Accumulation Coefficient Research Articles

Screening and Identification of Plants at a Petroleum Contaminated Site in Malaysia For Phytoremediation

There is lack of sufficient data that describe which plants can be used in phytoremediation for petroleum and heavy metal contaminated sites, especially in the tropical climate region. The aim of the study was to identify native plants growing on a petroleum contaminated site in Malacca, Malaysia, which have a phytoremediation potential on petroleum. The second aim was to identify native plants at the same contaminated site for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminants or hyper accumulation plants. In the initial screening of contaminated sites, some of the native plants were found to have the capability to grow in very high concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). This indicates that some of these plants have high potential to act as a phytoremediator. Paspalum vaginatum Sw, Paspalum scrobiculatum L. varbispicatum Hack, Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. exSteud, Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin, Chloris barbata (L.) Sw, Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) Beauv and Ischaemum timorense Kunth were found to be potential phytoremediatory of TPH in contaminated soil. These plants were chosen based on thier high rate of survival in contaminated sites and in terms of uptake or in degrading contaminants. The Biological Accumulation Coefficient (BAC) has been used as a guideline to choose potential plants for heavy metal phytoremediation. In the study, the plants were screened based on BAC values for arsenic (As) and lead (Pb). The selected plants, Melochia corchorifolia L., Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven, P. vaginatum, Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb., are potential as phytoremediators while L. octovalvis and Melastoma malabathricum L. are potential Pb phytoremediators.

Оптимизация отбора проб рыбы для оценки удельной активности 137Cs, 90Sr и коэффициентов накопления

Оптимизация отбора проб рыбы для оценки удельной активности 137Cs, 90Sr и коэффициентов накопления

Heavy metal levels in kiwifruit orchard soils and trees and its potential health risk assessment in Shaanxi, China.

Concentrations of five heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in orchard soils and kiwifruit tissues (root, twig, leave, fruit) collected from Shaanxi province in China were measured, and the potential health risk for human through the fruit consumption was assessed. The orchard soils were in no pollution for Cr, Cu, Hg, and Pb, with their pollution index (PI) ≤1, while 10.0% of the soil samples were under Cd contamination. Furthermore, kiwifruit tended to have a higher Cd and Hg accumulation (as indicated by Biological Accumulation Coefficient) from soil and have a higher Cu and Hg translocation (as reflected by Biological Transfer Coefficient) to aboveground parts. From the human health point of view, the DIM and HRI values for all the fruit samples were within the safe limits, while for Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg, and Pb, about 22.5, 12.5, 52.5, 15.0, and 47.5% of the fruit samples exceeded the national maximum permissible levels, respectively. These results showed that, although there was no possible health risk to consumers due to intake of studied kiwifruit fruits under the current consumption rate, the regular survey of heavy metal pollution levels should be performed for the kiwifruit in Shaanxi province and a strict management program should be established to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in fruit production in order to prevent the potential health risk.

Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of Eocene source rocks in the Huilu area, northern Pearl River Mouth basin, South China Sea: Implications for tight oil potential

In recent years, new oil reservoirs have been discovered in the Eocene tight sandstone of the Huilu area, northern part of the Pearl River Mouth basin, South China Sea, indicating good prospects for tight oil exploration in the area. Exploration has shown that the Huilu area contains two main sets of source rocks: the Eocene Wenchang (E2w) and Enping (E2e) formations. To satisfy the requirements for further exploration in the Huilu area, particularly for tight oil in Eocene sand reservoirs, it is necessary to re-examine and analyze the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics. Based on mass balance, this study investigated the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics as well as the tight oil resource potential using geological and geochemical data and a modified conceptual model for generation and expulsion. The results show that the threshold and peak expulsion of the E2w source rocks are at 0.6% vitrinite reflectance and 0.9% vitrinite reflectance, respectively. There were five hydrocarbon expulsion centers, located in the western, eastern, and northern Huizhou Sag and the southern and northern Lufeng Sag. The hydrocarbon yields attributed to E2w source rocks are 2.4 × 1011 tons and 1.6 × 1011 tons, respectively, with an expulsion efficiency of 65%. The E2e source rock threshold and peak expulsion are at 0.65% vitrinite reflectance and 0.93% vitrinite reflectance, respectively, with hydrocarbon expulsion centers located in the centers of the Huizhou and Lufeng sags. The yields attributed to E2e source rocks are 1.1 × 1011 tons and 0.2 × 1011 tons, respectively, with an expulsion efficiency of 20%. Using an accumulation coefficient of 7%–13%, the Eocene tight reservoirs could contain approximately 1.3 × 1010 tons to 2.3 × 1010 tons, with an average of 1.8 × 1010 tons, of in-place tight oil resources (highest recoverable coefficient can reach 17–18%), indicating that there is significant tight oil potential in the Eocene strata of the Huilu area.

Геохимические особенности распределения макроэлементов в почвах ненарушенных ландшафтов Среднего Урала (на примере заповедника “Басеги”)

The geochemical specificities of mountainous soils of Middle Ural on the example of Basegi Ridge were considered in this work. We calculated and analyzed geochemical coefficients of accumulation, subsurface weathering, eluviation and oxidation. It is shown that soil forming processes on Severniy Baseg Mountain don’t lead to the clear differentiation of the profile according to the content of one or another microelements. The level of concentrations of elements in landscapes was increased from elluvial to transaccumulative. This was determined by the increasing role of lateral distribution of concentration of chemical elements in mountainous ecosystems. This is confirmed by the calculated accumulation coeffecients and also by the results of cluster analysis. It shows that there are higher concentrations of Al, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, Mn in the soils of forest-mountainous belt, comparing to soils of goltsy altitudinal belt and subgoltsy altitudinal belt, and comparing to alpine belt. The analysis of the original data and literature sources confirmed that the climate change in the end of late Holocene affected dramatically on the climate change of mountainous part of western macroslope of Middle Ural.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В ЯГОДАХ VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAEA В ЮЖНОМ ПРИБАЙКАЛЬЕ

The aim of our study was to determine the trace element content (Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) in Vaccinium vitis-idaea berries grown in the forest of Southern Baikal region. Element content was measured by a tomic absorption spectrometry (AAS, AAnalyst 400 PerkinElmer ). Results obtained indicated that the metals concentrations in the berries ranged from 0,2 (Сo, Cd) to 295 (Mn) ppm. The row of the elements accumulation in the berries is: Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni ≥ Pb > Co ≥ Cd. According to the coefficients of accumulation the V. vitis-idaea berries acted as accumulators of Mn, Cu (CA > 1) and excluders of Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Co (CA < 1). Significant correlations were found between content acid-soluble forms Fe, Zn, Cr, Cd in the soil and berries (r = 0,53–0,78, p <0,05, n = 15). The toxic trace element analysis demonstrated that their content was safe for human consumption. We have concluded that 100 g V. vitis-idaea berries can provide up to 50–160% of daily human nutrient requirement of Mn, Cr and Co.

Phytoremediation of Gold Mine Tailings Amended with Iron-Coated and Uncoated Rice Husk Ash by Vetiver Grass (Vetiveria zizanioides(Linn.) Nash)

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of rice husk ash (RHA) and iron-coated rice husk ash (Fe-RHA) on phytoavailability of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn to vetiver grass grown in gold mine tailings amended with either RHA or Fe-RHA at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% (w/w). The results showed that the RHA amended tailings recorded higher concentration of As in the shoot and the root and higher concentration of Cr and Mn in the root compared to the untreated tailings which was used as a control. The biological accumulation coefficient (BAC) and bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of the vetiver grass for As and Zn increased with RHA application rate but the biological transfer coefficient (BTC) values of As and Zn were decreased. In Fe-RHA amended samples, As concentration in the shoot and root concentrations of Cd and Zn were significantly higher compared to the control. The Fe-RHA treated samples had lower BAC and BTC values for As and Zn than the control. However, the BCF values for those elements were higher than the control. The concentration of Pb was not detected in any of the samples.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ НЕРЕЗОНАНСНОГО НАКОПЛЕНИЯ ФОТОНОВ В СИСТЕМЕ СФЕРИЧЕСКИХ ЗЕРКАЛ

New nonresonance approach of photon accumulation in two spherical mirrors has been experimentally demonstrated. In this work, we have received a high accumulation coefficient and shown good effectiveness of this technique for creating photo neutralizer of negative ion beams. This efficiency in such concept is generally determined by reflectance mirrors and is practically not dependent of input emission quality and does not require high precision adjusting the optical elements.

Accumulation of metallic elements into the superficial peat layer of mires and wet mineral soils of Estonian forest land / Akumulacja metali w powierzchniowej warstwie gleb torfowych i wilgotnych glebach mineralnych ekosystemów leśnych Estonii

Abstract This article studied the extent of accumulation of aqua regia extractable metallic elements (Al, Mg, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd) into peaty (histic) epipedon (EP) of fen soils, transitional bog soils, peaty gley soils and peaty podzols. The accumulation coefficients (Kac) of the elements in EP were estimated in relation of forest floor (FF, as an input) as a comparison to deeper levels (SS, as a past background). The study revealed that the extent of accumulation and its order depend on soil (peat) type or pedo-ecological conditions of peatification. In the forming of EP from FF, the concentrations of Al and Pb were increased on an average 2.5-5.0 times, but that of Hg increased significantly only in peaty soils (on an average 1.5-1.6 times). The contents of Zn were significantly decreased (Kac 0.1-0.5) in all soil groups. The comparison of EP peats concentrations with SS data demonstrated a considerable accumulation of Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg into thin (~20 cm) superficial peat layer.

Estimation of Cs isotope accumulation by litter, moss and grass in Lithuania attributed to the Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident

134Cs of the Fukushima-origin in biomonitors in Lithuania was used to compare the radionuclide accumulation efficiencies in different above-ground vegetation and litter to those in the surface of tree stumps. Samples of moss, the last year's perennial grass, litter under pine trees, as well as the surface layer of pine tree stumps cut down before the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, were collected at a few sites in Lithuania in 2011–2012. Tree stumps served as a reference surface for the accumulation comparison. The comparative accumulation coefficient, estimated as a ratio of the total 134Cs deposition density in the samples of plants to that in the samples of tree stumps, related to the residual (fixed) fraction of 134Cs, was determined for grass, moss, and litter. This value exceeded unity for all groups of studied media. The obtained results for moss and litter were significantly higher; therefore, the use of moss and litter samples as biomonitors is more preferential than that of other species of above-ground vegetation after the radioactive accidents or non-radioactive events.

Stochastic Galerkin Formulations for $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ Transport in Aquifers: Numerical Solutions with Uncertain Material Properties

Abstract A stochastic Galerkin formulation for the transport of $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 in a tilted aquifer with uncertain heterogeneous properties is presented. We consider a simplified physics model assuming capillary pressure to be negligible compared to hydrostatic and viscous pressure. The flow is dominated by buoyancy and capillary trapping. We assume a stochastic permeability field and a stochastic model for the uncertain relative permeabilities. We prove that the proposed stochastic Galerkin formulation results in a hyperbolic system of equations, and we devise a numerical method that captures the expected solution discontinuities. The shock-capturing solver for the flux function is combined with an adaptive quadrature method for discontinuous isosurfaces that is used to compute the discontinuous stochastic accumulation coefficient. The stochastic solver is validated against Monte Carlo sampling of an analytical solution for the deterministic problem. The sharp features of the statistics of the solution are accurately captured by the numerical solver. The polynomial chaos framework admits low-cost post-processing of the output to obtain statistics of interest. By construction of an accurate polynomial chaos surrogate model of the output, fast sampling admits calculation of risk for leakage and failure probabilities.

Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Oral, Intramuscular, and Intravenous Administration of Levosulpiride After Single and Multiple Dosing in Healthy Chinese Volunteers

PurposeThe aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and assess the safety profiles of different formulations of levosulpiride in healthy Chinese volunteers. MethodsLevosulpiride was administered to 42 healthy male and female (1:1) subjects in tablet (PO) and injectable (IM and IV) dosage forms. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals after single and multiple drug administration. The concentration of levosulpiride in plasma was determined by a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Noncompartmental analysis was performed to estimate PK parameters. One-way ANOVA was used to test for linearity and assess the effect of sex on the PK properties of the drug. Adverse effects were monitored using investigators’ questionnaires and subjects’ spontaneous reports, vital sign measurements, hematology, clinical chemistry, and electrocardiography. FindingsLevosulpiride exhibited linear pharmacokinetic properties over the dose range of 25 to 100 mg by PO route and 25 to 75 mg by IM route. The corresponding mean AUC0−t increased from 449 to 1443 ng/h/mL and from 2874 to 7559 ng/h/mL, respectively. After repeated PO and IM administration, steady state was reached on day 4 of multiple dosing with accumulation index of 1.8 and on day 2 of multiple dosing with accumulation index of 1.3, respectively. The bioavailability of levosulpiride via IM and PO routes was 96.8% and 23.4%, respectively. No significant differences were observed on PK properties between male and female subjects. More than half (23 of 42 [54.8%]) of healthy volunteers experienced one or more adverse events in total, including constipation, diarrhea, drowsiness, skin rash, and extrapyramidal reactions. ImplicationsThe regimen of 50-mg levosulpiride tablets 3 times daily and 50-mg levosulpiride injection (IM) twice daily provided similar accumulation coefficient, and the former reached steady state much more slowly. The bioavailability of levosulpiride after oral administration was poor and the absorption rate was slower compared with IM administration, which imply delayed clinical efficacy for patients with dyspepsia or neuropsychiatric disorders. On multiple dosing, levosulpiride exhibited poor tolerability with high incidence of adverse reactions. There was no need to adjust administration regimen based on sex. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02481583.

Phytoaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Natural Vegetation at the Municipal Wastewater Site in Abbottabad, Pakistan

Heavy metal accumulation in crops and soils from wastewater irrigation poses a significant threat to the human health. A study was carried out to investigate the removal potential of heavy metals (HM) by native plant species, namely Cannabis sativa L., Chenopodium album L., Datura stramonium L., Sonchus asper L., Amaranthus viridus L., Oenothera rosea (LHer), Xanthium stramonium L., Polygonum macalosa L., Nasturtium officinale L. and Conyza canadensis L. growing at the municipal wastewater site in Abbottabad city, Pakistan. The HM concentrations varied among plants depending on the species. Metal concentrations across species varied in the order iron (Fe) > zinc (Zn) > chromium (Cr) > nickel (Ni) > cadmium (Cd). Majority of the species accumulated more HM in roots than shoots. Among species, the concentrations (both in roots and shoots) were in the order C. sativa > C. album > X. stramonium > C. canadensis > A. viridus > N. officinale > P. macalosa > D. stramonium > S. asper > O. rosea. No species was identified as a hyperaccumulator. All species exhibited a translocation factor (TF) less than 1. Species like C. sativa, C. album and X. stramonium gave higher (> 1) biological concentration factor (BCF) and biological accumulation coefficient (BAC) especially for Fe, Cr and Cd than other species. Higher accumulation of heavy metals in these plant species signifies the general application of these species for phytostabilization and phytoextraction of HM from polluted soils.

Radioactive contamination of dietary components of the roe deer in the forests of Zhytomirske Polesie of Ukraine

Abstract This paper presents a study on radioactive contamination of dietary components of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Zhytomirske Polesie (Ukraine). Studies were conducted on two research plots in forests with similar levels of radioactive contamination, 29 ± 8 kBq/m2 - 55 ± 17 kBq/m2, in mixed coniferous forests and mixed broadleaved forests, which are the dominant forest types of the area. The highest level of radionuclide accumulation was observed in young oak seedlings. The dynamics for oak sprouts indicate that the accumulation coefficient reaches a maximum in September and August in the mixed coniferous and mixed broadleaved forests respectively. A comparison of mean values of the 137Cs accumulation coefficients in the shoots of undergrowth plants confirms that an increase in soil fertility leads to a reduction of radionuclides in plant phytomass. In the mixed broadleaved forests, average values of the coefficient of 137Cs accumulation in phytomass of blackberry was 26% and of raspberries 58% lower compared to mixed coniferous forests. The maximum contamination of phytomass was observed in August for oak, in October for aspen, and in July for birch. The highest specific activity of 137Cs in raspberry shoots occurs during the three summer months, whereas the peak in blackberry occurs from August to September. The dynamics of the specific activity of 137Cs in blueberry, cranberry and heather show an increase in radioactive contamination of phytomass towards the end of the growth period. The maximum concentration of 137Cs in shoots of heather and bilberry was recorded in October and for blueberry in August. Mushrooms in mixed coniferous forests can be ranked as follows according to the degree of 137Cs contamination: Cantharellus &lt; Boletus edulis &lt; Russula &lt; Leccinum &lt; Xerocomus badius &lt; Paxillus involutus. In mixed broadleaved forests the ranking is Cantharellus &lt; Boletus edulis &lt; Russula &lt; Xerocomus badius &lt; Leccinum &lt; Paxillus involutus. Within one habitat type, we observed fairly significant variations in 137Cs accumulation in fruit bodies of fungi species.

Content of heavy metals in melliferous vegetation, bee bodies, and beekeeping production

It is shown in this article that, when bees used plant flowers from a site that was moderately polluted by heavy metals (HMs), the smallest quantity of these metals was accumulated in honey, while the largest quantity was in propolis. The coefficient of biological accumulation of lead and cadmium in honey was at the level of 0.43 and 0.12, respectively. The largest quantity of HMs in the bee body is accumulated in the abdominal regions, while the smallest quantity is accumulated in the head region.

Химический состав и продуктивность Vaccinium myrtillus L. в условиях техногенного воздействия

The content and nature of the distribution of chemical elements (S, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) and phenolic compound were determined in the above-ground and underground parts of bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.), grown on the background and technogenic polluted territories of the Southern Baikal region. Plants and soil were sampled at polluted site situated 0.5-1.0 km from Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (East Siberia) and at a relatively clean site. It was shown that in V. myrtillus Fe, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd accumulated in roots, Mn and Zn accumulated in stems, S and Co in leaves and Cu in fruits in background conditions. Should be noted, the intensity of the absorption elements of the reproductive organs V. myrtillus is lower than of the vegetative one. The content of phenolic compounds in plants bilberries decreases in the order leaves Under influence of the industrial emissions of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill bilberry above-ground parts from polluted site contained significantly higher concentration of S and significantly lower concentrations of Mn and Zn. Coefficients of biophil elements accumulation decreased 1.4-2.0 times, that indicates a violation of their absorption by plant roots. Furthermore, leaves had significantly higher level of total phenolics and flavonoids as compared with bilberry leaves from non-polluted site. Plants of the polluted sites had a lower height, amount of fruits. The berries productivity was significantly lower (1.1±0.3 g per shrub compared with 2.0±0.5 g). At the same time t he weight of one berry did not differ between sites. Reduction of the morphometric parameters shrub leads to a decrease in their aboveground biomass of an average of 1.5 times, berries productivity (g/m 2 ) decreased 1.7 times.

The Pharmacokinetics of Technetium-99m-Labeled N,N,N′,N′-Ethylenediaminetetra-Kis-(Methylenephosphonic Acid) in Intact Rats

Pharmacokinetic studies of technetium-99m-labeled N,N,N′,N′-ethylenediaminetetra-kis-(methylenephosphonic acid) (99mTc-EDTMP) showed that this radiopharmaceutical (RP) has high in vivo stability. Studies of the biodistribution of 99mTc-EDTMP were performed in healthy rats. Labeled agent was found to accumulate mainly in bone tissue. The greatest activity in the skeleton, (1.93 ± 0.12)%/g, was seen 1 h after i.v. administration. Accumulation of 99mTc-EDTMP content in the skeleton was 4.7 – 24.3 times greater than that of sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) (p < 0.001). Numerical values for differential accumulation coefficients (DAC) for activity in bones and internal organs and tissues were found to increase gradually to maximum values 3 h after i.v. administration. RP was eliminated mainly via the urinary tract. Study agent was rapidly cleared from the blood and only minor quantities accumulated in the internal organs. Contents were lower than those of Na99mTcO4 in in virtually all organs and tissues. These results indicate that 99mTc-EDTMP can be regarded as a potential RP for diagnostic investigations of bone tissues.

Chlorinated herbicides in fish, birds and mammals in the Baltic Sea.

The aim of the present work was to determine the concentration levels, as well as accumulation and magnification coefficients, of triazine derivatives in herring gulls and Baltic grey seals 11 years after a ban on their use in the EU and eight after their exclusion in Poland. Dead birds were collected in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk in the years 2010–2012. The grey seals, on the other hand, were from before 2007, when s-triazine derivatives were still in use. Triazine herbicides (atrazine, simazine, propazine, terbutrine, prometrone, prometrine and ametrine) were found in the muscles and livers of birds and mammals and also in fish. The obtained results indicated the presence of all the assayed triazines in whole Baltic herring and their livers, while fish muscles were found to be free of prometrone and ametrine. In the muscles and liver of the grey seal, no ametrine, propazine or terbutrine were found, while prometrine was found in the liver of only one specimen. Research showed that simazine did not accumulate and magnify in marine birds and mammals. Atrazine became accumulated in the liver of birds and mammals while magnification was determined in their muscles. The accumulation of ametrine was found in the muscles of seals.

Numerical simulation of lateral control in supersonic cross jet flow

To investigate the effect of angle of attack and jet position on the lateral control force in the cross jet flow,the paper firstly simulated the supersonic cross jet flow by the numerical methods. The calculated longitudinal wall pressure distribution agreed well with the experimental results. Jet force amplification factor in longitudinal direction and center of interaction force were used to evaluate the actual performance of lateral control force in jet interaction. Moreover,normal interaction force accumulation coefficient was introduced to analyze how four characteristic areas on the body surface affect the lateral control force in jet interaction.The numerical results indicate that the lateral control force in jet interaction,which is equivalent to a normal force,together with a nose-down moment around center of jet,are not equal to the jet force in design. The wake zone of low pressure is a determinant factor affecting the actual performance of lateral control force. As the angle of attack increases,the strength of the interaction pressure in the wake zone decreases,which will enhance the lateral control force. With the jet location moving backward,the scope of the wake zone diminishes,which will improve the actual performance of lateral control force.

RESHAPING OF THE VOLGOGRAD RESERVOIR COASTS

Long-term observations (1958-2010) of the erosion on Volgograd reservoir banks proved the linear trends of process, which evidence the lasting character of washout. In the course of abrasion-accumulation profile development the coefficient of accumulation keep minimal values, that extends the active phase of bank erosion. Characteristics of bank profiles depend mainly on currents.