Coding Of Information Research Articles

The impact of functional correlations on task information coding

ABSTRACT State-dependent neural correlations can be understood from a neural coding framework. Noise correlations—trial-to-trial or moment-to-moment covariability—can be interpreted only if the underlying signal correlation—similarity of task selectivity between pairs of neural units—is known. Despite many investigations in local spiking circuits, it remains unclear how this coding framework applies to large-scale brain networks. Here, we investigated relationships between large-scale noise correlations and signal correlations in a multitask human fMRI dataset. We found that task-state noise correlation changes (e.g., functional connectivity) did not typically change in the same direction as their underlying signal correlation (e.g., tuning similarity of two regions). Crucially, noise correlations that changed in the opposite direction as their signal correlation (i.e., anti-aligned correlations) improved information coding of these brain regions. In contrast, noise correlations that changed in the same direction (aligned noise correlations) as their signal correlation did not. Interestingly, these aligned noise correlations were primarily correlation increases, suggesting that most functional correlation increases across fMRI networks actually degrade information coding. These findings illustrate that state-dependent noise correlations shape information coding of functional brain networks, with interpretation of correlation changes requiring knowledge of underlying signal correlations.

Joint phase control in metasurfaces for optical convolution operations

Combining the propagation and geometric phases in a metasurface facilitates the independent control of multiple parameters of the light field. However, the geometric phase often displays a random distribution, making it difficult to observe directly. We introduce a frequency-dependent phase response: at frequency f1, there is a superposition of the geometric and propagation phases, whereas at frequency f2, the propagation phase remains constant, and only the geometric phase is applied. The superposition can be interpreted as a convolution process in far-field Fraunhofer diffraction, enabling convolution metasurface devices to generate complex orbital angular momentum beams array and patterned array. Notably, the geometric phase aligns with the characteristic distribution of orbital angular momentum beams, allowing direct observation of the loaded geometric phase. These findings open what we believe to be new avenues for manipulating and calculating complex vector optical fields, optical information coding, controlling light-matter interactions, and enhancing optical communication.

Motor Fault Diagnosis Based on Convolutional Block Attention Module-Xception Lightweight Neural Network.

Electric motors play a crucial role in self-driving vehicles. Therefore, fault diagnosis in motors is important for ensuring the safety and reliability of vehicles. In order to improve fault detection performance, this paper proposes a motor fault diagnosis method based on vibration signals. Firstly, the vibration signals of each operating state of the motor at different frequencies are measured with vibration sensors. Secondly, the characteristic of Gram image coding is used to realize the coding of time domain information, and the one-dimensional vibration signals are transformed into grayscale diagrams to highlight their features. Finally, the lightweight neural network Xception is chosen as the main tool, and the attention mechanism Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is introduced into the model to enforce the importance of the characteristic information of the motor faults and realize their accurate identification. Xception is a type of convolutional neural network; its lightweight design maintains excellent performance while significantly reducing the model's order of magnitude. Without affecting the computational complexity and accuracy of the network, the CBAM attention mechanism is added, and Gram's corner field is combined with the improved lightweight neural network. The experimental results show that this model achieves a better recognition effect and faster iteration speed compared with the traditional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), ResNet, and Xception networks.

Population coding of auditory space in the dorsal inferior colliculus persists with altered binaural cues.

Sound localization is critical for real-world hearing, such as segregating overlapping sound streams. For optimal flexibility, central representations of auditory space must adapt to peripheral changes in binaural cue availability, such as following asymmetric hearing loss in adulthood. However, whether the mature auditory system can reliably encode spatial auditory representations upon abrupt changes in binaural input is unclear. Here we use 2-photon Ca2+ imaging in awake head-fixed mice to determine how the higher-order "shell" layers of the inferior colliculus (IC) encode sound source location in the frontal azimuth, under binaural conditions and after acute monaural hearing loss induced by an ear plug ipsilateral to the imaged hemisphere. Spatial receptive fields were typically broad and not exclusively contralateral: Neurons responded reliably to multiple positions in the contra- and ipsi-lateral hemifields, with preferred positions tiling the entire frontal azimuth. Ear plugging broadened receptive fields and reduced spatial selectivity in a subset of neurons, in agreement with an inhibitory influence of ipsilateral sounds. However ear plugging also enhanced spatial tuning and/or unmasked receptive fields in other neurons, shifting the distribution of preferred angles ipsilaterally with minimal impact on the neuronal population's overall spatial resolution; these effects occurred within 2 hours of ear plugging. Consequently, linear classifiers trained on fluorescence data from control and ear-plugged conditions had similar classification accuracy when tested on held out data from within, but not across hearing conditions. Spatially informative neuronal population codes therefore arise rapidly following monaural hearing loss, in absence of overt experience.

Application of interlayer perforation and installation of transparent elements in the technology of duplicated decorative polymer films

Objectives. To develop technologies for producing multilayer films of transparent thermoplastic polymers; to study methods of modifying their supramolecular structure; and to determine their optical properties by means of optical-polarization methods for the use of modified films as decorative and design materials in modern architecture.Methods. Industrial samples of polystyrene, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride films from various manufacturers (Don Polimer, Vektor, and Sibur) were the objects of the study. The optical properties of the films were studied by means polarized-light spectrophotometry. In order to modify the supramolecular structure of the polymers, the surfaces of the films were treated under isometric conditions with volatile solvents or their aqueous solutions. Parts of the layers of multilayer films were removed by cutting with a punching knife using a press or with a manual device for perforating printing materials.Results. The spectral characteristics of multilayer films of several transparent thermoplastic polymers in polarized light were determined. The study showed that a wide palette of colors and contrasting images can be obtained by mechanically removing part of the layers of multilayer films. The phenomenon of pseudo-disappearance of the outermost layer was discovered after treatment of a stack of films under isometric conditions with volatile solvents or their aqueous solutions.Conclusions. Based on the example of large-scale production thermoplastics, it was shown that a combination of technological methods of stacking, perforation, and local plasticization of films of transparent thermoplastic polymers can produce pleochroic multicolor materials for a range of human activities. The possibility of hidden coding of information on multilayer packaging materials, and its visualization and instrumental reading in polarized light was confirmed by color differential and contrast of 150 and 60 units, respectively. It was also shown that several monochrome tones of different lightness and brightness can be obtained by varying the number of layers or perforating the films in multilayer materials.

Modernization of Hanunuo Millennials: A Qualitative Ethnographic Study

As one generation comes after the other, the Hanunuo millennials encountered a social change in different aspects of their lives. This is a descriptive qualitative study using ethnography which aims to determine the modernization of the millennials in the eyes of the Hanunuo elders in terms of lifestyle, marriage set-up and political beliefs. The researcher used as data collection methods, participant observations triangulated with interviews and key informant interviews. Evidence was collected in the form of taped interviews and field notes. The researcher used codes for the raw information and categorized the data. Sociocultural theory asserts how culture and society molded the social life of Hanunuo Mangyan who were born the way they are. The study showed that the Hanunuo millennials have been preserving their culture by educating the Hanunuo youth on their respective learning center despite of modernization. As every generation has its own identity, Hanunuo millennials are fond of using different technologies which create a new order of life in modern time. It is therefore recommended that the Local Government Unit should be vigilant and be supportive to the sociocultural development of this particular cultural community.

Prefrontal working memory signal primarily controls phase-coded information within extrastriate cortex.

In order to understand how prefrontal cortex provides the benefits of working memory (WM) for visual processing we examined the influence of WM on the representation of visual signals in V4 neurons in two macaque monkeys. We found that WM induces strong β oscillations in V4 and that the timing of action potentials relative to this oscillation reflects sensory information- i.e., a phase coding of visual information. Pharmacologically inactivating the Frontal Eye Field part of prefrontal cortex, we confirmed the necessity of prefrontal signals for the WM-driven boost in phase coding of visual information. Indeed, changes in the average firing rate of V4 neurons could be accounted for by WM-induced oscillatory changes. We present a network model to describe how WM signals can recruit sensory areas primarily by inducing oscillations within these areas and discuss the implications of these findings for a sensory recruitment theory of WM through coherence.

Nanosized-laser-induced sub-20 nm homogenous alloy nanoparticles

Alloy nanoparticles (NPs) have great potential in nanosized 3D-printing, surface coating, plasmonic enhancement, information coding, and so forth. However, chemical-pollution-free and homogeneous sub-20 nm NPs maintain still a challenge in preparation. Here we present a smart nanosecond laser scan strategy of alloy-NPs preparation on a bilayer metal film by using a nanosized focused beam, successfully realizing controllable fabrication of the sub-20 nm homogeneous alloy NPs without pollution. As a demonstration, various sub-20 nm AgCu NPs with different volume ratios have been prepared, all NPs show narrow size distribution and uniform interparticle spacing. This simple and cost-effective method is stable and adaptable for other alloy-NPs such as AuAg NPs. In addition, such alloy NPs exhibit two-peak plasma resonance feature and information coding capacity. We believe that homogenous alloy sub-20 nm NPs will provide new application opportunities in many fields.

Formal Methods for Establishing Simulation Interoperability for Military Health System Applications.

Advancements in information technology have facilitated information exchange practices within the Military Health System (MHS), enabling "systems of systems" approaches that broaden and coordinate the set of capabilities available to enhance patient outcomes. This is applicable for MHS modeling and simulation (M&S) applications as well. Learning from successful approaches applied in current interoperability solutions used in the military helps to ensure interoperability practices yield trusted compositions of simulations. The use of formal methods provides the rigor necessary to unambiguously communicate these approaches across the MHS community. Here, 3 formal methods are proposed to ensure the harmonization of models and alignment of M&S data needed for simulation interoperability for MHS applications. To clarify considerations relevant for establishing simulation interoperability, the proposed formal methods are examined within a notional example of an injury sustained because of blast exposure. The first method applies the principles of semiotics, addressing the coding of information via syntax and semantics, to understand how to align and transform data across simulations within a composition. The second method applies the concepts of well-specified co-simulations, and the use of different techniques, tools, and algorithms to address the composition and synchronization of M&S components. The third method applies the mathematical branch of model theory to codify expert knowledge about concepts, assumptions, and constraints to ensure conceptual alignment within the simulation composition. Biomedical research must contend with complexity inherent to computational human body modeling, enlisting expert knowledge from multiple domains supporting the development of cross-disciplinary research tools that resolve research foci and associated differences in underlying theories, methods, and applied tools. This is closely related to the broader context of digital engineering for military systems engineering.

Correlates of Theta and Gamma Activity during Visuospatial Incidental/Intentional Encoding and Retrieval Indicate Differences in Processing in Young and Elderly Healthy Participants.

Incidental visuospatial learning acquired under incidental conditions is more vulnerable to aging than in the intentional case. The theta and gamma correlates of the coding and retrieval of episodic memory change during aging. Based on the vulnerability of incidental coding to aging, different theta and gamma correlates could occur under the incidental versus intentional coding and retrieval of visuospatial information. Theta and gamma EEG was recorded from the frontotemporal regions, and incidental/intentional visuospatial learning was evaluated in young (25-60 years old) and elderly (60-85 years old) participants. The EEG recorded during encoding and retrieval was compared between incidental low-demand, incidental high-demand, and intentional conditions through an ANCOVA considering the patient's gender, IQ, and years of schooling as covariates. Older adults exhibited worse performances, especially in place-object associations. After the intentional study, older participants showed a further increase in false-positive errors. Higher power at the theta and gamma bands was observed for frontotemporal derivations in older participants for both encoding and retrieval. Under retrieval, only young participants had lower power in terms of errors compared with correct responses. In conclusion, the different patterns of power and coherence support incidental and intentional visuospatial encoding and retrieval in young and elderly individuals. The correlates of power with behavior are sensitive to age and performance.

Six-channel colorimetric sensing of metal ions and advanced molecular information security based on fish scale-derived carbon–gold–silver nanocomposites

Due to its high flexibility and expansibility, nanomaterials-based systems have been constructed and applied from sensing, and medicine to molecular information technology. However, the current challenges include tedious and harsh nanomaterials preparation, the need for a wider range of response channels, new information paradigms, higher information density and length. Herein, fish-scale derived carbon nanomaterials (FSCN) were used as reducing and stabilizing agents for direct, green, and facile synthesis of carbon-bimetallic nanocomposites and applications in six-channel colorimetric sensing of Hg2+, and multi-combination and multi-round information encoding and protection for long text. First, the reaction sequence of three precursors (FSCN, Au3+, Ag+) was optimized to prepare FSCN–Au–Ag nanocomposites with double plasmonic absorption peaks of Au/Ag nanoparticles (NPs). The addition of Hg2+ causes the aggregation of nanoparticles and the formation of Ag/Hg amalgam or Au/Hg amalgam, FSCN–Au–Ag NPs were capable of multi-channel sensing (color, absorbance, and peak shift) of Hg2+. Especially, the detection limit of Hg2+ was 8.9 nM based on absorption response in wide wavelength range (456–546 nm), which was at least 6 times more sensitive than that at single wavelength. Moreover, different long text information can be encrypted and hidden in six-channel selective responses of FSCN–Au–Ag NPs-based colorimetric sensing system. By setting the threshold, these selective responses can be abstracted as a series of binary strings and then divided into shorter strings. Utilizing multi-combination and multi-round information coding, these short binary strings can be decrypted and merged into various long text content. This research promotes preparation and multi-purpose application of carbon-bimetallic nanomaterials, which provides new way to improve the sensing sensitivity of nanosystems and also offers new direction for molecular digitization.

Coordinated Response Modulations Enable Flexible Use of Visual Information.

We use sensory information in remarkably flexible ways. We can generalize by ignoring task-irrelevant features, report different features of a stimulus, and use different actions to report a perceptual judgment. These forms of flexible behavior are associated with small modulations of the responses of sensory neurons. While the existence of these response modulations is indisputable, efforts to understand their function have been largely relegated to theory, where they have been posited to change information coding or enable downstream neurons to read out different visual and cognitive information using flexible weights. Here, we tested these ideas using a rich, flexible behavioral paradigm, multi-neuron, multi-area recordings in primary visual cortex (V1) and mid-level visual area V4. We discovered that those response modulations in V4 (but not V1) contain the ingredients necessary to enable flexible behavior, but not via those previously hypothesized mechanisms. Instead, we demonstrated that these response modulations are precisely coordinated across the population such that downstream neurons have ready access to the correct information to flexibly guide behavior without making changes to information coding or synapses. Our results suggest a novel computational role for task-dependent response modulations: they enable flexible behavior by changing the information that gets out of a sensory area, not by changing information coding within it.

Prediction of behavioral performance by alpha-band phase synchronization in working memory

Working memory (WM) is a cognitive system with limited capacity that can temporarily store and process information. The purpose of this study was to investigate functional connectivity based on phase synchronization during WM and its relationship with the behavioral response. In this regard, we recorded EEG/Eye tracking data of seventeen healthy subjects while performing a memory-guided saccade (MGS) task with two different positions (near eccentricity and far eccentricity). We computed saccade error as memory performance and measured functional connectivity using Phase Locking Value (PLV) in the alpha frequency band (8–12 Hz). The results showed that PLV is negatively correlated with saccade error. Our finding indicated that during the maintenance period, PLV between the frontal and visual area in trials with low saccade error increased significantly compared to trials with high saccade error. Furthermore, we observed a significant difference between PLV for near and far conditions in the delay period. The results suggest that PLV in memory maintenance, in addition to predicting saccade error as behavioral performance, can be related to the coding of spatial information in WM.

Reconfiguration of the visual code and retinal cell type complement in closely related diurnal and nocturnal mice.

How does evolution act on neuronal populations to match computational characteristics to functional demands? We address this problem by comparing visual code and retinal cell composition in closely related murid species with different behaviours. Rhabdomys pumilio are diurnal and have substantially thicker inner retina and larger visual thalamus than nocturnal Mus musculus. High-density electrophysiological recordings of visual response features in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) reveals that Rhabdomys attains higher spatiotemporal acuity both by denser coverage of the visual scene and a selective expansion of elements of the code characterised by non-linear spatiotemporal summation. Comparative analysis of single cell transcriptomic cell atlases reveals that realignment of the visual code is associated with increased relative abundance of bipolar and ganglion cell types supporting OFF and ON-OFF responses. These findings demonstrate how changes in retinal cell complement can reconfigure the coding of visual information to match changes in visual needs.

LEARNING GERMAN BASED ON TEXTS

The focus of the paper is text analysis at this point in text linguistics’ evolution. It clarifies the views of both foreign and domestic linguists on how to define the term “text” and examines the research methods used in this area of study. Modern linguistics needs new principles and methods of text formation that are based on corpus linguistics. The study of language and speech is also impossible without the anthropocentric and speech principle, which is formed in perspective: man and language. In this regard, his role in the text is of great importance. In the paper, special emphasis is placed on teaching German as a “foreign” language using the text as a higher-level communicative unit, an informative code that is addressed from the subject to the object. The text should contain cognitive material, have educational opportunities, be comprehensible, arouse interest and have feedback from the learners. Of course, the perception of the text depends on many aspects: the lexical and grammatical base of the students, their general knowledge, experience, etc. While working with the text, you should not only pay attention to phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, etc., but also to the subject matter of the texts, which should be interesting to students. We believe that it is very effective to use newspaper texts related to education, life of young people in Ukraine and abroad, hobbies, sports, medicine, political and economic issues, etc. Approaching the study and description of the language in action is essential for interacting with the text (be it artistic, journalistic, scientific, etc.). This is an excellent chance for students to discover and apply the knowledge they have learned.

Лингвокультурные лексические таймеры и хронемы в информативном коде публицистического дискурса (на материале журналов «National Geographic» и «Вокруг света»)

The article describes the nominative field of the dominant concept “Time” by identifying the peculiarities of the representation of chronemes and linguocultural lexical timers in the discursive temporal architectonics of journalistic articles on Arabic architecture published in the magazines Vokrug Sveta and National Geographic. The research is determined by the need for taxonomic modeling of the nominative field of the dominant concept “Time” from the perspective of its contextual coupling with the linguocultural range of descriptions of ancient Arabic urban architecture in the journalistic discourse of English-language and Russian-language magazines. The article “The Earth and the Sun of Tunisia” by V. Zakharchenko and V. Kaboshkin as well as the article “These 5 destinations are among the holiest sites in Islam”, written by the editor of the National Geographic magazine, were both considered for the temporal components of the nominative field of the dominant concept “Time”. Their comparative analysis showed trends in the use of temporal markers in the discursive informative code of journalistic texts. The findings indicate that the article by V. Zakharchenko and V. Kaboshkin “The Earth and the Sun of Tunisia” published in the magazine Vokrug Sveta, and the editorial article “These 5 destinations are among the holiest sites in Islam” published in the National Geographic magazine contain 25 and 23 chronemes and linguocultural lexical timers, respectively. The identified temporal markers are used as a reference to the historical period during which a particular architectural construction was created in the urban space. The result of this article involves the replenishment of the theoretical data on the features of the nominative field of the dominant concept “Time” represented by various chronemes and linguocultural lexical timers in journalistic discourse, as well as in the presentation of the author’s classification of chronemes identified in the journalistic texts on Arabic architecture taken from the magazines Vokrug Sveta and National Geographic. The obtained research results can be applied in lectures and seminars on discourse studies, intercultural communication, cognitive linguistics, text theory, in seminars on the interpretation of the discursive informative code of the nominative field of the dominant concept “Time”.

A method to find temporal structure of neuronal coactivity patterns with across-trial correlations

BackgroundThe across-trial correlation of neurons' coactivity patterns emerges to be important for information coding, but methods for finding their temporal structures remain largely unexplored. New methodIn the present study, we propose a method to find time clusters in which coactivity patterns of neurons are correlated across trials. We transform the multidimensional neural activity at each timing into a coactivity pattern of binary states, and predict the coactivity patterns at different timings. We devise a method suitable for these coactivity pattern predictions, call general event prediction. Cross-temporal prediction accuracy is then used to estimate across-trial correlations between coactivity patterns at two timings. We extract time clusters from the cross-temporal prediction accuracy by a modified k-means algorithm. ResultsThe feasibility of the proposed method is verified through simulations based on ground truth. We apply the proposed method to a calcium imaging dataset recorded from the motor cortex of mice, and demonstrate time clusters of motor cortical coactivity patterns during a motor task. Comparison with existing methodsWhile the existing cosine similarity method, which does not account for across-trial correlation, shows temporal structures only for contralateral neural responses, the proposed method reveals those for both contralateral and ipsilateral neural responses, demonstrating the effect of across-trial correlations. ConclusionsThis study introduces a novel method for measuring the temporal structure of neuronal ensemble activity.

DNA as a perfect quantum computer based on the quantum physics principles

DNA is a complex multi-resolution molecule whose theoretical study is a challenge. Its intrinsic multiscale nature requires chemistry and quantum physics to understand the structure and quantum informatics to explain its operation as a perfect quantum computer. Here, we present theoretical results of DNA that allow a better description of its structure and the operation process in the transmission, coding, and decoding of genetic information. Aromaticity is explained by the oscillatory resonant quantum state of correlated electron and hole pairs due to the quantized molecular vibrational energy acting as an attractive force. The correlated pairs form a supercurrent in the nitrogenous bases in a single band π\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pi$$\\end{document}-molecular orbital (π\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pi$$\\end{document}-MO). The MO wave function (Φ)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(\\Phi )$$\\end{document} is assumed to be the linear combination of the n constituent atomic orbitals. The central Hydrogen bond between Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) or Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) functions like an ideal Josephson Junction. The approach of a Josephson Effect between two superconductors is correctly described, as well as the condensation of the nitrogenous bases to obtain the two entangled quantum states that form the qubit. Combining the quantum state of the composite system with the classical information, RNA polymerase teleports one of the four Bell states. DNA is a perfect quantum computer.

The realization of the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer with the laser energy transform

Laser Charging means high energy laser beam to irradiate the solar cell to gain electricity power through photovoltaic generation. This kind of wireless energy transform way fits the IoT and other low energy satiation with the benefit of long-distance transmission. In this paper, we present a new way of information transferring while energy is gained which is called Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer. The main idea is to switch the laser device output power to generate the different PV current values, the dual level of laser power decides two ranges of the value. We imitate the On-Off Keying (OOK) named Low-High Keying(LHK) which turns the information into the energy code with a high or low current value. The issue of information coding is also presented with an example. And the application also provided the realization presented. The new method provides a brand way to Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power transfer without any extra equipment by contrast with others. It's suited for the long-distance, low power and limited information-connected occasions.

Spike timing-based coding in neuromimetic tactile system enables dynamic object classification.

Rapid processing of tactile information is essential to human haptic exploration and dexterous object manipulation. Conventional electronic skins generate frames of tactile signals upon interaction with objects. Unfortunately, they are generally ill-suited for efficient coding of temporal information and rapid feature extraction. In this work, we report a neuromorphic tactile system that uses spike timing, especially the first-spike timing, to code dynamic tactile information about touch and grasp. This strategy enables the system to seamlessly code highly dynamic information with millisecond temporal resolution on par with the biological nervous system, yielding dynamic extraction of tactile features. Upon interaction with objects, the system rapidly classifies them in the initial phase of touch and grasp, thus paving the way to fast tactile feedback desired for neuro-robotics and neuro-prosthetics.