Honor Code Research Articles

Anglo-French Sieges, the Laws of War, and the Limits of Enmity in the Peninsular War, 1808–1814

Abstract The many sieges of the Napoleonic Wars remain a relatively neglected area of historical study, especially in the context of the history of customary laws of war, where sieges played a central role. This article explores an important but largely forgotten episode in the infamous British storm and sack of the French-held Spanish towns of Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz and San Sebastián during the Peninsular War: mercy to the French garrisons, who, in obstinately defending against storming parties, had forfeited their protective rights under prevailing laws of war. Combining military, legal and cultural history, and drawing upon British soldiers’ letters, diaries and memoirs, the article focuses on three interrelated issues: siege capitulation and surrender rituals, attitudes to obstinate defences, and British mercy to the French garrisons. The article highlights sieges as a privileged site for examining laws of war, cultures of war, and moral sensibilities. In doing so, it sheds further light on historical debates about changes and continuities in practices and cultures of war over the long eighteenth century. There has been considerable recent interest in the history of atrocity, massacre and enmity during the French Revolutionary–Napoleonic Wars. Yet the Anglo-French case-studies examined here highlight the persistence of restraint, honour codes, civility and humanity between regular soldiers, even in the seemingly most barbarous of wartime theatres, and despite laws of war that sanctioned violence in these very circumstances.

Medical Student Assessment in the Time of COVID-19

BackgroundMedical student education in the era of the COVID-19 outbreak is vastly different than the standard education we have become accustomed to. Medical student assessment is an important aspect of adjusting curriculums in the era of increased virtual learning.MethodsStudents took our previously validated free response clinical skills exam (CSE) at the end of the scheduled clerkship as an open-book exam to eliminate any concern for breaches in the honor code and then grades were adjusted based on historic norms. The National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) shelf exam was taken with a virtual proctor. Students whose clerkship was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic were compared to the students from a similarly timed surgery block the previous 3 years. Primary outcomes included CSE and NBME exam scores. Secondary outcomes included clinical evaluations and the percentage of students who received grades of Honors, High Pass, and Pass. After the surgery clerkship was completed, we surveyed all students who participated in the surgery clerkship during the COVID-19 crisis.ResultsThere were 19 students during the COVID-interrupted clerkship and 61 students in similarly timed clerkships between 2017 and 2019. Prior to adjustment and compared to historic scores, the COVID-interrupted clerkship group scored higher on the CSE, NBME exam, and performance evaluations (median, CSE:75.2 vs 68.7, shelf:68.0 vs 64.0, performance evaluation mean: 2.96 vs 2.78). The percentage of students with an honors was marginally higher in the group affected by COVID (42% vs 32%). Out of 19 students surveyed, 9 students responded. Seven students stated they would have preferred a closed-book CSE, citing a few drawbacks of the open-book format such as modifying their exam preparation, being discouraged from thinking prior to searching online during the test, and second guessing their answers.ConclusionsDuring the initial outbreak of COVID-19, we found that an open book exam and a virtually proctored shelf exam was a reasonable option. However, to avoid adjustments and student dissatisfaction, we would recommend virtual proctoring if available.

Psychology Students’ Understanding of Ethics and Application of Ethical Principles

Background: The American Psychological Association (APA) has called on undergraduate psychology programs to embed training in ethics throughout their curricula. Although guidelines and resources exist, research on students’ understanding of and ability to apply the discipline’s ethical principles is limited. Objective: The purpose of this study was to learn more about psychology students’ perceptions of their undergraduate training in ethics, understanding of what it means to behave ethically, and competence at applying ethical principles. Method: Forty-four psychology students rated their undergraduate coursework and fieldwork training in ethics, described what it means to be ethical, and proposed a department honor code. Responses were independently coded using a rubric based on APA’s five ethical principles. Results: Participants reported that their undergraduate training gave them an adequate understanding of ethics. The majority included at least three ethical principles in their descriptions of ethical behavior but fewer than three principles in their proposed honor codes. Upper-level students rated their fieldwork training in ethics significantly higher than lower-level students. Participants with higher ratings of fieldwork training in ethics included significantly more ethical principles in their honor codes. Conclusion: Findings support APA’s call to embed training on ethics throughout the undergraduate curriculum.

المؤسسات الصحفیة المصریة والتحدیات التشریعیة للعصر الرقمی مؤسسة دار التحریر نموذجا

هدفت الدراسة محاولة کشف حجم تأثير الجوانب التشريعية والقانونية على عمل المؤسسات الإعلامية في مصر من خلال وصف وتحليل ونقد وتقويم أداء مؤسسة دار التحرير للنشر والتوزيع في ظل النصوص الدستورية الموجودة في دستور 2014 والقوانين المکملة له التي صدرت في مصر وبحث کيف تأثرت الجوانب الصحفية والإدارية والسياسية والاقتصادية والمالية لهذه المؤسسة بعمل هذه النصوص وتلک القوانين سعيا لقياس الحجم النسبي للجوانب التشريعية في عمل المؤسسات الإعلامية في ظل تحديات العصر الرقمي ، واستخدمت الدراسة أداة تحليل المضمون ، واداة بحث المجموعة الدراسية المستهدفة ، وخلصت الي أن : القوانين التى تضبط عمل النظام الاعلامى توازن بين العام والخاص وتمنع الاحتکار .وتضع في اعتبارها تجارب الماضى وتحديات الحاضر وضرورات المستقبل الرقمى ، القيم الاخبارية التى تضبط عمل المؤسسات الاعلامية ،ووضع قيم اعلامية عربية تنبع من المعادلات الثقافية للمجتمعات العربية ، مواثيق الشرف التى تضبط اداء العاملين فى المؤسسات الاعلامية ، وتهدف جماعات مکافحة التحيز الى خلق وعى عام بانواع التحيزات الاعلامية . Abstract The study aimed to try to uncover the magnitude of the influence of the legislative and legal aspects on the work of media institutions in Egypt by describing, analyzing, criticizing and evaluating the performance of the Dar Al Tahrir Foundation for Publishing and Distribution in light of the constitutional texts found in the 2014 Constitution and the laws that complement it issued in Egypt. He discussed how the press, administrative, political, economic and financial aspects of this institution were affected by the work of these texts and laws in an effort to measure the relative size of the legislative aspects in the work of media institutions in light of the challenges of the digital age. The study used the content analysis tool and the target study group research tool. I concluded that: The laws that control the work of the media system balance between the public and the private and prevent monopoly, and take into account the experiences of the past, the challenges of the present and the necessities of the digital future, the news values ​​that control the work of media institutions, and the establishment of Arab media values ​​that stem from the cultural equations of Arab societies, the codes of honor that It controls the performance of workers in media organizations, and anti-bias groups aim to create public awareness of types of media biases.

Addressing cheating when using test bank questions in online Classes

Academic dishonesty in online classes is widespread, and instructors’ attempts to minimize its effects have had mixed results. We validate one approach to reducing the benefits from cheating on online exams: the use of paraphrasing. In three online undergraduate auditing courses, we challenged students with a verbatim test bank question and a paraphrased question for each topic tested. The students performed better on the verbatim questions compared to the paraphrased questions (80.4% vs. 69.1%), even after we controlled for use of an honor code statement and online exam proctoring technology. Our results are consistent with the notion that, when faced with a paraphrased test bank question, students cannot easily find the answer on the Internet because the question does not exist in a verbatim form online. Our study is important for educational institutions and professors seeking to combat academic dishonesty and for instructors wishing to avoid the pitfalls of using test banks.

The role of a Law Student Pledge in shaping positive professional and ethical identities: a case study from Australia

ABSTRACT Law Student Oaths, Honour Codes and Pledges have been variously used as a way to communicate and regulate standards of law student behaviour and to inculcate them into the ethical and professional values and attitudes seen as important for future legal professionals, such as a commitment to honesty and integrity. Variations of Oaths, Codes and Pledges are used extensively in America and in many other parts of the world. However, they have never really featured in the Australian university landscape. This article reports on the introduction of a Law Student Pledge as part of the first year law experience at the University of Wollongong (UOW) in New South Wales, Australia. Through focus groups held with students, feedback from first year teaching staff, and through a practice of collaborative review, this article reports on the impact, benefits and challenges of introducing the Pledge at UOW, as well as the research team’s learnings and the future development of the Pledge.

Honor and Shame: Plagiarism and Governing Student Morality

With the perceived increase in plagiarism in post-secondary institutions, there has been a simultaneous increase in research and analysis on the issue emerging from multiple fields including education, humanities, social science, business and management, sciences, and the media. The focus of this research ranges from the frequency of cases, student and faculty perception, preventative and punitive measures, and critiques of definitions and policies. In regards to the latter, many researchers have argued that plagiarism is based on antiquated notions of self, originality, and authenticity that fail to capture the important distinction between students who intend to plagiarize and those who do not. To the point, current policies on plagiarism are always embedded in a moral discourse of honor, integrity, honesty, and student codes of conduct. The problem with this approach is that student’s morality is the focus, rather than a matrix of psychological, educational, socio-economic, and cultural factors. Any attempt to respond to plagiarism as a complex and nuanced problem will require a rethinking of current policy. Using a Foucauldian framework, this article illustrates how current policy is embedded in a discourse of morality that casts students as either moral (honorable) or immoral (shameful).

Level of Awareness of the Havoc and Consequences of Academic Dishonesty among College of Education Students in Nigeria

It is expected that students from Colleges of Education will lead learning for the next generation. For this reason, any unchecked dishonest behavior in these students may have far-reaching consequences. This study assesses the awareness of the havoc and consequences of Academic Dishonesty (AD) among students of Federal College of Education Zaria Nigeria. The students were administered valid questionnaires using purposive sampling technique and the data collected was analyzed by relevant statistics tools. Overall, the results indicated that Students’ Poor Awareness of the Havoc and Consequences of AD (SPAHCAD) significantly (p<0.05) predict AD. The findings in this study corroborate Becker’s Crime Theory and suggest that improving students’ awareness of institutional policies, serving severe penalties to defaulters and reviving interest in honor codes could better bring down the menace of unethical academic behaviors in our schools.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИЙ СУПРОВІД ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ ПІД ЧАС ВИКОНАННЯ ЗАВДАНЬ У МІЖНАРОДНИХ ОПЕРАЦІЯХ З ПІДТРИМАННЯ МИРУ І БЕЗПЕКИ

Introduction. The article is devoted to the research of the actual problem of psychological support of the activity of military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in peacekeeping operations. Defining the specific tasks of peacekeeping that are inherent in peacekeeping operations in the 21st century.Purpose. Determining the peculiarities of psychological support for the activities of military personnel during the tasks in peacekeeping operations.Methods. Analysis of the peculiarities of peacekeeping activities of military personnel in peacekeeping operations, comparison and generalization of factors of negative psychological impact, systematization of measures of psychological support.Results. The specific tasks of peacekeeping activities that are inherent in peacekeeping operations in the 21st century are identified. Specific factors of negative psychological influence on the psyche of military personnel of national personnel have been established. The proposals for the organization of psychological support for the activities of military personnel during the execution of tasks in peacekeeping operations as a component of their psychological support are substantiated.Originality. The article focuses on the importance and relevance of autogenous methods of psychological support and self-help. The system of effective methods and techniques of psychological self-help is offered.Conclusion. Specificity of military personnel performing tasks in operations is activity under the influence of a number of negative psychological factors, in particular: threats to life, suddenness, novelty, monotony from excess time, group isolation, increase of pace of action, shortage of activities and combinations of activities at the same time and others. To prevent mental disorders in military personnel during prolonged stay in the conditions of negative psychological impact, we have proposed a set of measures of psychological support for peacekeeping activities, which includes both preventive and psychological assistance and self-help. For military personnel who are members of national personnel in peacekeeping operations, the most relevant are the autogenous methods of psychological support (self-help), namely: methods of static and dynamic self-training, breathing techniques, drafting their own code of honor, overcoming pain and others.

The moral economy of militarism: peasant economy, military state and Chinese capitalism in the Wa State of Myanmar

If the moral economies of underprivileged communities are defined in opposition to the rationality of political economy, it is easy to overlook the moral justifications of market and state. War economies and military states, however, force us to look at the nodes of moral and economic action that connect the powerful and the powerless. The Wa State of Myanmar, a de-facto state governed by an insurgent army, represents the making of such a moral economy of militarism. Examples from the peasant economy, the military state and Chinese capitalism demonstrate the articulation of different work ethics, moral frameworks and economic arrangements. Moral and economic values are combined specifically in codes of honour, military discipline and raison d’etat, that is, the value entanglements that are at the core of the moral economy of militarism.

The Application of the Bushido – Samurai Code Principles within Romanian Companies

Holding a managerial position within a company in 2019 is a challenging task and within this period the business climate is a dynamic one. When conceiving rightful strategies, managers should take into account every detail regarding the fast-changing Romanian business environment. Bushido is one of the oldest moral systems in Japan and refers to a code of honour and standards that commanded the samurai way of life and these principles advanced by Bushido are still worthy in several corporate systems. Several studies showed how using the attributes of ‘Bushido’ can lead managers to become more effective and prosperous in their business and can help them establish and maintain a credible image within the industry. For this study, interviews were taken in order to obtain the views of the representatives of 37 corporations in Romania and the objectives of the study were to: (1) To assess which canons of Bushido are being implemented by managers within the Romanian contemporary businesses and are applicable to business context analysis, strategic enforcement & control and development of business partnerships and collaborations, (2) To determine if and how the extent of incorporating Bushido’s principles within the management strategies and operations of companies has an effect on the company’s success’ factors. The achieved results of this study can be mentioned as follows. 1. The Bushido code is being integrated within the Romanian contemporary organizations’ management and business relationships with other firms. The paper revealed that for almost all the managers included in the sample there were recorded notable interrelationships between the Bushido principles and the managers’ goals in the sense that if they apply the Bushido principles on a higher and more developed level, it will be less difficult for them to attain their strategic objectives. 2. The most significant factors leading to business success achievement obtained due to the application the Bushido principles within the business processes of the companies were indicated as: the growth of the company’s and manager’s image and professional reputation; prestige and good attitude from the stakeholders; a boost within the research and development process and the raise of the quality of business relationships

The Application of the Bushido – Samurai Code Principles within Romanian Companies

Holding a managerial position within a company in 2019 is a challenging task and within this period the business climate is a dynamic one. When conceiving rightful strategies, managers should take into account every detail regarding the fast-changing Romanian business environment. Bushido is one of the oldest moral systems in Japan and refers to a code of honour and standards that commanded the samurai way of life and these principles advanced by Bushido are still worthy in several corporate systems. Several studies showed how using the attributes of ‘Bushido’ can lead managers to become more effective and prosperous in their business and can help them establish and maintain a credible image within the industry. For this study, interviews were taken in order to obtain the views of the representatives of 37 corporations in Romania and the objectives of the study were to: (1) To assess which canons of Bushido are being implemented by managers within the Romanian contemporary businesses and are applicable to business context analysis, strategic enforcement & control and development of business partnerships and collaborations, (2) To determine if and how the extent of incorporating Bushido’s principles within the management strategies and operations of companies has an effect on the company’s success’ factors. The achieved results of this study can be mentioned as follows. 1. The Bushido code is being integrated within the Romanian contemporary organizations’ management and business relationships with other firms. The paper revealed that for almost all the managers included in the sample there were recorded notable interrelationships between the Bushido principles and the managers’ goals in the sense that if they apply the Bushido principles on a higher and more developed level, it will be less difficult for them to attain their strategic objectives. 2. The most significant factors leading to business success achievement obtained due to the application the Bushido principles within the business processes of the companies were indicated as: the growth of the company’s and manager’s image and professional reputation; prestige and good attitude from the stakeholders; a boost within the research and development process and the raise of the quality of business relationships

The Call of the Wild: John Buchan’s Heroes and the Decline of British Aristocracy

The article will look at how John Buchan (1875–1940) has traced the decline of British aristocracy in his novels that cover the time period when the power radically shifted from the landowning to the middle class, with concomitant feelings of confusion, loss, disillusionment and inadequacy on the part of the class whose very existence was being undermined. Buchan wrote at the time when the spirit of chivalry, so carefully cultivated by the Victorian chivalric revival, still coloured the thinking of the aristocracy and the upper middle class, soon to be extinguished by the trenches of the Great War. This spirit abhorred middle-class mercantilism and pragmatism. Thus we see Buchan’s aristocratic heroes, beleaguered by the encroaching spirit of worldliness, going questing in the wilderness to regain their mental balance and purpose. Romantically communing with nature and following their ideals, they fulfil their personal quests, thus reasserting the concepts of duty and selfless service that had been part of the aristocratic code of honour before it was made redundant by middle-class materialism.

Sense and Sensibility: The Theme of Friendship in the Russian Portrait Painting of the Enlightenment Era

In the policed society of the 18th century, the phenomenon of friendship, as M. W. Reddy asserts, evolved into a new form of sociability which offered an emotional refuge from the code of honor and became central for the culture of the Enlightenment. Although there was no necessary contradiction between reason and emotion, sense and sensibility were understood as opposite poles and the concept of friendship was oscillating between them. The present paper reveals the peculiar features of perception of friendship in the second halfof the 18th century in Russia when its importance for culture rapidly increased on the material of double portrait painting. The specifics of the Russian Enlightenment defined by V. Zhivov as “primarily mythological performanceof the state power” were expressed in the idea of the state. This was reflected in male double portraitpainting developing the traditions of parallel depiction and the iconography of gestures which first emerged in the Russian art of the first half of the 18th century in allegorical compositions celebrating peace treaties. In contrast, the European understanding of male friendship visualized in portrait painting was broader, embracing emotional aspects as well (creative friendship, admiration of art). While male friendship in Russia was understoodas a political union or collaboration, the notion of sensibility, i.e. friendship as union of hearts, was usuallyassociated with the female portrait. Models for female friends portraits were always unmarried young ladies: the family life was perceived as dominated exclusively by the responsibilities of a caring wife and mother. Overall, both the female and male friends portrait painting in Russian art, in contrast with European, appears to be inseparable from the family portrait painting in its reduced variant, i.e. portraits of brothers or sisters. The few exceptions are connected with the corporate friendship of young people inside closed educational institutions established by the will of Catherine II in order to breed “an ideal man and a perfect citizen”.

Нравственное воспитание молодежи в условиях информационного общества

В настоящее время все более актуальными становятся вопросы нравствен­ного воспитания молодежи. В условиях всеобщей компьютеризации, изме­нений содержания и способов взаимодействия человека с окружающим ми­ром необходимы новые способы формирования ценностных оснований человеческой деятельности. Нравственное воспитание как формирование нравственной культуры личности является частью процесса ее духовного становления. В статье проводится мысль о том, что повышение эффектив­ности нравственного воспитания предполагает научное определение самих целей воспитания и комплексных путей их осуществления. Авторы выделя­ют два взаимосвязанных направления организации нравственного воспита­ния студенческой молодежи в вузе: моральное образование и обучение на­выкам нравственного поведения в процессе деятельности. Разносторонняя деятельность вуза выступает не только в качестве средства нравственного воспитания, но и является его условием. В статье подчеркивается, что нрав­ственное воспитание в вузе включает в себя множество факторов: традиции нравственного воспитания, сформированная и формализованная корпора­тивная культура (миссия вуза, система жизненных ценностей, кодексы че­сти и др.); преподавание этических дисциплин, знакомство молодежи с тео­ретическими достижениями в области этической мысли; общая этическая направленность учебного процесса по общетеоретическим и профессио­нальным дисциплинам; организация учебного процесса и работа со студен­тами во внеучебное время; организация практики, вовлечение студентов в&nbsp;общественную и трудовую деятельность и пр.

The Intimate Frontier: Friendship and Civil Society in Northern New Spain by Ignacio Martínez

Reviewed by: The Intimate Frontier: Friendship and Civil Society in Northern New Spain by Ignacio Martínez Jean A. Stuntz The Intimate Frontier: Friendship and Civil Society in Northern New Spain. By Ignacio Martínez. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2019. Pp. 240. Notes, index.) Scholars of the Spanish Borderlands have long used societal relationships to analyze public behavior in New Spain. These relationships could be built on blood kinship or the powerful godparent/godchild relationship. Spaniards also had to abide by a strict code of honor in their public activities. Ignacio Martínez seeks to reframe these male relationships as friendships. He does not include female friendships and public actions. [End Page 88] The first chapter is an intellectual history of male friendships in the classical Mediterranean world, beginning with the Epic of Gilgamesh. Martínez then uses the Las Siete Partidas, a never-adopted law code sponsored (not written) by the Spanish king Alphonso X to show how male friendships were part of idealized Spanish society. To show that medieval Spaniards had a concept of amicable relations, he includes other legal documents, novels, and a variety of other ephemera that mention friendships. In New Spain, Spanish administrators referred to Native Americans as either “Friendly Indians” or “Hostile Indians.” Martínez interprets this to mean that Indians were operating under Spanish ideals of friendship. However, recent scholarship has shown that each Indian group reacted to the Spanish in ways that were most beneficial to themselves and that these Indians might sometimes be amenable to Spanish proposals but at other times were not. Martínez does not take into account that Indians acted in their own best interests but instead tries to impose this idea of friendship (under Spanish definitions) on Native groups. Arguing that the best way to define male friendships was in the breach, Martínez uses two case studies of Father Eusebio Kino. In the first example, Father Kino destroyed the career of a Mexican academic by not treating him with sufficient respect in his publications. In the second, Kino’s feud with Francisco Xavier Mora is presented as a betrayal of their supposed friendship. In neither of these cases does Martínez make a compelling argument that true friendship had actually existed or that Kino’s actions constituted betrayal. The author examines the actions of Spaniards and Native Americans during and after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, again framing events in terms of friendship and betrayal. The final chapter looks at the ways that unequal social relationships caused and affected the Pima Uprising of 1781. In both of these revolts, Indians had, unsurprisingly, pretended to be friendly to their Spanish overlords before the uprising. Martínez concludes that the Spanish, expecting the Pueblos and Pimas to obey the Spanish and to adopt Spanish codes of honor and friendship, saw these rebellions as betrayals of friendship. However, this conclusion is not supported by the evidence presented. Readers, even scholars of the Spanish borderlands, may have difficulty following the book’s argument because it lacks sufficient transitions and explanations. Most information comes from secondary sources, and the absence of a bibliography leaves unclear how much original research was conducted. Events, ascribed motivations, and official documents are applied to the author’s thesis that friendship was the most important factor in New Spain’s society, while other types of relationships or causal factors are ignored. In addition, Martínez does not reference much recently [End Page 89] published material that counters his argument. Overall, those studying the Spanish Borderlands would do best to rely on more traditional interpretations. Jean A. Stuntz West Texas A&M University Copyright © 2020 The Texas State Historical Association

How Civic Virtue Became Republican Honor: Revolution and Republicanism in Venezuela, 1800–1840

As an ideology, civic virtue inspired rebellion throughout the Age of Revolution, most famously in the United States and Francebut also in the Spanish American independence movements of the 1810–1820s. Throughout the Atlantic world, however, the appeal of virtue faded, usually within a decade after the violent phase of each revolution. This article explores the rise and fall of civic virtue in Venezuela, which adopted this North Atlantic ideology but then abandoned it within a decade of achieving independence. The investigation identifies three factors that challenged the persistence of virtue as an ideology in Venezuela: the power of regionalism, the increasing allure of liberalism, and the difficulty that most people faced in acquiring virtue. In addition, the article explores how the culture of honor transformed after independence to incorporate several characteristics of virtue. While virtue disappeared from public discourse, many of its features persisted in the new honor code.

The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies by Peter S. Carmichael

Reviewed by: The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies by Peter S. Carmichael Jonathan M. Steplyk (bio) The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies. By Peter S. Carmichael. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. 408. $34.95 cloth; $27.99 ebook) The study of the common soldier represents one of the most storied and engaging fields within Civil War historiography. Soldier [End Page 360] studies range from broad surveys of soldier life, such as Bell I. Wiley's studies of "Johnny Reb" and "Billy Yank" and Reid Mitchell's Civil War Soldiers (1988), to explorations of specific topics, such as James McPherson's study of soldier motivation in For Cause and Comrades (1997) and Chandra Manning's examination of soldiers' attitudes toward slavery in What This Cruel War Was Over (2007). In The War for the Common Soldier, Peter Carmichael offers a new soldier study that is both broad in scope and intense in focus, arguing that Civil War soldiers, caught between romanticized notions of conduct and conflict and war's harsh realities, espoused a "hard-edged pragmatism" that privileged victory and survival (p. 7). Carmichael casts his work as a study not of what Civil War soldiers thought but how they thought. He presents Yankees and Rebels as citizen-soldiers whose sentimentalized notions of warfare and manly conduct were challenged by the rigors of homesickness, privation, terror, loss, and doubt. He concludes that "pragmatism gave them the flexibility to act in ways that actually helped them preserve their faith in ideas" (p. 8). Carmichael's work might be understood as a middle ground between Gerald Linderman, who suggested Civil War soldiers' prewar values did not survive the brutality of combat, and James McPherson, who argued that ideology and comradeship sustained most men throughout the war. Carmichael's conclusions align more closely to McPherson's—he finds soldiers' religious beliefs, national identity, and sense of duty generally survived contact with the enemy, yet these elements did not necessarily provide conclusive answers to the trials they faced. A soldier's Christian faith might endure, yet he still might struggle with why God should delay or withhold victory on the battlefield. A veteran might espouse his cause to the bitter end but still rationalize attaining a safer post or even desertion. Carmichael contests the notion that deserters and skulkers were simply lacking in ideology or commitment. "Emotional management" is a key concept in the book and for Carmichael's soldiers, the life of the mind is as much a battlefield as the war's actual killing fields. [End Page 361] Carmichael structures his work around seven thematic chapters, addressing topics that include adjusting to military life, religion and values, letters home, competing ideas of courage and cowardice, desertion and military justice, attitudes toward the enemy and the war's outcome, and the collection and preservation of wartime relics. Each chapter centers on case studies of writings by several Union and Confederate soldiers through which Carmichael explicates how they responded and adapted to the war's challenges. As with a needle and thread, Carmichael weaves his analysis between in-depth examination of his core individuals and supporting evidence from other soldiers while drawing out his broader conclusions. This hybrid of macro- and micro-investigation might at times prove challenging to the reader, but more often than not Carmichael makes it work. Among his many intriguing observations is the suggestion that Union soldiers were far more likely to enjoy irony and self-mockery amid the war's hardships than their Rebel foes. Yankees could laugh at themselves even as their patriotism and sense of purpose endured, while a steely absolutism marked most Confederates' self-image. Did this reflect the rigid code of southern honor? Did it stem from Confederates' sense that the war had much more immediate physical and emotional stakes for them than their foes? Carmichael encourages us to ponder such questions with him. In The War for the Common Soldier, fighting men's worldviews bend but do not necessarily break as they are tried by fire. Carmichael plumbs the psyches...

When Incentives Beat Nudges But Not Bounded Rationality: Partial Effects of Incentives on Academic Cheating

The paper explores the effect of nudges on dishonest academic behavior in a 3x4 factorial treatment design. Subjects had to throw a physical die 50 times, report the outcome and were given partial credit for their participation. 435 students were assigned to the following conditions: a) a nudge presenting an authoritarian instruction; 2) a nudge referring to the college code of honor; 3) a nudge that presented reasons for not cheating; and 4) a condition presenting no instruction at all. Additionally, within each condition, the partial credit incentive obtained from participating in the study varied. Some did not have it (n=166), others had a partial credit that represented 15% of the final grade (n=145), and, lastly, some of them had a partial credit that represented 2% or less of the final grade (n=124). Our results showed a significant difference between the group that had an academic incentive and the group that did not: t(433) = -2.35, p = 0.0190. However, we did not find any significant difference between any of the nudge conditions. Among students who could obtain academic credit, the incentive’s magnitude did not have an effect on the results of the task: t(267)=-0.90, p=0.3651. This indicates that the presence of incentives increases dishonest behavior, but their magnitude does not. These results suggest that when given an academic incentive to cheat, students will be dishonest, and they shed light on Colombian culture and on the effects of the education grading system. Finally, the study showed that the nudges that are reported in the literature are not as effective as they are said to be. In fact, more research should be dedicated to the effectiveness of nudges in different cultures and it should be done to look for effective nudges on academic settings.

Namus’ in the Soviet Caucasus: Growing up and ‘Traditional Modernity’ among Kavkazi (Mountain) Jews

This article discusses adolescences and educational processes among the Caucasian (‘Mountain’) Jews during the late Soviet period. Based on a combined anthropo- logical and social- history research I describe and analyze how the world of Caucasian Jews’ children and youth were shaped in relation to several content worlds: the traditional worlds of Caucasian Jews (Juhuro); the Soviet-communist world which was also the main mediator of modernization; and the immediate social and cultural surrounding, shared by several local groups, mostly Muslims. The traditional socialization patterns of Caucasian Jews stresses the importance of the extended family, stressed hierarchy and seniority related to age. Juhuro (Caucasian Jews) socialization highlighted codes of honor and respect connected to the term ‘Namus’ – a behavioral code regarding the right way to behave, inner consciousness, and several prohibitions – especially in gender relations. At the same time, the Soviet state educational system, both formal and informal, stressed modern values and highlighted Soviet communist ideology. Soviet educational system introduced a de-facto new status of adolescence- while traditionally there was much less moratorium period between childhood and adulthood among Caucasian ‘Mountain’ Jews (and other Caucasian groups). While these content-worlds and educational approaches seems to be in tension or even contradictions, I will argue that in practice there were mechanisms that allowed a great dill of complementary between them. Soviet modernization and socialization were transmitted– andmediated– by educational agents who were themselves members of the traditional groups of Caucasus. The outcome were several version of what I call ‘traditional modernity’, with various manifestations in the different communities of Caucasian ‘Mountain’ Jews, which got different shapes in relations to location (towns/ villages etc) and the characteristics of the local surroundings. The understanding of these patterns is important not only for historical studies, but also for educators who cope with current educational challenges in the different diasporas of Caucasian ‘Mountain’ Jews nowadays.