in our empirical analysis of 896 Vietnamese coffee farms over three crop years. Results confirm that irrigation water efficiency in coffee farming is substantially low. There is no evidence supporting the effect of sustainability certification on water efficiency, but advanced irrigation technologies could improve water efficiency. Coffee farms using the sprinkler system are more efficient than those using the micro-basin irrigation technology. Our results also support environmentally friendly farming practices, i.e., having wind-break trees on coffee farms. It also suggests that improving the quality of sustainability certification schemes towards sustainable use of water requires water-saving technologies.