Coffee Cycle Research Articles

Use of Active Sensors in Coffee Cultivation for Monitoring Crop Yield

Monitoring the spatial variability of agricultural variables is a main step in implementing precision agriculture practices. Active optical sensors (AOS), with their instrumentation directly on agricultural machines, are suitable and make it possible to obtain high-frequency data. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of AOS to map the spatial and temporal variability of coffee crop yields, as well as to establish guidelines for the acquisition of AOS data for sensing the sides of a coffee plant, allowing the evaluation of large commercial fields. The study was conducted in a commercial coffee area of 10.24 ha, cultivated with the Catuaí 144 variety. Data collection was performed with six Crop Circle ACS 430 sensors (Holland Scientific, Lincoln, NE, USA) and two N-Sensor NG sensors (Yara International, Dülmen, Germany). Seven field expeditions were made to collect data using the optical sensors during 2019 and 2021, obtaining data during the flowering, fruit-filling and fruit maturation phases (pre-harvest), and post-harvest. The results showed that the different faces of the same plant present a different Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) to its yield, obtained with a yield monitor on the harvester. The face with the highest exposure to solar radiation presented a slightly higher correlation to yield (−0.34 ≤ r ≤ −0.17) when compared with the face with less exposure (−0.27 ≤ r ≤ −0.15). In addition, it was observed that the vegetation indices measured at the beginning of the coffee cycle (before the rainy season that starts in October) present a positive correlation to the coffee yield of that same year (0.73 ≤ r ≤ 0.91). On the other hand, this relationship is changed after the beginning of the rain season, at which time the vegetation index increases abruptly, inverting the correlation with the yield after that (−0.93 ≤ r ≤ −0.77). Furthermore, it was observed that, due to the biennial nature of coffee production, the vegetation index acquired at a specific time has an inverted relationship when compared with the yield of that year and to the yield of the following (or previous) year.

Os legados e rugosidades do ciclo cafeeiro em Cornélio Procópio-PR: uma proposta didático-pedagógica com HQ’S

O município de Cornélio Procópio possui legados inseridos em sua infraestrutura, como a ferrovia São Paulo-Paraná, a estação ferroviária e os armazéns do IBC. Esses legados deixados pela temporalidade do ciclo cafeeiro demonstram a influência na criação e organização espacial do município, que moldaram seu espaço conforme as necessidades desse ciclo. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender os principais legados deixados no município de Cornélio Procópio durante o ciclo cafeeiro no Paraná, apresentando uma proposta de material didático-pedagógico com o uso de histórias em quadrinhos. Metodologicamente, este trabalho foi realizado por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas, pautando-se em autores como Brasil (2014), Wachowicz (2001), Raffestin (1993), Castellar (2005), entre outros, que serviram como embasamento teórico para a discussão e compreensão dos conceitos, além de auxílio na elaboração da história em quadrinhos sobre Cornélio Procópio. Os legados observados diariamente na estrutura social e urbana do município, bem como sua linha férrea, são frutos do ciclo cafeeiro, que trouxe influências para o desenvolvimento do município, expressas em seu território no transcorrer das épocas, que pode ser analisado e compreendido. Nesta perspectiva, a história em quadrinhos auxilia na compreensão de forma lúdica dessas análises.

Forecasting of the annual yield of Arabic coffee using water deficiency

Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop agrometeorological models for the forecasting of the annual yields of Arabic coffee (Coffea arabica), using monthly water deficits (DEFs) during the coffee cycle, in important locations in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. For the construction of the models, a meteorological data set spanning of 18 years and multiple linear regressions were used. The models were calibrated in high- and low-yield seasons due to the high-biennial yields in Brazil. All calibrated models for high- and low-yield seasons were accurate and significant at 5% probability, with mean absolute percentage errors ≤2.9%. The minimum forecasting period for yield is six months for southern Minas Gerais and Cerrado Mineiro. In high-yield seasons, water deficits affect more the reproductive stage of coffee and, in low-yield seasons, they affect more the vegetative stage of the crop.

Wildfires as a major challenge for natural regeneration in Atlantic Forest

The natural regeneration management is a good strategy of ecological restoration of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most devastated biomes on the planet. However, the frequent occurrence of wildfires is one of the challenges to the success of this method. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of wildfires on forest dynamics in Atlantic Forest. The studied area was explored during the coffee cycle when plantations replaced primary forests. We used remote sensing data to analyze the forest dynamics over a period of 50 years (1966–2016). We used the INPE burn database to find the occurrence of hot spots from 1998 to 2016. During this period, we selected the years most affected by the fires for the identification of fire scars using the Normalized Burn Ratio spectral index. From this set of information, we used the methodology of weights of evidence to relate forest dynamics and wildfire events with biophysical and anthropic variables. The results showed that in 1966 the forest area accounted for 8.01% of the land cover, and in 2016 this number rose to 18.55% due to the spontaneous natural regeneration process. The regenerating areas were mainly related to the proximity of the remaining fragments and the portions of the landscape receiving the least amount of global solar radiation. The proximity to urban areas, roads and highways, damaged regeneration and favored both deforestation and wildfire events. Fire scars preferentially occur where there is greater sun exposure. It is possible to observe a negative correlation between the natural regeneration process and the fire scars. We concluded that fire severity is one of the factors that shape the landscape of the region while slowing the regeneration process in preferential areas.

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and cultural heritage biodeterioration: Fungi identification in earthen architecture from Paraíba Valley (São Paulo, Brazil)

In this work, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) was employed in the taxonomic identification of fungi found in biofilms formed on earthen architecture walls (adobe, wattle and daub, and rammed earth) of historical buildings in the region known as Paraíba Valley (or São Paulo Historical Valley), which are representative of the first phase of the Brazilian coffee cycle (1820–1880). Very few studies are reported in the literature where SERS-based techniques are used in fungi identification, most of them focused on clinical diagnosis. In the present investigation, pure colonies isolated from biofilms on earthen walls previously identified by classic taxonomy and molecular biology were selected. The genera were Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Neurospora, Fusarium and Penicillium. The fungi were cultured on solid potato dextrose agar, extracted with ethyl acetate and the extracts were applied on dried Au nanoparticles. The SERS spectra exhibited bands in the 600–1800 cm−1 region which are characteristic of each genus, except Penicillium, as revealed by PCA statistical analysis. This work reports the use of a facile to prepare SERS-active substrate in the identification of microbial communities on earthen architecture walls and is the first step of an investigation aiming at the fast identification of fungi species from biofilms formed on earthen architecture buildings without the need of isolating the pure cultures.

Enlightening the use of materials and techniques in earthen architecture in southeast Brazil during the first coffee cycle (19th century)

Abstract The broad ensemble of fine rural and urban constructions erected during the first cycle of coffee production in Brazil (1820–1880) in the middle valley of the Paraiba do Sul River in southeast Brazil, is a legacy of earthen architecture of exceptional importance. A rare example of simultaneous presence of three different earthen architecture techniques (wattle-and-daub, adobe and rammed earth), this heritage faces threat of disappearance due to lack of public concern and loss of know-how directed to earthen techniques. In this paper, the physical and chemical analysis of a large set of samples of local soils and masonry elements formed the basis for a discussion on raw materials and techniques originally used in the construction of those buildings. The information gathered in this work is intended to contribute in the rescue of the immaterial heritage related to building practices in colonial and post-colonial Brazil and to support conservation and restoration actions.

Towards a better comprehension of biodeterioration in earthen architecture: Study of fungi colonisation on historic wall surfaces in Brazil

Abstract This study was aimed to describe fungal communities found in biofilms growing on earthen walls (rammed earth, wattle-and-daub and adobe) of rural and semi-urban historical buildings representative of the first phase of the Brazilian coffee cycle (1820–1880), in the upper basin of the Paraiba do Sul river, Sao Paulo State. The relationship between substrates and such surface-associated microbial communities was also investigated. Fungal biodiversity was significantly higher in rammed earth with respect to the other two techniques. Granulometric analysis showed that rammed earth also contained a higher percentage of coarse soil fraction which is likely to favour the accumulation of water and organic matter. Cellulolytic activity tested positive for the majority of fungi and acidification test showed that fungi exhibit elevated acidifying capacity suggesting that biodeterioration may occur through acid metabolites.

No rastro do café chegaram nossos avós: uma revisão dos estudos sobre a imigração na República

This study analyzes the labor mobility during the great immigration period that occurred from 1888 to 1930, mainly in Sao Paulo. The state was identified as the promoter of this human mobility, and it was the context in which it took place: from slavery to free and waged work. At that time, a national project was created due to an economic necessity, that is, the coffee cycle required workforce. Therefore, the Brazilian States, with the national bourgeoisie, recruited the labor force necessary in other countries. Trained arms, as well as disciplined white people were sought, considering that there was a project to whiten the population. The vast majority of these workers were peasants. They applied for the jobs for reasons such as poverty and land scarcity, in their country of origin. Consequently, they immigrated to America. Among these people it was possible to find Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Japanese. Brazil received a smaller number of immigrants. In most countries of origin there was an incentive to the emigration; many times it was done with false advertising about the benefits they would find in Brazil. The trajectory of these immigrants was full of difficulties, such as: the painful journey, the arrival at the farm, the hard work both in the field and in the urban areas, the adaptation to the language, the habits and the customs in the new country. Thus, this work makes an incursion from the immigrant’s area of origin, their journey, their arrival at the Hostel of Immigrants in Bras (Sao Paulo) to the selection of their destiny, either in the field or city. It also tried to characterize the presence of the immigrants in the rural and urban areas, their problems, and contribution to the urbanization, as well as to the industrialization in the cities of Sao Paulo, mainly in the capital city of Sao Paulo. There are records of their cultural contributions, as well as of their integration, by means of associations, unions, football clubs, newspapers, hospitals and schools.

Coffee culture: local experiences, global connections

Part One: Coffee Culture, Social Life and Global History 1. Culture, Caffeine, and Coffee Shops 2. Theories of Food and Social Meanings of Coffee 3. Coffee Culture, History, and Media in Coca-Cola Land 4. Tracing Coffee Connections 5. Coffee and the Rise of the World System 6. Coffee, the Industrial Revolution, and Body Discipline Part Two: Accolades and Antipathies: Coffee Controversies through Time 7. Coffee Controversies and Threats to Social Order 8. National Identities and Cultural Relevance 9. Hot and Bothered: Coffee and Caffeine Humor 10. Is Coffee Good or Bad for You? Debates over Physical and Mental Health Effects Part Three: Coffee Production and Processing 11. Planting and Caring for Coffee 12. Harvesting, Processing, and Inequality 13. Environmental Sustainability of Coffee Production 14. Environmental Conundrums of Coffee Processing Part Four: Markets and the Modern World System 15. Market Volatility and Social Calamity 16. Efforts to Mitigate the Coffee Cycle and the Distribution of Power 17. A Brief History of Fair Trade 18. Conundrums of Fair Trade Coffee: Building Equity or Reinventing Subjugation?

O caso da Fazenda Ermida em Jundiaí [SP]: contribuição do café na configuração da paisagem cultural

Focamos este artigo nas transformações da paisagem rural e urbana a partir da produção cafeeira e seus aparatos, com o objetivo de analisar como a linha divisória entre o território rural e urbano vai se diluindo na medida em que o café coloca a necessidade de uma base urbana para seu desenvolvimento. Neste processo, o urbano, como modo de vida, vai caracterizando e introduzindo novos paradigmas no espaço rural, que podem ser observados na arquitetura e nos meios de produção. Como objeto de estudos foi selecionado a Fazenda Ermida, localizada em Jundiaí [SP], cuja arquitetura rural será caracterizada, com base nas edificações, no patrimônio cultural e nas paisagens existentes. A caracterização arquitetônica de uma porção territorial leva ao reconhecimento do patrimônio cultural, porventura existente, como um bem de significativo valor econômico e também educativo. Quando este patrimônio está integrado a uma estratégia voltada à valorização da memória e sua importância para a identidade das comunidades beneficiárias poderá contribuir para reflexão a respeito de alternativas de ocupação e apropriação do bem. A análise a que nos propomos está fundamentada na metodologia de abordagem de Argollo Ferrão (2004), que apresenta dois vetores, o cultural e o produtivo, registrando a arquitetura da produção com base no ciclo do café, e apresenta também a possibilidade de abordar o objeto de estudo em quatro níveis: regional; unidade de produção; edificações e maquinário; e por fim o nível agro ecológico.

Engenhos e fazendas de café em Campinas (séc. XVIII - séc. XX)

O artigo estuda a produção arquitetônica rural do município de Campinas legada por dois ciclos econômicos: o da cana-de-açúcar e o do café, a partir do final do século XVIII e no século XIX. Analisa a documentação historiográfica, inventários (arquivos do Centro de Memória da Unicamp) e testemunhos materiais arrolados nos levantamentos de campo. Aborda os edifícios a partir da implantação, no terreno, das diversas formas de agenciamento (no caso da produção cafeeira, a disposição dos edifícios determinada pelo fluxo das operações e tarefas de beneficiamento do grão) e dos múltiplos programas necessários ao setor produtivo e às habitações. Enfatiza a questão tecnológica dos edifícios, revelando a preferência pelos métodos e materiais tradicionais da cultura arquitetônica paulista, particularizada no domínio da taipa de pilão e da taipa de mão até a chegada da ferrovia, na década de 1870.

Colombia and the Coffee Export Upsurge During the 1920's Decade. VI. 'Inward Growth Strategy and Industrialization'

The stages leading to modern external growth in Colombia had no historical paragon different with the decade of the twenties where foreign revenues were oriented mainly to satisfy needs of a new expanding market economy. Tariffs didn't comply with a protectionism conventional policy. Instead were oriented to improve treasury revenues while margins moved occasionally to determine firm's incomes. Import substitutions as an economic concept enriched discussion some decades later nonetheless during the expansionary and declining economic coffee cycle manufacturing flourished on activities where was easy to produce activity also protected by transport costs. After the Great Depression government introduced Law 62 of 1931 to frame protection to industrial activities also improving treasury revenues. The President launched new laws oriented to regulate industrial activities according to foreign exchange availability. Gradually after the Crisis the industrial policy in Colombia pegged to tariff movements as a protective devise relegating the fiscal priority associated with this mechanism to other sources of income revenues while the forthcoming entrepreneurial class acquired a status previously deserved to the hacendado.

Colombian Political Economy and the Coffee Cycle: 1967-1977

An appraisal of the structural factors that determine price fluctuations in the Colombian coffee economy is object of study during the 1975-85 cycle. Some of the exchange determinants that affect the economy are considered particularly as a consequence of a sudden income rise due to coffee shortages in world markets due to Brazil's froze. Lack of macroeconomic differential mechanisms to isolate higher price effect introduces distortions in minor export competitiveness. Some other mechanisms like higher taxes to the coffee industry diverted to encourage diversification of the economy are suggested.

Resultantes geo-hidroecológicas do ciclo cafeeiro (1780-1880) no médio vale do rio Paraíba do Sul: uma análise quali-quantitativa

The coffee cycle represented a period of intense morphodynamic activity, proceeding by a general deforestation. On the Paraíba do Sul Middle Valley, this economic cycle lasted 100 years aproximately (1780-1880). Historical documents, radiocarbon dates and volumetric measurements of the valley fills correlated from the coffee time, have provided informations on the environmental impact, particularly associated with climatic and hidro-erosive processes both on the hillslopes and fluvial domains. Deforestation introduced a drought period up to 6 months and also to an increasing frequency of intense rainstorms, particularly in the summer. Along the Piracema river valley, sedimentation rates attained about 70.000m³km/year. Transfering this volume to the source-area on the hillslopes, it gives an estimate relief downwearing around 7,5 cm depth, resulting on the removal of the organic rich A horizon and showing so, the catastrophic effect of this economic activity, resulting in an extremely wasted degraded landscape.

Land Use and Sediment Yield in an Old Plantation Tract of the Serra Do Mar, Brazil

The older part of the coffee belt of south-eastern Brazil provides a classic case of a land use cycle: from primary forest, through crop and pasture, to secondary forest. Coffee {Coffea arabica L.) was, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, confined to the coastal lowland around Rio de Janeiro, the Baixada Fluminense, but by 1850 it had crossed the Serra do Mar and had become well established in the foothills flanking the Paraiba river. Sergio Milliet (1939) has mapped the 20-mile wide swath of forest felling and burning through which the coffee frontier advanced for some 200 miles along the Paraiba to within a short distance of the city of Sao Paulo. Within another generation the coffee frontier had moved north-west to Campinas and Ribeirao Preto and with astonishing rapidity the plantation tract along the Paraiba collapsed: the coffee groves {cafesals) were abandoned to weeds and cattle, and the plantation houses {casas grandes) and slave quarters {senzalas) to decay and encroaching forest. This dramatic collapse of a social and economic system has caught the imagination of Brazilian novelists like Monteiro Lobato (1943), and such historians as Taunay (1939-45), Milliet (1939) and Simonsen (1940) have woven a web of theory and counter-theory over the complex causes of failure. Stein (1951, 1953, 1957) has summarized these views and brilliantly documented the rise and fall of the plantation for one Paraiba county, Vassouras. Land use cycles have, however, less spectacular but no less interesting effects on the physical landscape. In a paper titled 'Land use and sediment yield' given at the 1956 Wenner-Gren symposium on Man's role in changing the face of the earth, Dr. L. P. Leopold indicated the linking of land use regimes with sedimentation cycles in the western part of the United States (Leopold, 1956). For the coffee cycle in the Serra do Mar foothills there is enough contemporary evidence to suggest that an investigation of this topic in a tropical area might reveal similar linkage. On crossing the Paraiba river near Entre Rios in June 1867, Richard Burton observed that: