Coffee Growers Research Articles

Importance of the organization of coffee growers in Perú

Coffee organizations are models or strategies of organizational innovation in the coffee sector in different countries, which may have different results, depending on the point of analysis considered. The purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamism and importance of the organization of coffee producers in Peru, finding that during the last two decades the Peruvian coffee sector has had an exponential growth of coffee organizations, reporting 112 organizations in the export market, which is related to improvements in the average sale prices for coffee marketed by these organizations in the order of 0.13 US dollars per pound above the average price marketed by companies, as well as the improvement of quality and improvement in some aspects that contribute to the sustainability of the farms.

Application of Rabbit Urine and Manure Based Fertilizer on the Growth of Arabica and Robusta Coffee Seedlings

Coffee farming demands substantial amounts of fertilizer. Furthermore, the expensive cost of chemical fertilizers prompt coffee growers to seek alternative remedies. One emerging solution is the utilization of organic fertilizer. This study aims to assess the impact of organic fertilizer, specifically made from rabbit manure and urine, on the growth of Arabica and Robusta coffee seedlings. The experiment focused on the context of coffee cultivation in Temanggung Regency, comparing the effects with goat manure fertilizer. The method was initiated by producing organic fertilizer, encompassing rabbit manure, goat manure, and rabbit urine. Then, the fertilizer was applied to Arabica and Robusta seedlings. The research employs quantitative and descriptive analyses. Quantitative data encompasses the nutrient content of each fertilizer and soil, plant height, leaves number, and stem diameter. Descriptive analysis involves the overall performance evaluation. The application of rabbit manure and urine as fertilizers to Arabica and Robusta coffee seedlings yields positive outcomes, i.e. enhancing plant height, leaves number, and seedling diameter. Among the tested organic fertilizers, rabbit urine notably influenced the plant height, leaves number, and stem diameter of both seedlings. The performance of the rabbit urine treatment exhibited healthier attributes compared to those without any fertilizer, such as sturdy leaves and robust stems. Additionally, the root systems of the untreated plants appear less vigorous with sparser root hairs.

A Qualitative Dataset for Coffee Bio-Aggressors Detection Based on the Ancestral Knowledge of the Cauca Coffee Farmers in Colombia

This paper describes a novel qualitative dataset regarding coffee pests based on the ancestral knowledge of coffee farmers in the Department of Cauca, Colombia. The dataset has been obtained from a survey applied to coffee growers with 432 records and 41 variables collected weekly from September 2020 to August 2021. The qualitative dataset includes climatic conditions, productive activities, external conditions, and coffee bio-aggressors. This dataset allows researchers to find patterns for coffee crop protection through the ancestral knowledge not detected by real-time agricultural sensors. As far as we are concerned, there are no datasets like the one presented in this paper with similar characteristics of qualitative value that express the empirical knowledge of coffee farmers used to detect triggers of causal behaviors of pests and diseases in coffee crops.

Vermiculite in the initial development of coffee seedlings in different containers

Coffea arabica L. is responsible for 81% of the coffee cultivation area in Brazil and has great economic and social importance in the regions it is cultivated. Producing vigorous seedlings in a short period of time has become an increasing challenge in coffee growing. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the initial development of seedlings produced in bags and polyethylene tubes with different levels of vermiculite. A 2x5 factorial scheme was used; the factors were: two containers: polyethylene bags (containing standard substrate, subsoil and manure (7:3) and tubes (commercial substrate based on pine bark) and addition of vermiculite, at levels 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. In each type of substrate, the respective amounts of vermiculite were added. The variables analyzed were shoot height, root length, stem diameter, number of leaf pairs, shoot and root fresh and dry matter. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that the seedlings produced in polyethylene bags showed higher significant averages for all evaluated parameters, showing greater vigor and initial development than seedlings produced in tubes. The seedlings produced in bags responded positively to the increase in vermiculite for all analyzed parameters, whereas those produced in tubes show the opposite behavior.

Rhizoglomus variabile and Nanoglomus plukenetiae, Native to Peru, Promote Coffee Growth in Western Amazonia.

Coffee (Coffea arabica) is among the world's most economically important crops. Coffee was shown to be highly dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in traditionally managed coffee plantations in the tropics. The objective of this study was to assess AMF species richness in coffee plantations of four provinces in Perú, to isolate AMF isolates native to these provinces, and to test the effects of selected indigenous AMF strains on coffee growth. AMF species were identified by morphological tools on the genus level, and if possible further to the species level. Two native species, Rhizoglomus variabile and Nanoglomus plukenetiae, recently described from the Peruvian mountain ranges, were successfully cultured in the greenhouse on host plants. In two independent experiments, both species were assessed for their ability to colonize coffee seedlings and improve coffee growth over 135 days. A total of 35 AMF morphospecies were identified from 12 plantations. The two inoculated species effectively colonized coffee roots, which resulted in 3.0-8.6 times higher shoot, root and total biomass, when compared to the non-mycorrhizal controls. R. variabile was superior to N. plukenetiae in all measured parameters, increasing shoot, root, and total biomass dry weight by 4.7, 8.6 and 5.5 times, respectively. The dual inoculation of both species, however, did not further improve plant growth, when compared to single-species inoculations. The colonization of coffee by either R. variabile or N. plukenetiae strongly enhances coffee plant growth. R. variabile, in particular, offers enormous potential for improving coffee establishment and productivity. Assessment of further AMF species, including species from other AMF families should be considered for optimization of coffee growth promotion, both alone and in combination with R. variabile.

Sustainable Strategies for the Control of Pests in Coffee Crops

Coffee is a worldwide commodity, and both coffee-producing and coffee-consuming countries have real concerns about environmental problems and economic growth strategies based on the efficient use of resources. Because this crop is a perennial, pests can significantly affect coffee production, causing considerable yield losses and threatening coffee supply and security. The presence of insects and control strategies for coffee pests is becoming a challenge. Environmental sustainability, conservation of biodiversity, and safety of the coffee seed must go hand in hand with the economic sustainability of coffee growers. This is especially important, as there has been an increase in demand for coffee and new consumer interest in differentiated quality coffee. Regular pest control methods based only on the use of synthetic pesticides are no longer effective or sustainable due to the development of insecticide resistance and negative effects on the environment, human health, and biodiversity. Thus, to ensure better control and ecological sustainability, it is crucial to reduce pesticide use by adopting original alternative strategies to maintain pest populations below the economic threshold level and towards reaching the European Green Deal. In this review, we collect information available for sustainable control of the principal coffee pests in Colombia: coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei; Monalonion velezangeli; coffee root mealybugs; coffee leaf miner: Leucoptera coffeella; and the coffee red spider mite: Oligonychus yothersi. The control strategies include deep knowledge of the biology of insects and the coffee plant, their relationship with weather and habitats, as well as natural controllers. These control strategies do not involve the use of insecticides, are ecologically friendly and novel, and can be applied in other coffee-producing countries.

AGROCLIMATIC ZONING OF ARABICA COFFEE CROPS IN THE REGION OF LAVRAS, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL

Coffee growing is the most relevant agricultural activity in the state of Minas Gerais. Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is the most widely cultivated in the state and is more sensitive to the climate, requiring milder temperatures for commercial production. Water deficit and airtemperature are the main factors used in the agroclimatic zoning of coffee, requiring annual water deficits below 150 mm and an average annual air temperature between 19°C and 21°C for suitability for cultivation. The Lavras region has municipalities with contrasting areas planted with Arabica coffee, being located in a transition zone of the growing crop. Therefore, the objective was to use interpolated climatic surfaces of mean monthly temperature and monthly precipitation, with high spatial resolution (30 seconds) of the WorldClim2 project, in order to perform the agroclimatic zoning for Arabica coffee in 11 municipalities around Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The water balance was calculated by the Thornthwaite method and the contour of existing plantations was obtained from a survey conducted by EPAMIG for the year 2018. The annual water deficit varied from 19 mm to 47 mm and the temperature from 17.5°C to 20.5°C. According to the geospatial analysis and scientific geovisualization techniques, it was observed that most of the region is suitable for cultivation of Arabica coffee, but spatial variations in water deficit may interfere with productivity and economic viability of implementation in certain areas.

Organizational arrangement of coffee growers in the Garça Region: a perspective of the localized agro-food systems approach in Brazil

Organizational arrangement of coffee growers in the Garça Region: a perspective of the localized agro-food systems approach in Brazil

Morphological trait variation of the immature liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) from West Java applied difference of coffee husk compost and biofertilizer

Abstract. Maxiselly Y, Nafy FR, Anjarsari IRD. 2023. Morphological trait variation of the immature liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) from West Java applied difference of coffee husk compost and biofertilizer. Biodiversitas 24: 5988-5994. Improving the growth of immature Liberica coffee is achievable through fertilizer application. This is because nutrients can be provided to plants by microorganisms from organic and biological fertilizers. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the response and the best treatment for applying coffee husk compost and consortium biofertilizer, which contained nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth of immature Liberica plant. The experiment was held at Ciparanje Research Center, Padjadjaran University, West Java, with an altitude of ±750 meters above sea level (masl) from January to May 2023. Furthermore, a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted with six treatment combinations. Each treatment was repeated four times including control (Urea 20 g.plant-1 + SP36 25 g.plant-1 + KCl 15 g.plant-1), solid coffee husk compost 3 kg.plant-1, liquid coffee husk compost 80 mL.L-1, biofertilizer 10 mL.L-1, solid coffee husk compost 3 kg.plant-1 + biofertilizer 10 mL.L-1, and liquid coffee husk compost 80 mL.L-1 + biofertilizer 10 mL.L-1. The results showed that biofertilizer significantly affected for increasing the morphology trait of immature Liberica coffee, namely the plant height, stem diameter, number of primary branches, length of primary branches, leaf area, and leaf chlorophyll index. The best treatment for immature Liberica plants was the liquid coffee husk compost 80 mL.L-1 + biofertilizer 10 mL.L-1. Based on this research, the combination of coffee husk compost, especially the liquid form, and biofertilizer is the potential application to boost the immature Liberica coffee growth.

Pengaruh Pemberian Berbagai Jenis Pupuk Kandang Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Tanaman Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora L) Pada Tanah Ultisol Di Polybag

This research aims to determine the effect of applying cow manure, goat manure and chicken manure on the seedlings growth of robusta coffee (Coffea cenophora L) in ultisol soil in polybags. This research was carried out since January to April 2023 at Pijoan Gardens, Campus II, Batanghari University and Laboratory of Batanghari University. The design used in this research was a completely randomized design (CRD) with one treatment factor, i.e. various types of manure which consist of 4 (four) treatment levels, namely: k0 : 3000 g of soil media without treatment (control), k1: 30 g cow manure + 3000 g ultisol soil, k2: 30 g goat manure + 3000 g ultisol soil, k3: 30 g chicken manure + 3000 g ultisol soil. Each treatment was repeated 3 (three) times. The parameters observed were soil water content, plant height, stem diameter, crown dry weight, root dry weight and root shoot ratio. The treatment of various types of manure had a significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, crown dry weight and root dry weight, but it had no significant effect on the root-shoot ratio of Robusta coffee seedlings. When this is compared with the control one, so the application of goat manure in treatment k2: 30 g of goat manure + 3000 g of ultisol soil gave the highest average results in several parameters such as plant height (79.00 cm) increasing 29.16%, stem diameter (8.40 mm) increased 38.84%, crown dry weight (24.84 g) increased 149.39% and root dry weight (11.09 g) increased 114.92%, and root shoot ratio (2.32) increased 20.83%, There were changes in the chemical characteristics of the soil, including the initial pH of 5.65 to 6.43-6.48 beside the highest soil water content was found in the k2 treatment at 11.99%.Key words: manure (cow, goat, chicken), growth, Liberica coffee, ultisol.

Vertical flow wetlands as the core for the sustainable treatment of coffee wastewater in small communities in Colombia: preliminary results of the treatment of coffee wastewater in rural areas by vertical flow wetlands.

Coffee is one of the most important agricultural products in Colombia. To date, small-scale Colombian coffee growers have developed this activity with a simple infrastructure and random use of water that generates harmful by-products to the water resource mainly in the stage of separation of the mucilage. The coffee mucilage wastewater (CMW) is composed of high organic loads and its impact on water sources is due to its high load of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of over 25,000 mg/L. However, there is no consensus on what treatment can be used, especially whether it is accessible to coffee producers. Thus , the aim of this study consisted of assessing the performance of the combination of a carbon filter (CF) as pretreatment and vertical flow wetland (VFW) as a Natural-based Solution (NbS). The results show a reduction of more than 85% of COD, 96% of total solids, and UV254 close to 94%. It was remarkable that both treatments are appropriate for waters with a high concentration of solids. Finally, it can be concluded that CF + VFW is a feasible technology to treat the coffee wastewater from small communities of coffee producers.

The Economic Efficiency of Coffee Growers in the Department of Caldas, Colombia

This work evaluates the economic efficiency of coffee growers and the decision-making processes in the configuration of their production systems and agronomic practices over time. For these purposes, information from 136 coffee growers in the department of Caldas was analyzed. These growers systematically recorded and constructed their production costs for seven years (2015–2021) within the framework of the Business Management Program of the Departmental Committee of Coffee Growers of Caldas. Additionally, through a survey, more information on the socioeconomic types, production systems, and decision-making processes in the implementation of practices and use of technologies was obtained. Stochastic frontier analysis demonstrates that on average, these coffee farmers had an economic efficiency of 89%. The group of coffee growers with efficiency levels equal to or higher than 90% comprised 80 producers (59%). These results indicate that for the period of analysis, there are no structural inefficiencies that cannot be corrected; that is, these coffee growers can increase their efficiency and productivity levels with the available technologies.

Analysis of Exogenous Factors to Thailand Coffee Price Volatility: Using Multiple Exogenous Bayesian GARCH-X Model

Price volatility is a significant risk factor affecting the income of farmers in the agriculture sector, especially for international trade in products such as coffee in Thailand. This study proposes an alternative model to analyze the major factors in terms of internal and external factors, which are expected to affect price volatility simultaneously, by applying multiple exogenous Bayesian GARCH-X models. The empirical results of the comparison between the multiple exogenous Bayesian GARCH-X model and the standard Bayesian GARCH-X model, which estimated the impact of individual exogenous variables separately, show that the standard error of the first model is the smallest compared to the others, which means the multiple exogenous Bayesian GARCH-X model is more fitted to the data than the others. The results indicate that the increase in demand for manufactories for coffee beans in Thailand (TDD) and coffee bean export volume in Indonesia (INEX) leads to an increase in the volatility of raw coffee prices. On the other hand, if coffee bean export volume in Brazil (BEX) increases, this will cause a decrease in the volatility of raw coffee bean prices. Therefore, the Thai government should carefully consider the changes in the production and marketing policies of those countries in the formulation of the coffee policy. The appropriate policy on coffee price volatility in Thailand should not concern only reduce the uncertainty in the coffee bean market but also consider the impact on the long-term income and livelihoods of coffee growers. Therefore, external factors of the competing countries should be taken into account in the coffee production policy.

Determination of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Green Coffee Beans (Coffea arabica L.) Harvested in Different Agroclimatic Zones of the Department of Quindío, Colombia

The objective of this work was to quantify and characterize the lipid fraction of coffee beans grown in different agroclimatic zones of the department of Quindío, seeking to provide coffee growers with useful information about the coffee produced on their farms and the ability to determine coffee quality and sensory attributes. The lipid extraction process was carried out using two different methods: Soxhlet and Soxtec. The bias was established through concordance analysis using the Bland–Altman test to determine the correlation between the two extraction methods. The final results were compared for each agroclimatic zone, and no significant differences were found between the values for average lipid content of the coffee, which varied between 12.01% and 12.90%. When characterizing the profile of fatty acids present in the lipid fraction of coffee using the technique of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, it was evidenced that the major acids present in the green coffee bean were linoleic acid and palmitic acid, with an average content between 39.83–40.83% and 36.92–37.90%, respectively, and that these fatty acid contents presented statistically significant differences in areas with higher elevations, higher relative humidity and less sunlight (zones 3 and 4). Stearic acid presented differences in all of the agroclimatic zones.

Эффективность государственной политики в развитии вьетнамской кофейной индустрии

Vietnamese coffee has been exported since 1990, after the country reformed its economic management mechanism in 1986. Since 2000, Vietnam has been the second-largest coffee exporter in the global market. Annual foreign currency income from coffee exports has been around 3 billion US dollars. 600,000 small-scale farmers are the main coffee producers, whose production accounts for 95% of the total annual volume. Faced with difficulties, especially capital shortages, coffee growers tend to liquidate old coffee plantations because they do not have the means to renovate them. Although the government has many supporting strategies, they haven’t been truly effective in practice. According to research from 1990 to 2000, government policy has mainly been aimed at encouraging coffee processing plants without any support from the producers themselves. Since 2000, government policy has been aimed at supporting the capital investment of farmers in the renewal of coffee plantations, but many of them were not able to receive it due to the presence of inconsistencies and duplication in it, which reduced its effectiveness. Private and non-governmental producers’ coffee support policies were more effective than government policies. No research was done to evaluate the effectiveness of government-supported policies in the development of Vietnam’s coffee industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of government support policies in promoting the growth and development of Vietnam’s coffee industry. The research findings indicate that coffee farmers and businesses do not receive any direct financial assistance from the government other than the tax on agricultural land. Coffee farmers primarily rely on non-governmental coffee companies and cooperatives for support, and they hardly destroy coffee to replace it with other crops. This demonstrates that adequate support for coffee production is extremely necessary, but government support policies for coffee producers aren’t being implemented in practice.

Towards a knowledge management system for the strengthening of coffee production: A case study in the Panama Canal Basin, Panamá Oeste province

In today’s context, information and knowledge have emerged as key factors in various production processes and have become a newly discovered asset. One of these production processes is the coffee harvest. This paper presents the results of the first phase of research on the implementation of a technological knowledge management system in the coffee sector. During this initial phase, data was collected through a survey of coffee growers in the Cirigrande district, a member of CUENCAFE Acacpa, located in the province of Panamá Oeste, Panama. Several findings emerged from this survey: 84% of coffee growers are between the ages of 22 and 42, they have the ability to use digital tools, and 100% are willing to share their knowledge. In addition, to determine the internal consistency of the survey used, the Cronbach’s coefficient α was calculated, which yielded a favorable value of 0.85. In addition, Pearson’s correlation coefficient r was calculated to validate the relationship between the questionnaires. In summary, the 16-cell matrix analysis concluded that although coffee growers lack the technological means to manage knowledge, they do have rudimentary governance processes and they consider the presence of a knowledge management system to be potentially beneficial and a competitive advantage in strengthening the production of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora).

Improved growth of coffee seedlings (Coffea canephora) under SMART irrigation system

Water stress in plants due to the effects of climate change resulted in reduced growth and yield of coffee in the tropics. Efficient use of water through the use of SMART irrigation systems available provides a promising solution to address such a problem. Thus, a study utilizing a combined climate- based and soil moisture SMART irrigation system has been conducted to assess its effects on the growth of Robusta coffee seedlings compared to practiced manual irrigation. The experimental design utilized a Complete Block Design (CBD) approach. Additionally, water consumption was measured to determine any significant differences. Over the course of the two-month experiment, 20 replications per treatment, it was observed that coffee seedlings subjected to the automated irrigation system (T1) exhibited significant improvements in both plant height and number of leaves, with growth rates of 72.56% and 65.29%, respectively, compared to manually irrigated plants (T0). Although the water savings achieved under the automated system were not statistically significant, there was an 18.95% reduction in water consumption. These findings highlight the potential benefits of automating irrigation systems using an IoT approach, specifically in terms of enhancing coffee seedling productivity. By utilizing real-time data from sensors, the SMART irrigation system effectively optimized water usage and resulted in improved growth and yield. This research underscores the importance of implementing such technological advancements to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on coffee cultivation in tropical regions.

A Quantitative ABCD Analysis of Coffee Industry Stakeholders

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to better understand how to utilize coffee growers and their organizations in the future as well as the Coffee Industry stakeholders' roles in the usage of agricultural machinery in the Modern Agriculture program of the coffee industry. In this study, stakeholders participating in the creation of contemporary agricultural programs are examined in terms of their involvement, influence, interests, and connection patterns. It is envisaged that this research would provide insight into how to more effectively oversee the implementation of contemporary coffee industry programs. Design: The study uses a methodical strategy to examine the prior research, which includes looking up keywords, analyzing contributing elements, and applying the fundamental ABCD framework. The ABCD analysis establishes the pertinent score weights that are ascribed to each of the significant constituents under each parameter through the empirical data analysis of the agricultural stakeholders. The final step is to examine each element's total rating from a focus group in order to determine its overall evaluation. Findings: The ABCD analysis technique can be used by all parties involved in the coffee industry, according to the study. According to the quantitative analysis of the ABCD framework, advantages to stakeholders in the coffee industry were given a high weighting and subsequently came benefits from focus group participation. Originality: This article studies the numerous players in the coffee industry by heavily utilizing the ABCD analytical paradigm. Despite the fact that other ABCD analyses relating to various topics have been published, this study creates a space for original research in the area of coffee industry stakeholders by identifying the key elements of each problem. Type of Paper: Empirical Analysis.

COFFEE PRODUCTION AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

Coffee planters face competition with other cash crops and higher production costs. Besides that, the biggest issue in this sector is the labour required to select ripe coffee beans since not all beans in a single stalk of coffee mature simultaneously. Nonetheless, this well-known beverage is facing a sustainability dilemma. This paper uses previous studies on coffee production and sustainability in Malaysia. A continuous drop in global coffee prices has squeezed coffee growers and pushed many of them below the worldwide severe poverty level. This document discusses research on sustainability in the coffee industry, including past study findings, and makes various recommendations. These obstacles must be solved to achieve sustainable coffee production. All types of literature (including grey literature) were searched exploratively by including those published in the past ten years from 2011 to January 2022 and in the English language. The adoption of sustainable production practices is vital for ecosystem and biodiversity protection, as well as assuring long-term supply availability of coffee production in Malaysia. Implementing sustainability in the coffee certificate in Malaysia's coffee production system appears to be the most appropriate approach to addressing these challenges because it can synergise increasing productivity and farmers' income, implementing climate change adaptation and mitigation, and increasing farmer capability and credit access. The originality of this study is its reviews of how to sustain the coffee production in the Malaysian agriculture sector.

Constraints and Opportunities for Increased Coffee Productivity under Climate Change: A Case of Mzuzu Smallholder Coffee Planters Cooperative Union in Malawi

Coffee contributes significant income to economy of Malawi. Most smallholder farmers produce coffee cherry yield below 500 kg per hectare due to various challenges. Information on coffee farming household demographic characteristics, constraints and opportunities for high productivity, knowledge on climate change and indicators, and practices for adapting to effects of climate change on coffee is scarce. A survey was implemented in five coffee growers’ cooperatives under Mzuzu Coffee Planters Cooperative Union. Respondents (n = 372) were randomly selected and interviewed using a questionnaire. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Mean Derived Scores (MDS) were calculated in Microsoft excel. 74.7% of respondents were male, and belonged to male headed households (87.1%). Respondents (80.4%) were above 40 years old. Only 3.5% were in age category of 18-30. 87.6% of respondents were married. Mean number of individuals in a household was six. Majority of farmers (62.1%) attended primary education. Only 1.65 attended tertiary education. Pests and diseases was the major constraint to high coffee cherry yield productivity (MDS = 4.4). Favourable environmental conditions can contribute towards high coffee productivity (MDS = 4.6). Unpredictable rainfall was the first indicator of climate change (MDS = 5.0). Death of plants (MDS = 5.5) and low cherry yield (MDS = 4.6) are important effects of climate change on coffee. Farmers intercropped coffee with shade trees (MDS = 5.0) to adapt to effects of climate change. Government and development partners should promote minority groups, and agroforestry systems such as intercropping coffee with bananas in order to adapt to effects of climate change and ensure high productivity and sustainable coffee production.