Code Rules Research Articles

You speak some Spanish? Indicators of interpreters’ (non-) performance in Spanish criminal courts

In this paper we will attempt to establish the reasons for low-quality performance of court interpreters in the context of criminal proceedings in the courts of Barcelona. Drawing on a corpus of authentic recorded hearings, we explore four possible factors that may have an impact on interpreters’ performance: length of the hearing, conversation management problems, interpreters’ experience, and type of offence being tried. Furthermore, we also analyse unjustified nonrenditions, which are considered an important indicator of non-performance. The findings are discussed in the context of the linguistic competence of the interpreter, their role in the interaction with all the participants, and the established rules of professional codes of conduct. This paper will draw attention to the need to improve the qualification of interpreters, but also to raise awareness of the role of the interpreter among members of the judiciary in Spain, with a view to protecting the procedural rights of those who do not speak or understand the language in which the proceedings are conducted.

Dampak Tindak Pidana Pungli terhadap Perekonomian dan Investasi di Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to explain that extortion (illegal levies) is the imposition of fees in places that should not be charged or collected. Extortion itself (illegal levies) is also often equated with extortion, fraud, or corruption. This is the impact of criminal acts in the Criminal Code rules. Extortion (illegal levies) itself is not clearly contained in the Criminal 2 Code, but illegal levies are the same as included in the criminal acts of fraud, extortion, and corruption that have been regulated in the Criminal Code. This research method uses library research (Library Research). Extortion (illegal levies) has a major impact on the economy and investment in Indonesia by having a negative impact on people who have a direct interest in public services. Extortion (illegal levies) has several causative factors such as cultural factors and organizational culture. Efforts to deal with extortion (illegal levies) are by means of repressive measures in the form of investigations into eradicating extortion in terms of its object, namely from the law itself.

Rule 3 of the Draft Code on Wages (Central) Rules, 2020: An important milestone


 When Rule 3 of the Draft Code on Wages (Central) Rules, 2020 (hereafter referred to as ‘Draft Rules’) was notified, the shortcomings of Rule 3(1) in the Draft were highlighted by the discussion paper published by the International Labour Organisation and the recommendations made by Oxfam. This paper argues that despite its shortcomings, Rule 3(1) in the Draft Rules is still an important milestone for the progressive realisation of workers’ welfare in India, because it is the first time that the Union Government has shown normative commitment towards ratifying the recommendations of the 15th Indian Labour Conference, 1957. The benefit of calculating the minimum wage as per Rule 3(1) of the Draft Rules, which is in tune with the 15th Indian Labour Conference recommendations, would be that it will ensure that the minimum wages will be set at a quantum higher than usually set by the Committees and Wage Boards appointed by the Union Governments throughout history. Therefore, while it is necessary that the civil society organisations eventually push for a better version of Rule 3(1) in the Draft Rules, it is equally important that they act as watchdogs to ensure full-fledged ratification and implementation of the 15th ILC norms in Rule 3(1) in the Draft Code Rules in the first place.

Penal Liability for the Oil Leak Incident "Heavy Fuel" in the Jordanian Port of Aqaba and Its Impact on the Environment

Pollution by oil "heavy fuel" poses an environmental problem. Therefore, there must be legal protection through civil and penal liability to combat this. Still, in this research, we will address the penal protection relating to preserving the marine environment in the Aqaba Special Economic Zone, Jordan's only water crossing and a source of economic and tourism income for Jordan.
 The study reached several conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which was: The Jordanian legislator provides in article 54/b of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Act and article 54 ter for penalties applicable to those responsible for pollution of the marine environment, in particular concerning the issue of the oil leak, such responsible must have criminal intent according to the general rules of the Criminal Code. Regarding the recommendations, articles 54/b and 54 make it clear that a penalty must be imposed whether or not there is criminal intent. Also, there must be a gradation of penalty; therefore, I wish the Jordanian legislator to amend article 54/b of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Act and the proposed provision as follows: "If there is pollution in the seawater or the marine environment, whether the criminal intent is available or not, the penalty must be imprisonment for a period of not less than one year and not more than three years or a fine from (2000) JD to (20,000) JD or both penalties if they are for the first time. If they are for the second time or have devastating and persistent effects on the environment, article 54 ter of the same code must be applied and determined by a specialized committee to be determined by the competent court”.

Structural assessment investigations of the DEMO Divertor shielding components with reference to RCC-MRx

• This paper relates the activity on structural analysis (integrity assessment) carried on the DEMO divertor cassette shielding components. The first step has regarded the evaluation of electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical loads. The structural analysis has focused attention on the integrity assessment of the shielding components (Shielding Liner, inboard and outboard reflector Plates) and their attachment systems. The elastic design-by-analysis rules of the RCC-MRx design code have been adopted. The verification has been performed for monotonic and cyclic loads (primary and secondary damages) under both negligible and significant irradiation conditions. Even though the assessment is not complete, important findings have allowed to refine the geometry of the shielding components to improve the internal stress distribution. The procedures foreseen by the RCC-MRx design rules (elastic analysis) have been constructed to compare the calculated stress values against the allowable ones.. This work describes the structural integrity assessment performed on a part of the DEMO Divertor Cassette, starting from the evaluation of electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical loads. The study focused on the shielding components (Shielding Liner, Inboard and Outboard Reflector Plates) and their attachments on the cassette. The assessment is made applying the elastic design-by-analysis rules of the RCC-MRx design code. The verification has been made for monotonic and cyclic loads (primary and secondary damages) under both negligible and significant irradiation conditions. The assessment is not complete because the verification against the fatigue damage has not been considered, but the overall findings allow to plan some improvements related to the shielding components to decrease the internal stress distribution. The elastic analysis performed according to the RCC-MRx design rules allows to compare the calculated stress values with the allowables.

Providing Suggested Rules for Multiple Primary Cancer Recording, Coding and Registering in Population-based Cancer Registry.

Multiple primary cancers (MPC) present many coding difficulties, while a distinction should be made between new cases and those with metastasis and/or extension and recurrence of the primary ones. We aimed to reflect on the experiences and results of data quality control of the East Azerbaijan/Iran Population-Based Cancer Registry and present our suggested rules for reporting, recording and registering multiple primary cancer. Comparability, validity, timeliness, and completeness of data assessment were performed. As a result, we created a consulting team including expert oncologists, pathologists, and gastroenterologists to discuss for multiple primary tumors recording, identifying, coding and registering. In case of confirmed Blood malignancies with definite BMB results, Brain and/or Bone involvements are always metastatic. In most cases of multiple cancers with the same morphological types, the earlier should be registered as primary tumor. In most of the synchronous multiple cancers, familial cancer syndromes should be considered and rules out. In case of two tumors diagnosed at the same time in colon and rectum, primary site should be detected by T stage or tumor sizes. In case of multiple tumors in Recto-sigmoid, Colon , and Rectum the earlier history of tumor should be considered as primary site. This rule was applied for Female Genital tumors, as earlier site is always the Primary cancer and other tumors should be registered as metastatic sites. Conclusion: Given the complexity of coding MPCs, we suggested some additional rules for identifying, recording, coding, and registering multiple primary cancers in the context of the EA-PBCR program.

The status and liability of executive officers in the Hungarian judicial practice - with particular reference to the new legislation

Under the former Hungarian Labour Code, the employer's manager and his deputy were liable for damages caused by the violation of the rules prescribed in the context of his managerial activity according to the rules of civil law. Under the previously applicable Act on Companies either the labour law rules or the rules of the Civil Code applied to the executive officer.
 According to the new Civil Code, the executive officer is liable to the legal person for damages caused to the legal person during his management activities according to the rules of liability for damages caused by breach of contract.
 The management of the company may be carried out by the executive officer on the basis of an agency contract or an employment contract, according to the agreement concluded with the company.
 The new legislation raises the question of whether the executive officer is liable for damage caused to the company under the rules of employment law or under the civil law rules on breach of contract.

OTT & Media Consumption Pattern and Its Impact on Psychological Wellbeing among Gen Z

This study investigates the media consumption pattern among Gen Z People, with a sample size of 149 people. The aim of the research is to gain insights into their media consumption pattern and their psychological wellbeing. The study employs a quantitative research approach, utilizing surveys as the primary data collection method. The survey questionnaire includes measures related to social media platform, OTT platform they use, device they use which are key dimensions to understand their media consumption pattern. The sample size of 148 people ensures a sufficiently diverse representation of different age group, educational background and geographical locations. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, such as means, frequencies, and percentages, to provide an overview of psychological wellbeing. Additionally, inferential statistics, such as correlation and regression analysis, is conducted to identify any relationships between media consumption pattern and their psychological wellbeing. there is no adequate law, guidelines, or regulations; therefore, the content exhibited on these platforms is uncontrolled. Several petitions have been made in courts trying to limit the information published on these platforms, such as Amazon and Netflix. No rule or authority is in place to pre-screen material on OTT services. In 2021, the Indian government issued new standards called the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, which attempt to control digital media and OTT services but do not address contemporary societal demand.

A highly secure image encryption algorithm based on conservative hyperchaotic system and dynamic biogenetic gene algorithms

Aiming at the problem that the current image encryption algorithms generally use dissipative chaos, which leads to the algorithms being vulnerable to reconstruction attack, and the coding rules of image encryption algorithms using biological coding are too simple, this paper proposes an image encryption algorithm based on conservative hyperchaotic and biological gene algorithms. Firstly, a new conservative hyperchaotic system is proposed, which can resist reconstruction attacks, has a larger key space, and can generate pseudorandom sequences with strong randomicity. Secondly, SHA-512 is used to calculate the hash value of plaintext image, and the initial key is generated through the key generation algorithm we devised to improve the sensitivity of the algorithm to the key and plaintext. Finally, new dynamic coding rules are designed to enrich the biological coding rules. In addition, dynamic gene uniform crossover algorithm and dynamic gene mutation algorithm are devised, and pseudorandom sequences dynamically control gene operation, further enriching coding rules and expanding key space, improving the security of the algorithm. According to experimental and analysis results, the image encryption algorithm has high security and efficiency.

Conscientious Negotiation: Principle, Presumption, Duty

The article is devoted to the rules of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on negotiation. The purpose of the article is to explore the relations of negotiation from a legal point of view and to find answers to questions related to the duty of fair negotiation. An important role in answering these questions is played by the decisions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, generalization of the practice of lower courts, explanations and recommendations, including those that include the qualification of legal relations arising from negotiations, from the point of view of their legal nature. The article analyzes the legal norm on negotiation, examines the positions of different authors on the issues raised, provides examples of decisions from both foreign judicial practice and domestic courts. By using a number of scientific methods (general scientific analytical method of cognition, system-structural, technical-legal, formal-dogmatic, and comparative-legal), the author comes to the following conclusions: 1) the principle of fair negotiation is a special case of the principle of good faith; 2) due to the fact that good faith is an evaluative concept, it is impossible to fix strict requirements for its definition in the law. In this connection, when specifying the principle of good faith, the legislator often uses presumptions, and a kind of approximate list of cases is formed by judicial interpretation, which makes it possible to determine what to attribute to conscientious or unscrupulous behavior; 3) the obligation to conduct negotiations in good faith arises in connection with the commission of mutual actions by the negotiators to enter into negotiations. In this capacity, any action can be considered that is sufficiently definite (in some cases, requirements for it may be established by law) and expresses the intention of the person to consider himself negotiating with the addressee, who will perform the same fairly definite action in response; 4) the obligations to conduct negotiations in good faith are related either to informing within the framework of a pre-contractual obligation, or to the negotiation process itself.

On the border of the physical and the virtual workplace – Dogmatic issues of home office and telework in general and in Hungarian law

The recent pandemic forced companies to switch to working from home, which was necessary to maintain health and economic efficiency. The move from physical workplaces to virtual workplaces in the digital space, however, started earlier than the pandemic. The pandemic amplified this process. In parallel, we also see that companies have had positive experiences in the process of creating virtual workplaces. The virtual workplace has serious IT-issues, which we attempt to reflect on. Some of the employees have taken to this solution: a significant part of the companies has not even returned to the classical former working processes. We have to focus also on the issues of the virtual workplace. Due to its practical popularity, it was necessary to regulate home office at the legal level, as most experts also had the opposite opinion on its essential elements. In order to close this debate, the legislator has created a new regulation concerning teleworking, which amends the rules of the Hungarian Labour Code on teleworking with effect from the end of the emergency. The purpose of this paper is to present the new legislation, with particular attention to the points at issue and the basics of its application in practice.

Agent Responsibilities in Life Insurance Marketing Practices for Legal Protection for Consumers

<span>The legislation provides legal protection to policyholders as insurance consumers. Protection of policyholders as insurance consumers is regulated in several regulations, such as the Criminal Code and the Civil Code. The Criminal Code Number 2 of 1992 concerning Business Insurance, the Criminal Code Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumerism Protection, also regulated in the rules of the Professional Code of Agents Indonesian Life Insurance. This research aims to know whether the insurance law is sufficient to regulate the agent's responsibility to consumers in the practice of marketing life insurance and how the agents' responsibility of marketing life insurance to the protection of penalties to consumers. This research used a juridical normative method approach. This method focused on library data and was supported by field research to support existing data. The results of the research indicate that insurance, which includes the Commercial Code, the Civil Code, and Law Number 2 of 1992 concerning Business Insurance, has not been sufficiently regulated regarding the responsibilities of agents. Therefore, other regulatory agencies are needed, such as codes of ethics and professional agents (self-regulation); the establishment of draft laws or the brokering of agents into codes or laws; and consumer protection law provides legal protection to consumers through the regulation of rights and obligations to businessmen and consumers, which also regulates the responsibilities of businessmen in marketing a product, both in the form of services and goods</span>

(218–220) Proposals to authorize binding decisions to be implemented upon General Committee approval of a recommendation, subject to ratification by a later International Botanical Congress

(218–220) Proposals to authorize binding decisions to be implemented upon General Committee approval of a recommendation, subject to ratification by a later International Botanical Congress

Reliability Function for Streaming Over a DMC With Feedback

Conventionally, posterior matching is investigated in channel coding and block encoding contexts – the source symbols are equiprobably distributed and are entirely known by the encoder before the transmission. In this paper, we consider a streaming source, whose symbols progressively arrive at the encoder at a sequence of deterministic times. We derive the joint source-channel coding (JSCC) reliability function for streaming over a discrete memoryless channel (DMC) with feedback. We propose a novel <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">instantaneous encoding phase</i> that operates during the symbol arriving period and achieves the JSCC reliability function for streaming when followed by a block encoding scheme that achieves the JSCC reliability function for a classical source whose symbols are fully accessible before the transmission. During the instantaneous encoding phase, the evolving message alphabet is partitioned into groups whose priors are close to the capacity-achieving distribution, and the encoder determines the group index of the actual sequence of symbols arrived so far and applies randomization to exactly match the distribution of the transmitted index to the capacity-achieving one. Surprisingly, the JSCC reliability function for streaming is equal to that for a fully accessible source, implying that the knowledge of the entire symbol sequence before the transmission offers no advantage in terms of the reliability function. For streaming over a symmetric binary-input DMC, we propose a one-phase <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">instantaneous small-enough difference (SED) code</i> that not only achieves the JSCC reliability function, but also, thanks to its single-phase time-invariant coding rule, can be used to stabilize an unstable linear system over a noisy channel. For equiprobably distributed source symbols, we design low complexity algorithms to implement both the instantaneous encoding phase and the instantaneous SED code. The algorithms group the source sequences into sets we call types, which enable the encoder and the decoder to track the priors and the posteriors of source sequences jointly, leading to a log-linear complexity in time. While the reliability function is derived for non-degenerate DMCs, i.e., DMCs whose transition probability matrix has all positive entries, for degenerate DMCs, we design a code with instantaneous encoding that achieves zero error for all rates below Shannon’s joint source-channel coding limit.

Expediency and scope of using AI in civil justice

At first, people obeyed the rules out of fear of the gods. By the time when Nietzsche declared that "God is dead," faith had been replaced by the rule of law. But now the reality has been changed. Modern technologies are playing an increasingly important role in the digital era. The world is changing rapidly and the achievements of technical development are so fast, that they are only followed by legal regulations. The rule of law is rivaled by the rule of code. Artificial intelligence is a modern trend. Nobody knows how it can change the world. It is used in different fields but its usage in justice is the most controversial. The purpose of this article is to discuss how reasonable is the use of AI in the decision making process on civil cases where the creativity and human feelings play the most important roles - especially in the most untouchable sphere from globalisation such as family law.

Engineering design of optimized reinforced concrete floor grillages

A new reinforced concrete beam grillage floor system is proposed as a lightweight alternative to traditional solid flat or waffle slabs used in construction. For the first time, beam grillage optimization has been paired with design code compliant floor plate design, for single and multi-bays of a building. The investigated floor slabs are novel, in that the depths of the grillage T-beams and their reinforcement are tailored for the local strength demands. This engineering efficiency gives rise to significant savings of approximately 40–50% in the quantities of concrete and steel needed compared to flat slabs. For the multi-bay studies, it was found that moving the location of the supporting columns could further decrease the volume of material required, by over 50% compared to a standard grid layout. Given the urgent need to reduce the volume of material consumed in construction projects, this appears to challenge traditional floorplate layouts. The research shows that digital optimization tools can be paired with standard design code rules to deliver significantly more sustainable building designs, though these benefits need to be balanced against the construction challenges associated with the more complex geometries that generally result.

Description of two cultivated and two uncultivated new Salinibacter species, one named following the rules of the bacteriological code: Salinibacter grassmerensis sp. nov.; and three named following the rules of the SeqCode: Salinibacter pepae sp. nov., Salinibacter abyssi sp. nov., and Salinibacter pampae sp. nov.

Current -omics methods allow the collection of a large amount of information that helps in describing the microbial diversity in nature. Here, and as a result of a culturomic approach that rendered the collection of thousands of isolates from 5 different hypersaline sites (in Spain, USA and New Zealand), we obtained 21 strains that represent two new Salinibacter species. For these species we propose the names Salinibacter pepae sp. nov. and Salinibacter grassmerensis sp. nov. (showing average nucleotide identity (ANI) values < 95.09% and 87.08% with Sal. ruber M31T, respectively). Metabolomics revealed species-specific discriminative profiles. Sal. ruber strains were distinguished by a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids and specific N-functionalized fatty acids; and Sal. altiplanensis was distinguished by an increased number of glycosylated molecules. Based on sequence characteristics and inferred phenotype of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), we describe two new members of the genus Salinibacter. These species dominated in different sites and always coexisted with Sal. ruber and Sal. pepae. Based on the MAGs from three Argentinian lakes in the Pampa region of Argentina and the MAG of the Romanian lake Fără Fund, we describe the species Salinibacter pampae sp. nov. and Salinibacter abyssi sp. nov. respectively (showing ANI values 90.94% and 91.48% with Sal. ruber M31T, respectively). Sal. grassmerensis sp. nov. name was formed according to the rules of the International Code for Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP), and Sal. pepae, Sal. pampae sp. nov. and Sal. abyssi sp. nov. are proposed following the rules of the newly published Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes Described from Sequence Data (SeqCode). This work constitutes an example on how classification under ICNP and SeqCode can coexist, and how the official naming a cultivated organism for which the deposit in public repositories is difficult finds an intermediate solution.

Evaluation of endometrial receptivity by ultrasound elastography to predict pregnancy outcome is a non-invasive and worthwhile method

ABSTRACT Up to today, there is no effective, specific and non-invasive evaluation method to assess the endometrial receptivity. This study aimed to establish a non-invasive and effective model with the clinical indicators to evaluate endometrial receptivity. Ultrasound elastography can reflect the overall state of the endometrium. Ultrasonic elastography images from 78 hormonally prepared frozen embryo transfer (FET) patients were assessed in this study. Meanwhile, the clinical indicators reflecting endometrium in the transplantation cycle were collected. The patients were received to transfer only one high-quality blastocyst. A novel code rule that can generate a large number of 0–1 symbols was designed to collect data on different factors. At the same time, a logistic regression model of the machine learning process with an automatic combination of factors was designed for analysis. The logistic regression model was based on age, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, endometrial thickness, perfusion index (PI), resistance index (RI), elastic grade, elastic ratio cutoff value, serum estradiol level and 9 other indicators. The accuracy rate of predicting pregnancy outcome of the logistic regression model was 76.92%. Elastic ultrasound can reflect the endometrial receptivity of patients in FET cycles. We established a prediction model including ultrasound elastography and the model precisely predicted the pregnancy outcome. The predictive accuracy of endometrial receptivity by the predictive model is significantly higher than that of the single clinical indicator. The prediction model by integrating the clinical indicators to evaluate endometrial receptivity may be a non-invasive and worthwhile method for evaluating endometrial receptivity.

KEDUDUKAN KREDITOR SEPARATIS DALAM PROSES KEPAILITAN

The purpose of this study is to find out how the position of separatist creditors in the bankruptcy process is. To answer the problem formulation of the author. The research method used is a normative juridical research method, namely legal research conducted by examining library materials or secondary data. By collecting and then reviewing library materials or secondary data relevant to this research. The results of the research that the provisions in the Law on Guarantees and the Law on Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delays in which the position of separatist creditors takes precedence over other creditors, and is a separation of creditors' rights, is the author's interpretation of the above discussion, so hereby the author draws conclusions based on the results of the above discussion. . Separatist creditors have the same rights to liquidate assets in the bankruptcy process as if the debtor is not declared bankrupt. However, there are no firm and fast rules between Article 55 paragraph (1) of Law 37/2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delays and the Civil Code rules regarding the rights of creditors who decide, which can lead to disputes between creditors who decide and practitioners of bankruptcy. In particular Articles 56 and 59 of Law 37/2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delays. To avoid the above scenario, the bankruptcy practitioner must ensure that the status of the separatist creditor as a lien holder is adequately protected in the settlement of his claim. The transfer of substantive rights by the curator is considered null and void by law, so the provision of Article 56 paragraph (3) of Law 37/2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delay in the interpretation section needs to be changed. After the substantive rights expire, the guaranteed creditor will compete directly with other creditors

TSCS: A blockchain-based tokenized subtitling crowdsourcing system

The language barrier is the biggest obstacle for users watching foreign-language videos. Because of this, videos cannot be famous across borders, and their viewership is limited to a single language and culture. The easiest way to solve this problem is to add subtitles in the language of the viewer. However, the current subtitling system lacks incentives, the ability to build a secure transaction environment, and a trusting relationship between video creators and subtitling makers. In response to the above situation, a tokenized subtitling crowdsourcing system (TSCS) based on blockchain and smart contract technologies is proposed. The source files for the subtitles are stored on the inter-planetary file system (IPFS) in the proposed system. Based on the ERC-721 standard, the returned corresponding address and subtitling-related information are made into a non-fungible token (NFT). At the same time, depending on the expected revenue from video view counts, the video token (VT), based on the ERC-777 standard and endorsed by the video platform, will be used as the payment token. The TSCS has two payment strategies: one-time and dividend. Through such a settlement mechanism, the subtitling maker’s revenue is also guaranteed by the code invariance and rule certainty of smart contract deployment. On the other hand, introducing an incentive mechanism for viewers to audit subtitles enables community autonomy, thus increasing the applicability of subtitles and the activity of users.